Policies Posed to Support Urban Water Reuse, a Chinese Perspective

ZHANG Yue, General Director of Urban Water Administration Office,

Ministry of Housing & Urban-rural Development, P.R. China

Outline

1. Background

2 Development of wastewater treatment in P R C2. Development of wastewater treatment in P.R.C

3. Reclaimed water usage in P.R.C: current status

4. Reclaimed water in Beijing

5 Ambitions and strategic measures5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(1) About China: Rapid growth in the past 3 decades1. Background

Population: 1.35 billion (2011) Total GDP : 8.30 trillion US Dollar，average annual growth rate: 10% Urbanization rate: 51.27% (2011), average annual growth rate: 1%, about 13.5

500050

U b i ti t & P C it GDP

( ), g g ,million people move to cities

400040

e

Urbanization rate & Per Capita GDP

Urbanization Rate(%) Per Capita GDP(US $)

2000

3000

20

30

Per

Cap

ita G

DP

Urb

aniz

atio

n R

ate

1000

2000

10

20

00

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

1. BackgroundRapid urbanization has great impact on

urban water Freshwater demand: more severe water

shortage crises and groundwater depletion;

Beijing urban growth prediction by

g g p ; More impervious land: urban flooding; More wastewater produced: water pollution

Beijing urban growth prediction by modeling

01985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Ground water overexploited

i B iji

2005 2020 2035 2050

‐12

‐8

‐4

0 in Beijing

‐24

‐20

‐16

Groundwater level drop in Beijing

Freshwater resources Per20000(2) Water resources shortage: a key

1. BackgroundFreshwater resources Per

capita (m3)

180891000012000

14000

1600018000(2) Water resources shortage: a key

constrain for China Total freshwater resources: 2.8 trillion m3

h

9200

18089

9044

23155050 2093

13302000

4000

60008000(ranking 5th in the word)

Freshwater resources per capita: less than 2100m3 (ranking 100th in the word)

Data Source: The World Bank indicator 2011and Beijing water resource bulletin 2011

(3) Resources & environmental pressure:increasing significantly

Water pollution: not been addressed effectively Water pollution: not been addressed effectively. Extreme weather and natural disaster: happen

frequently due to climate change.Urban flood frequencies in China (

Chi t i t t t t t d t k

2. Development of wastewater treatment

China government view wastewater treatment and water reuse as a keystrategy to address the current water resources crisis, urban waterpollution and rapid urbanizationpollution and rapid urbanization

(1)Prioritized environmental protection and resource saving as the basic nationalpolicies by legislation and various documents.

(2)Financial support

380 billion RMB (about 60 billion dollars) was invested for wastewater treatmentd t f iliti t ti f 2005 t 2010 70 billi RMBand water reuse facilities construction from 2005 to 2010 , 70 billion RMB was

subsidized by central government.

430 billion RMB will be invested for wastewater treatment and water reusefacilities construction from 2011 to 2015

Wastewater treatment capacity increased considerably 21st century has witnessed the significant growth of both WWTP(about 7 times)ce tu y as w t essed t e s g ca t g owt o bot WW (about 7 t es)

and its capacity (about 6.5 times) 3340 WWTP has been built with a total capacity of 142 million m3/d in 657

cities and 1627 counties.

16000 4000

42.2 billion m3 wastewater was treated in 2012 (country and town not included),population equivalent is estimated to be 600 million approximately.

14265

12000

14000

3000

3500

3 /d)

)

Wastewater Treatment Plant Treatment Capacity

6000

8000

10000

1500

2000

2500

city

(10,

000m

3

WW

TP

(uni

t)

481

3346

2213 2000

4000

500

1000 Cap

acW

4810 0

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Year

Average load rate of WWTP increased steadily

90.0%

82.4%85.0%

90.0%

73 4%

76.6%78.6% 79.1%

75 0%

80.0%

69.8%

73.4%

70.0%

75.0%

60 0%

65.0%

60.0%2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year

Pollutants removed increased gradually 12000

CODcr BOD5 SS1000

ammonia-nitrogen total nitrogen total phosphorus

8000

10000

al (1

000

tons

)

CODcr BOD5 SS

600

800

al (1

000

tons

)

2000

4000

6000

ollu

tant

s rem

ova

200

400

Pollu

tant

s rem

ov

0

2000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Po

year

02007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

P

year

year CODCr removal BOD5 removal SS removal Ammonia-N removal

Total-N removal

Total-P removal

2007 5263 2244 3348 315 208 562008 6444 2710 4221 423 292 662009 7757 3272 4983 548 418 852010 9185 3953 6043 704 577 1052011 10215 4426 6784 830 704 1232012 10792 4716 7398 923 811 131

Pollutants removed increased gradually WWTP capacity, annual wastewater treated and pollutants removal increase from 2007 to 2012

