police one feb 2010 poll “the last time you deployed a less- lethal weapon, it was a...” taser...
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Police One Feb 2010 Poll“The last time you deployed a less-lethal
weapon, it was a...”
TASER® Electronic Control Devices (ECDs): Field Data
and Risk Management
August 23, 2010
Risk Management Summary
Why TASER?
• Reduce use of deadly force
• Reduce injuries to suspects
• Reduce injuries to officers by suspects
• Reduce litigation by injured suspects
SOURCE: The Police Policies Studies Council: http://www.theppsc.org/Staff_Views/Czarnecki/Taser.Recommendations.htm, presented at the IACP Annual Conference in 2005 by Fabrice Czarnecki, MD, MA, MPH
Series1
-7% -58% -67%Use of Force
Low Median High
Series1
-6% -34%-79%
Suspect InjuriesLow Median High
Series1
-3% -58% -86%Force Injuries
Median HighLow
TASER Helps Officers, Suspects and Agencies
Source: Internal TASER Research
• Based on information provided by 28 agencies in the US
“The last time you deployed a less-lethal weapon, it was a...” Police One Feb 2010 Poll
“Suspect Injuries Reduced by 60% When Less-lethal Weapons are Deployed” Source: DOJ Report
Michigan Municipal Risk Management Authority (MMRMA)Claims for Excessive Use of Force
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
66
46
61
84
125
6857
49
17
IncidentsTASER Program
Introduced:May 2003
MMRMA represents 149 law enforcement agencies in Michigan
Approximately 6,000 officers are employed by those agencies
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008$0
$1,000,000
$2,000,000
$3,000,000
$4,000,000
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
$7,000,000
$8,000,000
$7,068,232
$6,448,316
$6,085,516
$831,943 $508,340 $366,600
TASER Program Introduced: May 2003
Michigan Municipal Risk Mgmt Authority (MMRMA)Losses For Excessive Force Claims
Excessive Force Claims
Down 95%
• MMRMA represents 149 law enforcement agencies in Michigan
• Approximately 6,000 officers are employed by those agencies
The savings in worker’s comp claims alone has paid for the entire TASER deployment and generated
about a million dollar surplus
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007$0
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
$2,233,479
$1,563,661
$1,152,195
$738,028
$148,929
TASER Program Introduced
Source: Houston PD
Workman’s Compensation
ClaimsDown 93%
Risk Management Details
Source statistics are in the View Notes Pages Section of the PowerPoint
Orange Co Sheriff’s Office FLDeputy Injury Reduction
Phoenix PD AZ First Top-10 City to Deploy to All Patrol Officers
Suspect Injuries 2004
67%
Ventura Co Sheriff’s Dept CA 2007 First Year Field TASER ECD Results
Deputy Injuries
72%
• Deputies used the TASER ECD 123 times in 2007• The study showed a 72 percent reduction in injuries to
deputies in 2007 for the first full year in which VCSO deployed TASER ECDs when compared to the average annual number of injuries for 2003, 2004 and 2005.
St Louis Co Police, MO
• Since 2004, TASER ECDs were used about 110 times a year resulting in a 20 percent drop in injuries to suspects and a 37 percent drop in officer-related injuries.
Officer and Suspect Injuries 2003-2009
20% 37%
St Louis Co Police, MO Officer and Suspect Injuries 2003-2009
Durham PD NCUse of Force Reports
2008
50%
• Use of force reports have been reduced by half• Physical contact with suspects declined from an avg
of 6 to 1.5 incidents per month while pepper spray use was down from 3.8 to 0.75 times a month on avg
• “The No. 1 thing is that it cuts down on injury. The more often a suspect and officer engage in physical confrontation, the more likely someone will get hurt.”
75%
Physical Contacts
Lynchburg PD VAUse of Force 2006-2007
65%
• Since Summer of 2007, incidents where LPD used force have dropped about 65 percent. From June to December 2006, LPD used force 133 times. That dropped to 46 for the same six-month period in 2007.
• Reported injuries dropped 58 percent, from 62 to 26, over the same period.
58%
Suspect Injuries 2006-2007
DeLand Co FL Use Of ForceUse of ECD Force 2007-
2008
67%• Use of force decreased despite increased arrests
from one year to the next in some of the cities.• In almost every case where the use of force was
employed, the suspect was either high or drunk.• “Secondly, TASERs somewhat have had an impact
as a deterrent factor, not necessarily being deployed. Just the officer having it on him has had an impact.”
Daytona, FL Area CountiesSeven Counties Reported Use of Force Decrease 2007-2008
Stephenville PD TXUse of Force Reports 2007-2009
66%
• 27 use-of-force reports taken in Stephenville in 2007; 17 in 2008; and 9 in 2009. The number of incidents involving officers using TASER ECDs decreased from 12 in 2007 to 3 in 2008 and 3 in 2009.
• “They have proven to reduce the need for use of force. Just knowing we have the TASERs is enough for most people to avoid them,” said Chief Roy Halsell.
Wichita Police Dept KS Injuries Two Year Review 2006-2007
• 1153 TASER ECD incidents in 2006-2007 with 567 actual deployments
• When deployed:– 21 injuries to suspects– 62 secondary injuries (fall, cut, etc.)– 19 officers injured
• In the first year officer injuries went down 45.8 percent and for the year 2007 they went down another 28 percent
Wichita Police Dept KS Prevent Higher Escalation of Force 2007
1147
6
Yes No
Glenn Co Sheriff's Office CADeputy Injuries
2006-2008
0• The Glenn County Sheriff's office uses the TASER
ECD equal to OC’s level of force• TASER deployed 14 times in 2006 with no injury
to officers or suspects; 9 in 2007; and 12 in 2008 • All 35 times the TASER ECD was effective in
taking the suspects into custody
Suspect Injuries2006-2008
0
Maui Police Dept HIOfficer and Suspect Injuries Decline as TASER
ECD Use Rises Despite Use of Force Increases During 2004 vs. 2008
7%
• 2004: 26 officer injuries in 169 incidents
• 2008: 17 officer injuries in 215 incidents
8%Officer Injuries Suspect Injuries
Putnam Co Sheriff’s FLDeputy Injuries 2005: M26 for ALL Patrol
Deputies
86%
• “Not only do TASERs help our officers, but we’ve seen far fewer injuries to the persons being arrested, because we’re not having to fight with them. So, it’s a win-win situation for the deputy, for the suspect being arrested and for the taxpayers, because if we’re injured or the suspect’s injured, that’s who’s paying the bill,” said Sheriff Dean Kelly.
Putnam Co Sheriff’s FL2007 Field Statistics
• 46 TASER ECD uses in 82 cases requiring force– Firearms were fired during only three incidents
• 18 other use of force reports consisted of physical takedowns by deputies, police dog takedowns and pepper spray use
• “When you hit someone with a baton, you’re going to do damage, period. We went from seeing deputies injured frequently in arrest sequences to it being practically negligible. We’ve actually lost track of the last documentable deputy injury as a result of a physical struggle with a suspect. We think it was in 2000 or 2001,” said Maj. Gary Bowling.
Port Wentworth Dept GAOfficer Injuries 2004-2009
≈80%?• Capt. Matt Libby said before Port Wentworth PD deployed
TASER ECDs in 2005, up to 5 officers were injured by combative suspects every year. “After that, we went to almost none,” Libby said.
• The last time an officer was injured was 9-3-08. “And the only reason that officer was hurt was because I couldn't get to my Taser quickly enough,” Libby said, later adding, “when I saw that gun I Tased him. If I didn't have a TASER, he would have been dead. “My Taser basically saved his own life.”
South Bend Police Dept INOfficer Injuries 2004
66%
• Since July 2003, TASER systems were deployed 632 times. No serious injuries have occurred because of their use
• Over 200 TASER ECDs were deployed by patrol officers and half of the city’s detectives. SBPD has armed all 261 sworn officers.