193%

291%

136%

Ammonia-N removal

Total-N removal

Total-P removal

113%

110%

121%

CODCr removal

BOD5 removal

SS removal

85%

136%

0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%

capacity

annual wastewater treated

year capacity annual wastewater treated CODCr removal BOD5 removal SS removal ammonia-N Tota-N Total-P

Annual increase of WWTP capacity, annual wastewater treated and pollutants removal (2007-2012)

treated

2008 19.0% 25.7% 22.4% 20.8% 26.1% 34.5% 40.8% 18.5%

2009 13.9% 20.3% 20.4% 20.7% 18.1% 29.6% 43.0% 29.7%

2010 19.6% 23.3% 18.4% 20.8% 21.3% 28.4% 38.2% 22.3%

2011 9.1% 15.0% 11.2% 12.0% 12.3% 17.9% 21.9% 17.3%

2012 4.4% 9.9% 5.6% 6.6% 9.1% 11.2% 15.2% 7.0%

Pollutants removed increased gradually

60.00 Pollutants concentration in effluent (mg/L) Pollutants removal rate

50.00 90.00%

95.00%

100.00%

40.00

80.00%

85.00%

20.00

30.00

65.00%

70.00%

75.00%

10.00 55.00%

60.00%

0.00 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

CODcr BOD5 Ammonia-N SS Total-N Total-P

50.00%2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

CODcr BOD5 Ammonia-NSS Total-N Total-P

3. Reclaimed water in China: current statusAnnual water supply and reclaimed water usage in 657 cities ( for gardening, road

50.2 50.0 49.7 50.8 51.3 51.6

5 50%6.00%6.50%

50.0

60.0

llion

m3 )

cleaning , toilet flushing and some industrial cooling)

4 00%4.50%5.00%5.50%

30.0

40.0

mou

nt (i

n bi

l

1 6 1 9 2 3 2 3 2 7 3 1 2 50%3.00%3.50%4.00%

10.0

20.0

ter s

uppl

y am

1.6 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.1 2.00%2.50%

0.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Wat

yearf h l i i i l i d d i f l i d f h

(Estimated)

fresh water supply in cities reclaimed water used ratio of reclaimed water to fresh water

Besides, large amount of high quality reclaimed water were used for

3. Reclaimed water in China: current statusBesides, large amount of high quality reclaimed water were used foragriculture, landscape and ecology

Gaobeidian Lake, BeijingGaobeidian Lake, BeijingGaobeidian WWTP

River sumplement,, Beijing River sumplement,, Beijing Waterscape, Tianjin

Parks Using reclaimed water, Qingdao Waterscape, Shijiazhuang Parks Using reclaimed water, Hefei

4. Reclaimed water in Beijingj g

Beijing highly valued the importance of reclaimed water.

Taking the reclaimed water into the consideration of the balance ofTaking the reclaimed water into the consideration of the balance ofwater resources allocation, which resulted in the relief of waterresource crisis and reduction of pollutants discharge simultaneously.

In 2012, reclaimed water usage in Beijing was 750 million m3,which is nearly 60% of the total wastewater treated and accountingfor 20% of all the water consumed (including agriculture).

4. Reclaimed water in BeijingStructure of total water consumption in Beijing in 2000-2012(including agriculture)

0.000 10

4.00

4.50

n m

3 )

0.10

0.15 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.753.00

3.50

n (in

 billion

4.04 3.793 38

2.00

2.50

nsum

ption

3.31 3.38 3.25 3.19 3.17 3.00 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 3.00

1.00

1.50

water con

0.00

0.50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Total w

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012year

new water reclaimed  water

4. Reclaimed water in BeijingReclaimed water usage in different sectors in Beijing in 2011

21 10%4.20%

21.10%

35.20%

39 40%39.40%

industrial coolingagricultural irrigationagricultural irrigationwaterscape supplementmunicipal (grassland irrigation, car washing, road and toilet flushing)

Reclaimed water has became reliable and stable “second water source” for Beijing

4. Reclaimed water in Beijing

Municipal tap water supply and reclaimed water usage in Beijing (agricultural irrigation not included)

1 52 1.56 1.58 1.6380.0%

90.0%

1.60

1.80 

1.43 1.431.52

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

lion

m3 )

0 60 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.7534.71%

42.10% 42.81% 43.72% 44.84% 45.85%

40.0%

50.0%

0.80 

1.00 

olum

e (in

bil

0.500.60

20.0%

30.0%

0.40 

0.60 

Wat

er v

o

0.0%

10.0%

0.00 

0.20 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012yearmunicipal tap water supply

reclaimed water supplyration of reclaimed water to municipal tap water

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(1) Ambitions for 2015 R i i d d Raising wastewater treatment standard; Invest 30.4 billion RMB in reclaimed water facilities; Capacity building: increasing 26.8 million m3/d and reaching a capacity of 40

million m3/d in 2015. More than 15% wastewater should be reclaimed and reused in the national

level; 100% wastewater in Beijing should be reclaimed and reused in Beijing; The effluent from the major WWTP in Beijing should meet the IV water body

criteria (CODCr ≤ 30mg/L, BOD5 ≤ 6mg/L, total-N ≤ 10mg/L, ammonia-N( g , g , g ,≤ 1.5mg/L, total-P ≤ 0.3mg/L )

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(2) Legislation “Water Law of P.R. China (2002)”: China encourage reclaimed water production and

usage. “Circular Economy Promotion Law of P. R. China (2009): China encourage reclaimed

water production and usage. In some area, using municipal tap water for road cleaning,l d i i ti d l d h ld b t i t d hibit dgrassland irrigation and landscape should be restricted or prohibited.

“China State Council’s Inform Regarding Urban Water Saving and Water PollutionControl (2000[36])”: Reclaimed water production and usage facilities should beplanned and built with WWTP simultaneously in water deficient area.planned and built with WWTP simultaneously in water deficient area.

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(2) Legislation

“China State Council’s Inform Regarding the Promotion of Water TariffReform (2004[36])”: Reclaimed water production and usage facilities shouldb l d d b ilt ith WWTP i lt l i t d fi i tbe planned and built with WWTP simultaneously in water deficient area.Safety of using reclaimed water should be guaranteed. Using price leverageto promote the using of reclaimed water.

“T h l d P li f R l i d W t (i d b Mi i t f H i “Technology and Policy for Reclaimed Water (issued by Ministry of Housingand Urban-rural Development and Ministry of Science and Technology in2006)”: providing powerful policy support from many perspectives includingplanning construction operation monitoring and technic innovationplanning, construction, operation, monitoring and technic innovation.

“Technical Guidelines for Reclaimed Water in Urban Area(issued by Ministryof Housing and Urban-rural Development in 2012)”: comprehensiveguidance for reclaimed water including technical route preferred processingguidance for reclaimed water including technical route, preferred processingtechnic, construction, O&M and risk reduction.

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(3) Various national Criteria Reclaimed Water Usage Classification Reclaimed Water Quality for Municipal Use Reclaimed Water Quality for Landscape Reclaimed Water Quality for Landscape Reclaimed Water Quality for Groundwater Recharging Reclaimed Water Quality for Industrial Use l i d li f i l l i i Reclaimed Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation Reclaimed Water Quality for Grassland Irrigation

Design Standard for Reclaimed Water in Buildings Design Standard for Reclaimed Water Engineering

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(4) Promotion of reclaimed water facilities building Continue on capacity building of Reclaimed water facilities.Beijing Gaobeidian WWTP and Reclaimed Water Plant Beijing Reclaimed Water Plant Planning

ExistingUnder constructionPlannedd

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(5) Concentration on technology advancement advanced treatment, P, N removal; advanced treatment, P, N removal; Membrane technology, Ozone disinfection More funding from “National Special Research Project on Water”

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(6) Reclaimed water friendly policies from economic perspective Subsidize from central government for the reclaimed water plant construction

(up to 30%-40%); Operation subsidize from government; Tax-free policy for reclaimed water plant.p y p Competitive tariff ( no water resource charges, no wastewater treatment

charges)water tariff RMB/m3 reclaimed water charge RMB/m3

Comparison of water tariff and reclaimed water charge

citywater tariff, RMB/m reclaimed water charge, RMB/m

domestic industrial others special domestic industrial landscape

Beijing 3.7 5.6 5.4 41.5 1.0 1.0 1.3

Tianjin 2.9 4.6 4.6 18 1.1 1.3 1.5

Xi'an 1.95 2.25 2.55 6.5 1.17 1.17 1.17

Qingdao 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Qingdao .6 .0 .0 .0 .0

Shijianzhuang 2.6 3.7 3.5 24.7 1.0 1.0 1.0

Data source: Zheng Xingcan, the World Bank report on North China Water Quality Study Program: Urban Water Reuse Study, 2010.

5. Ambitions and strategic measures

(7) Awareness raising and public participation Some potential industrial users and residents cannot accept reclaimed water

mentally ; Through various media, explain importance of water reuse and reliability of

reclaimed water; Paying attention to demonstration projects Invite people to visit urban water reuse facilities

Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing

Qinghe Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing, largest using Membrane Jiuxianqiao Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing

Wujiacun Reclaimed Water Plant in BeijingBeixiaohe Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing, using RO

Grassland Irrigation Agricultural Irrigation

Reclaimed Water Usage in Beijing

Reclaimed Water Filling Auto-service Station in Road FlushingBeijing

Road Flushing

北京排水

Reclaimed Water Usage in Beijing

Huaneng Power Plant using reclaimed water for cooling The Bird Nestle using reclaimed water for landscape

Beitucheng River using reclaimed water for supplementYuanmingyuan Park using reclaimed water for landscape