• During July, 2003 – March 6, 2006, South Bend Police Department deployed TASER ECDs 632 times in a city with 110,000 residents, said Gary Horvath, chief of community relations. No serious injuries have occurred because of TASER ECD use.
• “Before, we used to have officers who got broken hands or broken arms – you name it – in physical altercations,” Horvath said. “Nowadays, instead of having officers off for six months for various broken bones, the worst thing we see happening to officers are bad knees sustained in chasing people.”
• TASER ECDs have at least twice prevented people from killing themselves, according to Horvath.
Journal Gazette, March 06, 2006
Southfield Police Dept MI
83%
Officer Injuries 2006-2008
• “In some of those cases officers might have been required to subdue the suspect,” said Chief Joseph Thomas Jr., “and somebody - the suspect or the officers - might have been injured.”
• Injuries to officers dropped from 12 in 2006, to two in 2008, Thomas reported, “That's a significant reduction.” (SPD deploys 165 TASER ECDs)
Orlando Police Dept FL
60%
Officer Injuries
50%
Suspect Injuries
• A 2008 US DOJ funded study determined whether the introduction of the TASER ECD into an agency affected injury outcomes to officers or subjects with a Pre-Post ECD empirical assessment
• Monthly rate of subject injuries (per force incident) was reduced by more than 50 percent after ECD introduction, while officer injuries were reduced by more than 60 percent
Austin Police Dept TX
• 334 uses in 2004 equaled 33.4 percent of all force reports. “Much of this reduction (in injuries) can be attributed to the availability of TASERs”
• Use of TASER ECDs has led to a decrease in “physical contact between officers and subjects” and “seems to have contributed to fewer injuries overall for officers and fewer serious injuries for the suspects”
50%
Officer Injuries 2004
82%
Serious Suspect Injuries 2004
Dept of Justice Study
• In comparing records 24,000+ use of force conflicts from 12 different agencies, the DOJ study found the risk of injury to suspects apprehended with less lethal weapons typically fell more than 60 percent compared to the risk to suspects who were arrested without the devices, when all other conditions were similar.
60%
Injury Decreases When Suspects Are Apprehended with Less Lethals
Dept of Justice Study• Results. Odds of injury to civilians and officers
were significantly lower when police used TASER ECD weapons, after control for differences in case attributes and departmental policies restricting use of these weapons. Monthly incidence of injury in two agencies declined significantly, by 25% to 62%, after adoption of TASER ECD devices.
• Conclusions. Injuries sustained during use of force events affect thousands of police officers and civilians in the U.S. each year. Incidence of these injuries can be reduced dramatically when law enforcement agencies responsibly employ less-lethal weapons in lieu of physical force.
Marin Co Sheriff's Dept CA
• “It should be noted that 49 out of the 87 deployments in 2009 resulted in incidents wherein the suspect surrendered upon mere display of the ECD.”
• “This statistic reflects the ECD’s unparalleled ability to reduce a significant number of potentially violent incidents without the use of physical force.”
• “This type of deterrent effect results in fewer injuries to both deputies and suspects alike.”
2009 Annual Report
Marin Co Sheriff's Dept CA 2009 Annual Report
Officer Injuries
Probe DeploymentsTotal Deployments
1
Suspect Injuries
Surrendered w/out Probe Deployment
93%
Success Rate on Probe Deployments
0
87 56% 14
(8" scratch mark on back from fall)
Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD NC
Officer Injuries 2004
59%
• The report revealed at least 19 cases in which officers faced subjects with weapons and were able to get them under control using TASER ECDs instead of escalating to deadly force
Suspect Injuries 2004
79%
Cape Coral Police Dept FLOfficer Injuries 2002-2004
93%
From memo “…the rationale for the (TASER) program is clear. Officer and suspect injuries have been reduced, deadly force encounters avoided, and liability to the city reduced. It is recommended the department continue with the (TASER) program as designed and continue efforts for full deployment as soon as practical.”
Suspect Injuries 2002-2004
68%
Topeka Police Dept KSOfficer Injuries 2003
46%
Suspect Injuries 2003
41%• "When an officer pulls the TASER out, people give up,"
said Sgt Dave Thomas, “That happens a lot.”• Thomas points to Topeka police records showing that in
2002, officers used force in 237 incidents. In 2002, there were 14 injuries to officers and 35 to civilians, decreases of 46 percent and 41 percent. “That's significant,” Thomas said.
• The department now has 147 TASER X26 units
Sarasota Police Dept FL
• In the first six months after SPD began using the X26, the department saw a 65 percent drop in officer injuries as of December 19, 2006
• In 2006, officers have used TASER ECDs less because the threat is often enough to force a resisting suspect into compliance
65%
Officer Injuries 2006
Leon County Sheriff's Office FL
• The number of injuries to LCSO deputies decreased about 65 percent after they were first used in 2004
• LCSO Deputies state that since they began using TASER devices three years ago, they've seen a drop in having to use other kinds of force to make arrests
65%Deputy Injuries 2004
65%
Hialeah Police Dept FL
Out of 264 TASER ECD deployments, no serious officer injuries occurred while two officers received minor injuries. Of the 264 incidents, 263 suspects did not receive any serious injuries. Success rate: 95%. Eight suspects received the following injuries.
• Laceration to his chin as he fell on the hood of a vehicle as he resisted arrest and was subjected to an M26
• Laceration to the forehead as suspect fell to ground• Four separate cases whereby the suspects received
lacerations to facial area from the falls• Chipped tooth while struggling and hit furniture• Received a gun shot wound
Injury Data Snapshot Oct 2003 - Nov 2005
Rapid City PD SD
• Rapid City PD reported 63 on-duty injuries, 36 of which were related to arresting violent suspects including 91 suspects obstructing or resisting arrest
• Officer Don Hedrick believes the TASER program is worth the cost because injuries cost money, not only for medical care but to cover shifts for officers who must be off-duty while recovering
• Chief Steve Allender said that TASER ECDs might lower the numbers of officers injured while arresting violent or resistive suspects
Officer Injuries 2006 as of Dec 11, 2006
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Use of Force Injuries to Officers
200320042005
• Deployment of only 59 TASER X26s over three shifts and only 133 of 800 sworn officers trained to carry TASER X26s
Omaha Police Dept NEOfficer Injury Comparison 2003-2005
* Injuries to officers sustained during the physical arrest of suspects
Officer Injury Comparison 2003-2005
Omaha Police Dept NE
Officer injuries dropped 47% after implementing the
TASER X26*
47%
21%2003-2004 2004-2005
2003-2005
33%
* Suspect injuries went down 6% (GPD considers the TASER application by itself to cause minor injury)
20%
Garner Police Dept NCSince full deployment of the TASER X26 in 2004
38%
6%*Officer Injuries Suspect Injuries
Actual TASER Deployment Following TASER ECD Draw From Holster
Australia
• “They're a safe and effective means of restraint. Western Australia recently had them available for all first response police and there's been a 40 percent reduction in assaults on police in that state. That's what we need to see here,” said the Queensland Police Union.
40%
Queensland Officer Assaults Reductions as of 2007
Queensland Australia
• “The purpose of this trial is to ascertain whether TASERs can be used as an effective tool to reduce the number of assaults on police and protect the public from dangerous or violent offenders, while also reducing the chance of harm to offenders themselves,” said Police Minister Judy Spence
• “In every incident so far, the use of a TASER has resolved a potentially dangerous situation, without injury to police, the public or the offender, and without the need for medical treatment for the person detained by police”
1st Year Field Trial Suspect and Officer Injuries: 0
Australia
• “Assaults on police have decreased by 50 per cent, and that's huge,” said Riverina union representative Mick Connor
• “That means that police aren't being assaulted, they're not being injured and you're not losing time off work because of that. That means police are more productive, we're out on the street and we're confident in our ability to handle each situation.”
50%
Riverina Officer Assaults Reductions as of 2007
El Paso Police Dept TX
• Chief Richard Wiles said the decrease in assaults was beneficial to the department and to taxpayers because it reduces workers compensation claims filed by officers
86%
Officer Assaults Reductions as of 2007
El Paso Police Dept TXOfficer Assaults Reductions
Year Fielded TASER ECDs
2000 0
2001 0
2002 0
2003 10*
2004 110
2005 260
2006 590
2007 947
Officer Assaulted**
520
492
506
378
298
174
73
65
*Initiated in December 2003
**Includes any grade of injury
Cincinnati Police Dept OH First 1,041 Field Results
56%
50%
Officer Injuries2004
Traditional Overall Use of Force
50%
Citizen Complaints2003
35%
Suspect Injuries2004
975 of 1050 officers took volunteer
exposures with no injuries
Cincinnati Independent Monitor Final Report December 2008
• “Over the course of the Agreements, we have seen vast improvement within the Cincinnati Police Department relating to oversight and accountability, particularly in the area of force and the investigation of force incidents. …the end result is favorable to the Department, the City of Cincinnati, and the diverse community they serve.”
• “The Monitoring Team also noted a significant decline in serious force-related incidents at this time. We attribute much of this decrease to the department-wide deployment of the TASER. Our review of use of force reporting and investigative files showed that the TASER replaced other types of force in the majority of incidents. Moreover, injuries to officers and citizens also declined.”
Cincinnati Police Dept OH 2004 - 2008
Cincinnati Police Dept OH 2004 - 2008
Columbus Police Dept OH Six-Month Field 2005 Results
23%
37%
Officer Injuries
OC Spray
21%
Impact Weapons
24%
Prisoner Injuries
32%
Strikes, Punches & Kicks
24%
Citizen Complaints of Excessive Force
Columbus Police Dept OH2005 Six-Month Field Results
• There were 12 documented incidents where subjects attempting suicide were stopped and taken into custody preventing their deaths
• There were 14 incidents officers responded to where deadly force was justified, but officers were able to use time, distance, and barriers to deploy the TASER system as the response versus using deadly force to control the subjects
Howard Co Police Dept MD Six-Month Field 2008 Results
22 TASER X26 deployments:• 15 laser sight uses gained compliance when
physical force was justified• No TASER ECD related IA complaints or
investigations• 10 % reduction in Use of Force incidents• 62 % drop in Use of Force complaints• 15 percent drop in Worker’s Compensation• 0 reports of “ill effects specific to TASER” use• Recommendation: Double the amount of TASER
X26 devices from 25 to 50• Mandatory training exposures for officers required
PA State Troopers Field Results• “The response from troopers in the field has been
completely positive. One of the key reasons is that using TASERs means it’s much less likely that an officer will become involved in a physical confrontation that could result in injuries to the suspect or the officer.
• “In some of these cases, there is no doubt our troopers would have been required to grapple with the individuals, strike them with their batons, or fire their service weapons to protect themselves or others. The TASER provides an excellent option to the use of deadly force,” said Commissioner Jeffrey B. Miller
Concord Police Dept CAReview of Field Results 2006 vs 2005
Officer Injuries
OC Spray UseImpact
Weapons Use
0
Suspect Significant Injuries
Physical Take Down
21%
Overall Use of Force
65%
34%38%
100%
New Zealand PoliceTASER ECD Complaints and Compliance 2008-2009
• The Independent Police Conduct Authority said there have been no complaints about TASER ECD use in the past 18 months (July 2008-Feb 2010)
• As of Feb 17, 2010 that TASER ECDs were used in 132 incidents during 2009 and were fired 10 times – 92% were successfully resolved without the Taser being discharged.
• “I am very pleased that TASER provides one more step before officers reach that point. It is safer for those involved in an incident, and safer for our staff. It's pretty clear that in several instances, the person could have been shot with a firearm if TASER hadn't been available,” said Commissioner Howard Broad.
Toronto Police Services ON2006 Field Results of 174 Deployments
38%
• Officer Injuries: 0• Suspect Injuries: 0• Statements of Claims or Issues: 0
“The TASER has been proven to be an effective intermediate force option for front-line policing in the de-escalation of violent incidents and is being used across the city of Toronto.”
Success Rate
94%
Toronto Police Services ON2008 Field Results of 367 Deployments
• Officer Injuries: 0• Suspect Injuries: 0• Claims or Issues:1• Breakdown of Use:
• 80% by front line officer• 20% by Emergency Task Force (ETF)• 65% Assaultive Behavior• 24% Serious Bodily Harm• 4% Active Resistance• 3% Passive Resistance (suicidal subjects)• 94% Effective
Durham Regional Police ON2008 Field Results of 42 Deployments
38%
Officer Injuries: 0Suspect Injuries: 1 - Minor3rd Party Injuries: 0
Force Presence Only: 18Drive Stun Mode: 10Full Probe Deployment: 15Effectiveness : 40 of 42 (2 clothing/distance issues)Armed Suspects: 9 of 42 armed
Hamilton Police Services ON 2006 Field Results
38%
• TASER ECDs deployed 60 times in 2006 or 31% less than in their inaugural year
– Deputy Chief Ken Leendertse attributes the decline in part to the fact that the community is becoming more aware of the TASER ECD and says often, suspects will actually back down at the mere sight of the officer pulling a TASER ECD out
– He said the TASER ECD is deemed an intermediate use of force option, as are the baton and pepper spray, and can be used when someone is actively resisting police
Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2006 Field Results Nationwide in Canada
38%
• The TASER ECD is deployed upon three out of four suspects that are unarmed in a review of 563 cases
• A Canadian Press analysis of TASER ECD incidents reported by the Mounties reveals that more than 79 percent of those were not brandishing a weapon
• In just over one-fifth of the cases, the suspect had a knife, bottle, club or other weapon
• The figures, compiled from hundreds of pages filed by RCMP officers, highlight that TASER ECDs help control dangerous situations with minimal injury
Nova Scotia RCMP2005-2007 Field Use Results
38%
• RCMP officers in the province drew their TASER ECDs 132 times between 2005 and 2007
• In 85 percent of the cases suspects were drunk or high on drugs
• In 40 percent of the cases the suspect was armed• “We certainly want to take away from people's
minds that we use them at any given moment. That's certainly not the case at all,” said RCMPSgt. Mark Gallagher.
• Instead, he said, the TASER ECD is used by officers who are “trying to defuse situations the best way we can with the least injury to anyone.”
Ottawa Police Service ONDeployments
38%
• TASER ECDs deployed 112 times in seven years– Ottawa police patrol supervisors deployed TASER ECDs
five times in the two months since the department expanded the deployment of the controversial stun guns to make them more accessible to officers on the force's front line
• TASER ECDs were deployed 12 times in 2007– The lower number can be partially attributed to the fact
that patrol supervisors have only recently been given the option of deploying the TASER ECD, said Ottawa Police Staff Sgt. Syd Gravel. Previously, tactical officers were the only members of the force with the necessary training to use them.
Montreal Police Service QBDeployments 2006-2009
38%
• TASER ECDs deployed 99 during past 4 years
Threatened73
1011
Discharged 11172317
Year2009200820072006
Niagara Regional Police & Hamilton Police Services
2007 Field Results
38%
• Niagara Regional Police deployed the TASER 64 times as of mid-November 2007
• Hamilton Police deployed TASER ECDs 32 times in the first six months of 2007
– In cities such as Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg, where frontline patrol officers are authorized to deploy TASER ECDs, the use of the device is more frequent
Winnipeg Police Services AB 2006 Field Results
38%
• Winnipeg Police deployed TASERs ECDs 160 times – In comparison, Calgary officers have used their
TASERs 80 times, while Edmonton officers have used theirs 250 times, although more officers in that city than in Winnipeg are equipped with the weapon
• There have been no reports of death or significant injury related to their use since Winnipeg Police began using TASER ECDs in 2006
• There have been no substantiated allegations made about TASER ECD use
Winnipeg Police Services MB Jan-Nov 2007 160 Field Use Results
38%
• 50 probe deployments; 45 drive stuns; 65 laser sight compliance
– In 65 cases (approx 40%), just showing a TASER ECD or threatening to use it was enough to rein in an out-of-control situation. “Most of the time… it's been used this year, the display of the weapon itself or having that red dot on your chest is enough to make that person go, OK, that's enough,” said Deputy Police Chief Doug Webster
Vancouver Police BC 2002-2007 150 Field Use Results
38%
• TASER ECD used 150 times from 2002 thru 2007• “In every case, there was a high level of violence,”
according to VPD Cst Jana McGuinness. “There were people armed, in many of the cases, armed with knives, armed with shards of glass, whatever their weapon of choice.”
• “In many, many cases, it just stops the incidents, and less harm occurred to our members and to the people involved. In many cases, it was not necessary to actually fire the TASER (ECD). Violent behaviour stopped just at the sight of it, or even a suggestion that it might be used,” said McGuinness.
Delta Police BC 2002-2008 47 Field Use with 31 TASER ECDs
38%
Delta with 160 police officers, displayed their TASER ECDs 47 times with 27 actual uses over the past six years
“Obviously I am a strong proponent of the CEW (conducted energy weapon) because I believe it saves the lives of the victim, subject and the police officer. “... the police are mandated to resolve violent situations which often result in violent and dangerous people being taken into custody. There is no risk-free method to accomplish this task. Presence and dialogue are the preferred force options, but these are not always effective and, in some cases, the risk of harm to others demands immediate response with a higher level control tactic option employed,” said Delta police chief Jim Cessford.
New Zealand Police 2007 One-Year TASER ECD Trial
38%
• “Currently, officers have the option of using either a baton or lethal force when responding to incidents involving violence. This is too great a jump between response options. TASER (ECDs) provide a level of force that fits between the two options, and will both save offenders lives and, most importantly, protect officers,” says New Zealand First law and order spokesperson Ron Mark.
New Zealand Police 2007 One-Year TASER ECD Trial
38%
• The statistics clearly show that officers were judicious in their use of the TASER, with it being presented 128 times during the trial and only discharged on 20 occasions. It unequivocally rubbishes claims by hysterical anti-TASER groups that Police can not be trusted with the device.
• “The decision should have been easy. Officers on the beat want tools that enable them to do their job safely and effectively, and the trial showed that the TASER was such a tool. If the delay is due to public relations concerns, the trial result speaks for itself,” said Mark.
Peel Police Services ON TASER Information
on next two slides
Use of Force Reports Submitted TASER Deployments
2005 254 40 (July – Dec. 2005)
2006 247 46
2007 207 (as of Oct. 31, 2007) 56 (as of Oct. 31, 2007)
Total number of certified TASER X26 users in Peel Regional Police as of December 5, 2007
434
Total number of TASER X26 devices operational in the Region of Peel
41
Number of officers confirmed to have been exposed to a TASER exposure
248
Total number of active civil suits involving the TASER:(There was one civil suit that was filed, but later withdrawn by the plaintiff due to lack of evidence.)
0
Number of TASER qualified officers given questionnaire on their use of the TASER in 2006
Number of officers who completed questionnaire
Number of estimated incidents in 2006 where TASER presence caused subject to comply. (TASER not deployed)
350
95
385
Number of Use of Force incidents in 2004 (our last full year before front line TASER implementationNumber of officer injuries in 2004 - 84
192
Number of Use of Force incidents in 2006 (first full year of front line TASER implementation)Number of officer injuries in 2006 - 47
247
The vast majority of our TASER deployments have occurred when a subject has displayed assaultive behavior.
Minnesota State Patrol MNDeployments
38%
• The State Patrol currently has 93 TASER ECDs• The Minnesota Department of Public Safety said
the patrol conducted a 12-month pilot project until August 2007 before adding TASER ECDs to trooper equipment used statewide.
• During the pilot project, TASER ECDs were displayed 27 times and fired 33 times with no known health-related incidents occurring during the test period, according to an agency news release
Council Bluffs PD, IATASER ECD Deployments 2004-2008
38%
• TASER ECDs deployed 271 times–No serious injuries–No lawsuits as of February 16, 2009
“Since we started using TASERs, we have less of an issue of injury to officers and arrestees. If we would have used a baton or some other type of force 271 times, surely we would have some lawsuits and injuries to officers and arrestees. I'm not an attorney, but if you strike someone with a baton and break a bone, who knows how much the city is going to be sued for. TASERs have been good for the department and the city,” said Sgt. Patrick Norris
Medicine Hat Police AB CanadaDeployments 2002-2007
38%
• Medicine Hat Police Service with 104 sworn officers in city with a population of 60,000
• 2006 Deployments: 23• Since 2002 No TASER Deployment has resulted in
a Criminal Investigation against a member.• No “Serious Injury” or ill effects recorded• No Sudden In Custody Deaths that involved prior
use of a TASER ECD
Minneapolis Police MNDeployments and Injury Reduction 2001 to 2006
38%
• TASER ECDs deployed 232 times in 2006, with no serious effects
• Spokesman Jesse Garcia said officer injuries are down 75 percent since TASER ECDs were introduced in 2001 and called TASER ECDs “an invaluable, necessary tool that helps bring a suspect under control with less injury to both officers and suspects”
75%
San Jose PD CASan Jose 2006 Year End Summary
San Jose, CA PDSan Jose 2006 Year End Summary
Franklin Co Sheriff’s OH2007 Field Results
Division
Total Deploy-ments
Probe Hits
Drive Stun
Arc Dis-play
Desired Effect
No Effect
Effective %
Corrections 51 25 14* 11 50 1 98.03%
Courts 1 1 1* 1 100%
Patrol 19 13 5 1 16 3 84.21%
SWAT 1 1 1 100%
Warrants 5 4 1 4 1 80%
Totals 77 44 20 13 72 5 93.50%
Franklin Co Sheriff’s OH2008 Field Results
Division
Total Deploy-ments
Probe Hits
Drive Stun
Arc Dis-play
Desired Effect
No Effect
Effective %
Corrections 54 27 25* 2 53 1 98.14%
Courts **
Patrol 26 21 4* 1 21 5 80.76%
SWAT 1 1 100%
Warrants 6 5 5 1 5 1 83.3%
Totals 87 53 31 3 80 7 91.95%
Franklin Co Sheriff’s OH2009 Field Results
Division
Total Deploy-ments
Probe Hits
Drive Stun
Arc Dis-play
Desired Effect
No Effect
Effective %
Corrections 73 41 18* 14 72 1 98.6%
Courts 2** 1 0%
Patrol 49 30 6* 13 44 5 89.79%
SWAT
Warrants 3 3 100%
Totals 127 74 24 27 116 7 91.33%
Franklin Co Sheriff’s OH2007 and 2008 Field Results
• “Based on the data it appears the TASER (ECD) has been, and will continue to be, a useful less than lethal option that in all probability has reduced injuries to both office personnel and those who have been (exposed to the TASER ECD).”
Syracuse Police Dept NYMay 2005 - May 2007 Field Results
181 incidents with TASER ECDs Summary:• Only one suspect injury reported during the first
two years since city police began carrying them in mid-May 2005
• 76 suspects were subjected to TASER ECD probe deployments
• 47 suspects were “drive stunned”• 41 suspects gave up with laser sight
compliance only• Eight people were hit with both probes and
drive stun mode
Syracuse Police Dept NYMay 2005 - May 2007 Field Results
• Suspects were overwhelmingly male (164 to 17)• Race: 97 African-Americans; 71 Caucasians; 6
Hispanics, one identified as biracial and six listed without race; while at least five dogs were stunned
• Nearly 50% of the suspects were under the influence of alcohol or drugs
• During the first full year of TASER ECD use, 65.7 percent of these incidents involved suicidal individuals, violent suspects or civil disturbances
Syracuse Police Dept NYMay 2005 - May 2007 Field Results
• First Deputy Police Chief Michael Heenan considers TASER ECDs the best thing to happen to law enforcement since the two-way radio
• Injuries to his officers have gone down since TASER ECDs were introduced, as have complaints against police and the number of suspects who resisted arrest, according to Heenan
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsData as of December 2009
• Through December 2009, TASER ECDs have been used in 1,619 incidents, averaging 15 incidents per month. In 2009, TASER ECD use was down, averaging 11 incidents per month vs 16 per month from 2008.
• TASER ECD deployment occurrences:– Fights and disturbances (23%)– Violent crimes (17%)– Drug/alcohol incidents (15%)– Emotionally disturbed/suicide calls (11%)
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsData as of December 2009
• In 63% of TASER incidents, the TASER officer was among the first responding officers to the scene; in a backup unit in 33% of the incidents; and specifically called to the scene in 4%.
• TASER ECD deployment occurrences:– Males (92%)– Ages fall across a wide age spectrum. 63%
involve suspects that are 35 years old or younger. The largest age group of suspects involving TASER ECDs is 21-25 years old.
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsData as of December 2009
• The racial breakdown of subjects:– 46% African American – 41% Caucasian
• Types of TASER ECD application:– Dart projectile mode 59% of the time– Drive stun mode in 23% of incidents– Both modes 18% of the time
• 74% of the suspects confronting officers have been impaired, often severely, by alcohol, drugs, or a mental illness or delusion. (This has climbed from 60% in 2001.)
• One-fifth of the suspects hit by a TASER were armed subjects (44% had knives, 16% had guns, an d40% had other weapons i.e., scissors, hatchets, broken bottles, shovels, stakes, hypodermic needles).
• Most of the armed suspects were also impaired, usually by mental illness (41% of those impaired and armed), alcohol (29%), or drugs (25%). The proportion of armed and impaired subjects has grown steadily since 2001 when 62% of the subjects hit by a TASER ECD were were armed and impaired.
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsData as of December 2009
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsData as of December 2009
• Verified TASER ECD contact was obtained in 77% of the incidents. Where there was verified contact, the TASER ECD delivered a disabling or partially disabling effect 95% of the time. This has remained stable over time.
• In 79% of all incidents and in 89% of the incidents where contact was verified, the TASER ECD was credited with controlling the subject or bringing the situation to a resolution.
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsData as of December 2009
• Subject injuries are relatively low in TASER ECD deployments when compared with other use of force situations– Subjects sustained no injuries, injuries prior to
police arrival, or only self-inflicted injuries in 38% of TASER ECD incidents
– In another 42% of these incidents, the only injuries were dart/stun abrasions from the device itself
• There were no injuries to officers in 83% of these incidents (this finding has been stable)
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsData as of December 2009
• There were no injuries to officers in 83% of the TASER incidents (this finding has been stable).
• Most officer injuries (74%) occurred before the TASER ECD was deployed. – In police encounters with violent and mentally ill
subjects (often subjects in TASER ECD incidents), as many as 40% of the officers and the subjects may sustain injuries, according to national studies
Green Bay WI PD Field Results18 Month Review Dated February 2006
• In 84 deploys only 2 injuries occurred beyond punctured skin from probe
• No injuries to officers• “Although not a deadly force tool, the X26 TASER
has been used at least seven (7) times to gain control of offenders who were posing a significant and potentially deadly force threat to officers or others. Therefore, the use of this tool prevented at least seven potentially deadly force incidents.”
Madison PD WI Field Results
6
MPD’s Review of TASER Field Data from January 2005
• “MPD’s deployment of the TASER has reduced injuries to officers and suspects resulting from use-of-force encounters”
• “MPD’s deployment of the TASER has reduced MPD officers’ utilization of deadly force”
• “The TASER has proven to be a safe and effective use-of-force tool”
• “MPD officers are deploying the TASER in an appropriate manner”
• Citizen complaints concerning TASER ECDs: 0• Avoidance of lethal force by deploying TASER ECDs: 6
Boise Police Dept ID Field Results
6
• TASER ECDs deployed by BPD 120 times during July 2002 - December 2004
• None of the subjects involved died as a result of, or in connection with, the use of TASER ECDs.
• The only serious injury was a cervical fracture suffered by a suspect scaling a fence while fleeing from the police. – This person fell from the fence when the TASER was
activated. Following this incident, BPD immediately reviewed their TASER training and reinforced the message that officers should avoid TASER ECD use on persons on elevated surfaces.
Boise Police Dept IDRecommendations
6
• Current policy does require officers to carry a firearm and pepper spray. Given that TASER ECDs are, under certain circumstances, a less-lethal alternative to firearms and a safer alternative to pepper spray, they should be immediately available to all officers to whom they have been issued.
• When an officer is in the middle of a dynamic and unfolding incident he or she should have the TASER option immediately available. Carrying a TASER ECD must be as important as carrying a firearm or pepper spray
Knoxville Police Dept TN Field Results of Number of TASER ECD Deployments
Year by Year
61998: 2 1999: 0 2000: 3 2001: 1 2002: 3 2003: 2 2004: 2 2005: 39 2006: 792007: 30 (Jan. 1-April 29, 2007)
Oakland Co Sheriff’s Office MI
0• Since 2003, 257 TASER X26 deployments with 93.3% success
since 2003 through mid-Sept 2006.• TASER X26 is on the same force level as OC spray and is
assigned to every patrol deputy for use. • Since the TASER program started in 2003, no deputies or
suspects have been injured during a TASER deployment and no excessive use of force lawsuits filed. (Prior to the TASER program, the deputies were injured on a regular basis with back injuries, broken hands, sprains, strains, etc.)
0
Deputy Injuries in TASER Incidents
Suspect Injuries in TASER Incidents
0
Excessive ForceLawsuits
Long Beach Police Dept CA
9%
Internal Affairs Complaints July 2004 - June 2005
• 78% field effectiveness • 92% of the 342 TASER deployments resulted in
minor to no injuries• Most frequently used tool when compared to arrest
control techniques and other impact weapons. 900 TASER systems in the field.
Long Beach Police Dept CA
25%Injuries to Officers
33%Liability claims
• Despite 2% increase in arrests and an 8% increase in overall use of force, arrest-related injuries decreased 25%
• “Officers immediately acknowledged the TASER’s usefulness and recognized the benefit to themselves, the subjects they touch, and the community members who may witness an altercation”
July of 2004 - June of 2005
El Paso Police Dept TX Complaints and TASER Deployments
Year TASER ECDs Complaints Force Related Deployments
2000 0 667 N/A 0
2001 0 757 142 0
2002 0 771 183 0**
2003 10 811 198 23**
2004 110 530 93 350
2005 260 384 111 230
2006 590 400 98 194
2007* 947 209 52 111 *YTD
**No TASERs Until December 2003
US DOJ/Wake Forest Univ Hospital Injury Study
• On January 15, 2009, a 3-year review of all TASER ECD uses at six police departments found only three significant injuries out of 1,201 criminal suspects subdued by ECDs, and reports that 99.75 percent of criminal suspects exposed to an ECD received no injuries or mild injuries only (i.e., scrapes and bruises)
• The findings represent a large, independent and multi-center study of ECD injuries
US DOJ/Wake Forest Univ Hospital Injury Study
• Of the 1,201 criminal suspects, 492 suffered mild injuries, mostly superficial puncture wounds (83%). Of the 3 subjects who sustained significant injuries, 2 suffered from head injuries related to falls; the third suffered rhabdomyolysis, or a rapid breakdown of muscle tissue.
• Study published in the Annals of Emergency Medicine
Study Author Dr. William Bozeman Comments
• “These weapons appear to be very safe, especially when compared to other options police have for subduing violent or combative suspects. That is not to say that injuries and deaths are impossible.”
• “Police and medical personnel need to be aware of the potential for serious injury and look for evidence that a person subdued by a TASER has been hurt.”
Population-Based Study of the Medical Safety of Law Enf Use
• A prospective, population-based,15-month study of the introduction of ECDs at Dallas (TX) PD policy compliance and associated medical events following ECD activations
• Among 426 consecutive ECD uses from Nov ‘04 - Jan ‘06, all officers followed policy and all suspects received rapid medical evaluation or simple first aid. No suspect required further treatment except one found to have severe toxic hyperthermia and who died within two hours of activation despite rapid on-scene intervention.
Population-Based Study of the Medical Safety of Law Enf Use
• In 5.4% of deployments, ECD use was deemed to have clearly prevented the use of lethal force by police
• Conclusion: Police were compliant with policy in all cases, and, in addition to avoiding the use of lethal force in a significant number of circumstances, the safety of ECD use was demonstrated despite one death subsequently attributed to lethal toxic hyperthermia
Officer & Suspect Injury Review of 1,645 Uses
• The University of South Carolina’s Dept of Criminology & Criminal Justice research examined 1,645 ECD deployments during Jan ‘02 - Jul ’06 from two law enforcement agencies examining the impact of officer and suspect injuries
• The use of ECDs was associated with reduced odds of officer and suspect injury and the severity of suspect injury at Miami-Dade Police Dept, FL. At Richland Co Sheriff’s Office, SC, the ECD use was unrelated to the odds of injury
Officer & Suspect Injury Review of 1,645 Uses
• Hands-on tactics were associated with increased odds of officer and suspect injuries
• The analysis suggests that relative to other forms of force, ECD usage can reduce the risk of injury to both suspects & police officers. This should prove useful to agencies considering adopting ECDs and suggests that agencies should consider the use of these alternatives in place of hands-on tactics vs. actively resistant suspects.
Officer Involved Shootings
1999 2000 2001 2002
Chemical 300 263 221 154
Physical 78 75 52 70
Impact Rounds 0 1 2 -
K9 62 60 48 70
Batons 27 21 13 12
TASER 0 3 228 482
0100200300400500600
# o
f In
cid
en
ts
Year
Use of Force DataOrange County Sheriffs, Florida
TASER
Firearms Use13
0
5 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
# o
f In
cid
en
ts
Wichita PD KS Prevent Higher Escalation of Force
730
1643
Yes No No Info
Phoenix Police Dept AZOfficer Involved Shootings in 2003 vs. 2002
Following Full Deployment of TASER ECDs to All Patrol Officers
54%
• In 2005 SDSD saw 10 deputy involved shootings and began buying TASER ECDs at the end of 2005
• There were zero deputy-involved shootings in 2007
• “I'm convinced there were probably situations that had we not had a TASER, (it) could have developed into a use of lethal force situation,” said Undersheriff Bill Gore.
San Diego Co Sheriff’s Dept CADeputy Involved Shootings 1997 - 2007
• 1,360 ECD deployments since 2001 - Aug 2009• 41 police shootings occurred from 1992 - 2000 vs
there were 29 shootings from 2000 - 2008• “Overall, the TASER has proven for us to be an
effective force option because officers can engage with others from a distance. We’ve [also] seen the use of TASER when deadly force would have been a more appropriate option. It significantly reduced the serious injury to the individual and others.”
Fort Worth PD TXOfficer Involved Shootings 2000 - 2008
30%
Oklahoma City PD Field Results
• Oklahoma City officers were involved in 12 shootings in 2000, in which 5 suspects were killed
• In 2001, the year Oklahoma City bought its TASER ECDs, officer-involved shootings dropped to 7. That number dropped to 5 in 2002, and there were 6 in 2003. Since then, 3 occurred in 2005 and 1 in 2006.
58% 15%
Officer Involved Shootings from 2001 to 20032002 2003
Ventura Co Sheriff’s Dept CADeputy Involved Shootings in 2007 vs. Past Six Years: 0
• 17 deputy-involved shootings in the Ventura County sheriff's jurisdiction from 2000 to 2006
• Statistics kept since 2002 indicate that the majority of those shootings involved mentally ill suspects
• There were no lawsuits filed related to the department's use of TASER ECDs
100%
Seattle PD WA Field ResultsOfficer Involved Shootings in 2003 vs. Past 15
Years: 0
• For the first time in 15 years, the Seattle Police Department did not have a single fatal shooting involving an officer in year 2003 (0 shootings = 100% decline)
• “We think a large part of what happened in ‘03 was a result of TASERs,“ said Seattle Police Chief R. Gil Kerlikowske”
100%
Miami PD FL Field Results
Physical Controls Firearm Discharges
• 2000: 493 2000: 24• 2001: 303 2001: 18• 2002: 100 2002: 12• 2003: 103 2003: 0
Physical Controls and Firearm Discharges
• These are not correlations but note that the TASER program began May 28, 2002 and currently MPD deploys 499 TASER devices
Miami PD FL Field ResultsNo Officer Involved Shootings for 20 Months
• Miami PD, once plagued by an abundance of shootings, did not have an OIC for 20* months versus an average of 15 OICs a year from 1990 to 2001 -- killing 33 suspects
• Police credited new rules, training and better equipment -- including the fact that 325+ Miami officers were armed with TASER ECDs and trained on a simulator providing a variety of situations to confront in which the correct response is not to shoot or to use only pepper spray or a TASER ECD
El Paso PD TXField Results
75%
SWAT Callouts
66%
Officer Involved Shootings
Officer Involved Shootings dropped
from average of 8 per year to 2 per year.In 2004 there were
none.
Number of SWAT callouts went from 18 per year to 6 per year
Houston PD TX Usage
• As of December 20, 2006, Houston Police Chief Harold Hurt said TASER X26s were used 982 times between December 2004 and October 2006
• In 39 instances, officers involved would have been justified in using deadly force instead of stunning them, Hurtt said
Florida Usage Feb 2009 Review• “It's a perfect law enforcement weapon if it is used
at the right time, under the right conditions,” Bay County (BCSO) Sheriff Frank McKeithen said. “It protects both officers and suspects.”
• The number of times TASER ECDs have been used has nearly doubled the last two years, up from 42 occurrences in 2006, to 80 in 2008, according to statistics from the BCSO, Panama City Police Dept (PCPD) and Panama City Beach Police Dept (PCBPD)
• Florida State University criminology professor Bill Doerner said increased TASER ECD use is a trend likely to continue
Florida Usage Feb 2009 Review• Since 2005, PCPD has used TASER ECDs in 85
use of force instances, about 34 percent of its use-of-force cases. Since 2005, no PCPD police officer has been judged to have used force improperly
• “Previous generations often hired police officers for brawn more than brains,” Doerner said. “As police forces diversify people, they will need more tools because they are often at a physical disadvantage.”
Florida Usage Feb 2009 Review• BCSO statistics show that of the 426 times
deputies filed use-of-force reports since August 2005, 63 were TASER-related.
• “That is less than 15 percent,” said Capt. Steve Harbuck.
• Harbuck says that in six of those 63 TASER uses, “deadly force” would have been appropriate, and in two other cases, subjects were exposed to TASER ECDs while threatening to commit suicide
• "You could say that eight of those deployments saved lives," he said
Spencer PD IA 3 Year Review• Since January 2006, Spencer police officers have
turned on the weapon and pointed it at a subject 36 times. In 26 instances, the laser dot was enough to gain suspect compliance.
• “We're very happy with it,” Chief Mark Lawson said. “We have had no issues in terms of serious injuries to anybody that's been ‘Tase'd.’”
• The TASER has all but replaced pepper spray as a deterrent. “As those pepper spray canisters have expired, I have not replaced them. We only have a couple of officers left with valid pepper spray. Once that is gone, it is phased out.”
Sherburne Co Sheriffs MNDeadly Force Incidents
• As of 1/15/2008, for the third time in the past 18 months, Sherburne deputies used a TASER ECD to subdue a suspect armed with a deadly weapon and who didn't comply with verbal commands
• The two other cases involved suspects who had firearms and refused officers' commands, "We've brought all three of those incidents to resolution without having to use deadly force," Capt Joel Brott said.
• The department handled approximately 42,491 calls for service in 2007 with approximately 29 sworn members
Dallas Police Dept TXIn 23 of 429 deployments, TASER ECDs prevented
deadly force outcomes Nov 2004 – Sept 20051. 11/2/04, EDP subject charged officers with a hammer.2. 12/28/04, aggravated robbery suspect armed with handgun; refused verbal commands.3. 1/1/05, disturbance call; man possibly armed with rifle, AP was armed with 12” saw and yelled at officers to
shoot him.4. 2/25/05, EDP subject held 8” blade butcher knife to his throat.5. 3/3/05, AP had handgun in his possession and fought with officers.6. 3/21/05, call on a man with a gun, as officers searched suspect he ran and dumped gun, before fighting with
officers who caught up with him.7. 4/2/05, during warrant, AP fought with officers, grabbed butcher knife and held to his own throat.8. 4/5/05, EDP suspect armed with scissors fought with officers.9. 4/16/05, AP threatened suicide with .380 handgun, set gun down and a TASER system was deployed when he
attempted to pick gun back up.10. 4/27/05, attempted suicide, charged officers and firemen with butcher knife raised above head.11. 5/10/05, aggravated robbery suspect, rammed officer’s vehicle and then fought with officers.12. 5/13/05, drug dealer ran from officers and stopped by a TASER ECD while holding gun in his hand trying to flee.13. 5/22/05, AP turned toward officers while holding a .38 revolver.14. 5/29/05, EDP standing in street swinging a 30” sword while threatening police and citizens.15. 6/5/05, traffic stop, while fighting with officers had 9mm handgun fall from waistband.16. 6/12/05, suspect waiving gun in air, ran from police, when confronted took fighting stance.17. 6/25/05, drug induced suspect hid under bed covers and threatened officers that he had a gun.18. 7/5/05, fought with officers while he had a 7” blade butcher knife concealed in sock.19. 7/20/05, attempted to take officers weapon.20. 7/26/05, robbery by assault suspect (280 lbs.) fought with officers.21. 8/7/05, suspect armed with handgun while fighting officers.22. 9/7/05, suspect armed with knife while fighting police.23. 9/19/05, suspect armed with knife while fighting with police.
• Potential Deadly Force Incidents Resolved in Non-Lethal Manner as a Direct Result of TASER Availability 2005 to July 2007
23• According to El Paso PD, the majority of these
incidents were “emotionally disturbed persons with edged weapons in a crisis situation”
El Paso Police Dept TX Deadly Force Incidents
• The French National Police and Gendarme were issued 4,615 TASER ECDs as of September 23, 2008.
• They were used 280 times last year without causing serious injury, cutting handgun use by 15 percent, according to police chiefs.
French National Police Officer Involved Handgun Use
15%
Workers Compensation
Durham Dept NCWorkers Comp Expenses FY 2009
• Workers Compensation claims fell from $657,413 last fiscal year to just $187,202 in the current fiscal year. “That's almost a half a million dollar savings,” said Lt. John Shelton.
• “The TASERs have done everything we expected them to do. The effects have been exactly what we expected them to be, if not more.”
72%
Lexington Co Corrections SCWorkers Comp Expenses 2009
• Workers Comp claims fell 40 percent at Lexington County Detention Center with nearly 900 inmates
• “That's almost a half a million dollar savings,” said Lt. John Shelton.
• “The TASERs have done everything we expected them to do. The effects have been exactly what we expected them to be, if not more.”
40%
Durham Dept NCWorkers Comp Expenses
• In the first three months this year 2009, DPD documented 97 cases of “voluntary compliances,” in which an arrest suspect “drastically changed their behavior because the TASER was present,” according to Shelton's study.
• “It has an umbrella effect. The fewer times we have to call for help and have somebody run [police car] lights and siren, the fewer potential car wrecks and injuries we have and the lower cost for Workers Compensation claims. There's a far-reaching effect.”
Durham Dept NCWorkers Comp Expenses
• Shelton also said there were four incidents this year where an officer “had justified use of lethal force” but used the TASER instead, preventing a suspect from being shot or possibly killed.
• The department has 235 TASER EDDs for a force of 512, but with the program's success, the goal is eventually to provide one for every officer.
• “We have achieved our goals with the Taser, and I think we're all pleasantly surprised at how well the program is doing,” Shelton said.
• 2002: GCPD at risk of being privately un-insurable• TASER ECDs were 1 of 3 elements to eliminate
injuries for 2 years (data through Sept 2004)
TASER Introduced
Granite City Police Dept ILWorkers Comp Expenses
• “TASER ECDs issued to the patrol division during the summer of 2009. Theoretically we have about 36 patrolmen including supervisors in the patrol division with an authorized strength of 62 sworn personnel.”
• “We have not had a single use of force/loss time on the job injury to a TASER operator since the program has been implemented. Traditionally prior to the deployment of your product, our department experienced several use of force related officer injuries requiring time off every year.”
DeKalb Police Dept ILUse of Force Loss Time Summer 2009-Winter 2010
Wichita Police Dept KS Workers Comp Comparison 2005-2007
Actual injuries involving physical altercations dropped 45.8% in a one-year period after implementing the TASER ECD and 28.21% during the second year of TASER ECD deployment.
28
Houston Police Dept TXWorkers Comp Expenses
• TASER ECDs deployed 1,332 times since Dec 2004 as of Sept 2007
• In that time, Workers Comp costs dropped from $2.2 million in 2004, to $738,000 in 2006
• HPD credits this to the drop in the number of physical confrontations officers had with unarmed suspects in that time
$2,126,200
Houston Police DeptReduces Workers Comp Claims by 93%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007$0
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000 $2,233,479
$1,563,661
$1,152,195
$738,028
$148,929
HPD Worker's Compensation Claims For Force Related Injuries
TASER Introduced
Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD NCAnnual Workers Compensation Claims
Comparing 2002 to 2004
31%
Peoria Police Dept ILWorkers Compensation Claims
1st full year of TASER ECD ProgramSept 2004 – Sept 2005
$180,000
Minneapolis Police Dept MNComparison of Force Types
• 43.2% of physical force events in 326 incidents resulted in subject injury (141) resulting in 36 officer injuries
• 20% of impact weapon strikes in 10 incidents resulted in subject injury (2) with zero officer injuries
• 5.8% of TASER X26 deployments in 154 incidents resulted in subject injury (9) with zero officer injuries
Minneapolis Police Dept MNWorkers Comp Cost Associated
with Use of Force
2004 2005 2006 Medical $23,461 $117,418 $34,060
Indemnity $2,995 $43,454 $1,328
Misc Exp. $146 $177 $0
These injuries are due to protracted physical struggles with arrestees that resulted in joint injuries and fractured bones
Minneapolis Police Dept MN
Based on Minneapolis Report, TASER systems:
• Save lives• Reduce injury• Reduce citizen complaints• Reduce liability costs
• Only one Workers Compensation expenditure during any arrests involving TASER system deployments during Sept 1, 2005 – Oct 20, 2006
– 48 sworn officers (now 52)
– Source: Trotwood Public Safety Director/Deputy City Manager, at IACP Boston Conference on October 16, 2006
Trotwood Police Dept OHWorkers Compensation Expenditures 2006
Seven sworn officers deploy two TASER X26 ECDs with one TASER CAM
2006: Four total TASER ECD incidents: Two actual probe deployments, one drive stun and one documented laser display. No injuries to suspects or officers occurred during these incidents.
2005: Eight TASER ECD incidents, five actual probe deployments and three drive stuns.
Bridgeport Township PD MI
TASER X26 incidents decreased by 50% from 2005 to 2006.
The TASER Instructor doesn’t have any specific statistics on officer or suspect injuries, but believes “the physical altercations have decreased dramatically. ”
Bridgeport Township PD MI
Scranton Police Dept PATASER ECDs Gain Compliance Even Without Deploying
• Ask Sgt. Patrick Gerrity about the successful integration of TASER ECDs into the their law enforcement tool kit, and he doesn't talk about the 45 times officers have used the ECDs since late May 2009.
• The more telling number is 65 – the number of times officers have unholstered it and through the mere threat of their use, cowed a combative suspect or pre-emptively defused a tense situation before it turned physical
• In those instances, the TASER ECD “kind of ended the fight before the fight had to start. Overwhelmingly, the officers think it's a good tool.”
Workers Compensation expenditures dropped 45% after implementing the TASER X26** Injuries sustained during the physical arrest of a suspect.
$0.00
$50,000.00
$100,000.00
$150,000.00
$200,000.00
$250,000.00
$300,000.00
$350,000.00
Use of Force Injuries to Officers
2003
2004
Omaha Police Dept NEWorkers Compensation Expenditures 2003-2004
$0.00
$20,000.00
$40,000.00
$60,000.00
$80,000.00
$100,000.00
$120,000.00
$140,000.00
Use of Force Injuries to Officers
Jan-May
Jun-DecJan-May
Jun-Dec$31,549
$120,877
* Expenditures for injuries sustained during the physical arrest of a suspect.
28 Injuries
29 Injuries
Details: Work Comp expenditures dropped by 74% in a 5 month period after implementing the TASER X26*
Omaha Police Dept NEWorkers Compensation Expenditures 2004
Arrests and TASER Reports
Ft Myers FL ‘04 Arrest Results
• "The TASER is the most effective tool that's ever been given to law enforcement," Lee Chitwood, Lee County Sheriff's Office said. “We think it's a valuable tool," he said. "We're going to continue to use it."
• Both Fort Myers police and the sheriff's office assert there was no inappropriate use of the TASER system in 2004.
• Investigations into two recent deaths are ongoing, but law enforcement officials have said they believe the deceased displayed symptoms of excited delirium.
15%
Lee County Sheriff’s Office• 14,280 total arrests• 328 arrestees resisted• 310 incidents in which TASER system deployed (or
roughly two per every 100 arrests)
Ft Myers Police Department• 7,832 total arrests• 577 arrestees resisted (267 required force)• 105 incidents in which TASER system deployed
Colorado 2005 Stats Only
15%
• Denver Police Department: – 73 uses during 66,988 arrests. 0.1% of all arrests
• Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department: – 23 uses during 10,825 arrests. 0.24% of all arrests
• Grand Junction Police Department: – 56 uses during 5,178 arrests. Approx 1% of all arrests.
• Pueblo Police Department: – 31 uses during its 8,804 arrests. 0.35% of all arrests
• Mesa County Sheriff’s Department: – 18 uses during 1,804 arrests. Approx 1% of all arrests.
• Montrose Police Department: – 5 uses during 692 arrests. 0.7% of all arrests
Colorado 2005 Stats Only
15%
• Rifle Police Department: – Deployed TASER ECDs in 1.2% of its arrests
• Longmont Police Department: – Reported that TASER ECDs were used in 1.7% of its
arrests
• All other state law enforcement agencies surveyed, with exception of the Longmont and Rifle police departments, reported using TASER ECDs in a lower percentage of arrests last year.
– Stats courtesy of: Mike Saccone, - Saturday, June 17th, 2006 “The Daily Sentinel” in Grand Junction, CO
Chico Police Dept CA Study
15%
• A study by Chico Police Department reveals the following from year 2003 (no TASER ECDs) to 2004 (with TASER technology).
• Despite an increase of 53% in Use of Force cases 2003 to 2004 at CPPD:
– Officer injuries declined by 50%– Suspect injuries declined by 16%
• Source: “Executive summary: Report on the Use of Force incidents at Chico Police Department 2003-2004”
79%
2%
53%
40%
2% 0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%B
ato
n
Suspe
ctT
aken
to
Gro
und
TA
SE
RD
eplo
yed
Force Type
Comparison of InjuriesTASER Technology Reduces Injuries
SuspectInjured
OfficerInjured /Affected
Chico Police Dept CA StudyIn the years 2003 and 2004 combined:
Chico Police Dept CA Study Findings
15%
• All of the law enforcement departments surveyed appear to have adequate training on the use of TASER (systems)
• Injuries to suspects and officers have been minimal with the use of TASER (systems)
• No deaths were reported as a result of a TASER use
• TASER (systems) have been an effective option to other types of force to reduce injuries to both peace officers and suspects
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2003 2004 2005
911 Calls forService
CriminalArrests
TASER X26Deployments
Omaha Police Dept NE
TASER Programs Save Costs & Lives First Study 2003-2004
Michigan Municipal Risk Management Authority (MMRMA) Study:• 40+ agencies• 432 TASER system deployments• 1 injury• 0 claims related to the TASER system• TASER systems reduced excessive force
litigation by 54%• MMRMA reimburses agencies for TASER
purchases
• 123 agencies taking part in TASER® Risk Avoidance Program (RAP) with ≈5000 officers. 75 departments complied with incident reporting requirement (60%).
• 1,768 TASER incidents consisting of:– 1,002 TASER ECD probe deployments– 560 drive stuns – 132 presentations– 74 Ineffective
Mich Municipal Risk Mgmt Auth(MMRMA)
Field Stats 2003-2008
28
• Of the 1,768 incidents
• 83 reported secondary injuries or 4.6%
• 3 significant injuries or 0.0016%:
– 1 injury reported -- probe contact to the eye– 1 injury reported -- infection developed while
at hospital (second party involvement)– 1 injury reported -- probe contact to the head
MMRMAField Stats 2003-2008
28
MMRMA Excessive Use of Force
66
46
61
84
125
6857
49
17
MMRMA Reported Losses for Excessive Use of Force Claims
Year Claim Amounts2000 $2,712,979 TASER Illegal2001 $ 922,1472002 $2,081,9712003 $7,068,232 TASER Legal2004 $6,448,3162005 $6,085,5162006 $ 831,9432007 $ 508,3402008 $ 366,600
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008$0
$1,000,000
$2,000,000
$3,000,000
$4,000,000
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
$7,000,000
$8,000,000
$7,068,232
$6,448,316
$6,085,516
$831,943 $508,340
$366,600
95%
Re
du
cti
on
MMRMALosses For Excessive Force Claims
TASER Introduced: May 2003
MMRMAField Stats 2003-2008
• MMRMA did not receive any claims, notice of claims or lawsuits for excessive force involving its members utilizing the TASER ECD in 2008
• Of the 1,768 TASER ECD uses during last 6 years:
• 27 incidents (1.5%) have been reported:
– 7 closed with $0 distribution– 9 closed with $255,500 total distribution – Average of $28,389 per incident– Of the remaining 11 incidents which remain as open and
active in litigation, none appear to offer significant opposition to their defense
United Kingdom Field Results
The number of TASER ECD uses has increased as more officers have the authority to use them
• The 3rd qtr 2008 statistics from a 12-month trial that extended the use of TASER ECDs to specially trained units show 159 uses and 26 discharges in the last three months. Overall they were used 411 times and discharged 57 times since the trial began in September 2007.
• Figures also include all TASER ECD uses across England and Wales since it was first introduced in April 2004. Statistics revealed a total of 2,662 uses and 834 discharges.
United Kingdom Field Results• “I am committed to giving the police the tools they
need to get crime off our streets. TASERs are making a real difference on our streets, not only keeping the public safe but also protecting our police officers.”─ said Jacqui Smith, the Home Secretary
• “TASERs have contributed to resolving incidents without injury where otherwise there would have been a real possibility of someone being seriously injured or killed. In a significant proportion of cases they have not needed to be fired; drawing or aiming the TASER has been enough of a deterrent.”─ said Home Office Minister Tony McNulty
