polarization engineering through nanoengineered morphology akhlesh lakhtakia department of...
DESCRIPTION
Optics Practice Long History –Intensity –Operating frequency band Short History –Polarization stateTRANSCRIPT
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Polarization Engineering throughNanoengineered Morphology
Akhlesh Lakhtakia
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
The Pennsylvania State University
March 11, 2008Faculty of EngineeringMultimedia UniversityCyberjaya, SelangorMalaysia
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Optics Practice
Control of– Intensity– Operating frequency band– Polarization state
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Optics Practice
Long History– Intensity– Operating frequency band
Short History– Polarization state
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Optics Practice
Polarization – Discovered in 1809
Etienne-Louis Malus 1775 - 1812
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Optics PracticePolarization – Discovered in 1809
– “Do not disturb” designs
Etienne-Louis Malus 1775 - 1812
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Polarization Engineering
– Anisotropic materials– Uniaxial and biaxial crystals– Piezoelectric materials
– Bianisotropic materials– Chiral materials– Magnetoelectric materials
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Polarization Engineering
– Anisotropic materials– Bianisotropic materials
SPIE Press (2003)
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Polarization Engineering
– Sculptured Thin Films
SPIE Press (2005)
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Students & Collaborators
• Joseph Sherwin, Sean Pursel, Benjamin Ross, Fei Wang (Penn State)
• Mark Horn, Jian Xu (Penn State)• Ian Hodgkinson (Otago)• John Polo (Edinboro)• Juan Adrian Reyes (UNAM, Mexico)
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Outline
• Introduction• Optical Modeling• Examples of Polarization Engineering• More Examples• Electrical Control
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INTRODUCTION
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Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
2-D - nematic3-D - helicoidal
combination morphologies
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Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
2-D - nematic3-D - helicoidal
combination morphologiesvertical sectioning
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Sculptured Thin FilmsAssemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
2-D - nematic3-D - helicoidal
combination morphologiesvertical sectioning
Nanoengineered Materials (1-3 nm clusters)
Controllable Porosity (10-90 %)
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Sculptured Thin FilmsAntecedents:
(i) Young and Kowal - 1959
(ii) Niuewenhuizen & Haanstra - 1966
(iii) Motohiro & Taga - 1989
Conceptualized by Lakhtakia & Messier (1992-1995)
Optical applications (1992- )
Biological applications (2003- )
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Physical Vapor Deposition (Columnar Thin Films)
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Physical Vapor Deposition (Sculptured Thin Films)
Rotate abouty axis fornematicmorphology
Rotate aboutz axis forhelicoidalmorphology
Mix and matchrotations forcomplexmorphologies
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Physical Vapor Deposition(Serial Bideposition)
ξ (axis 2)
χv (axis 1)
SnO2
Adapted for STFs by Hodgkinson
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Sculptured Thin FilmsOptical Devices: Polarization Filters
Bragg FiltersUltranarrowband FiltersFluid Concentration SensorsBacterial Sensors (Penn State)Light Sources (Penn State)
Biomedical Applications: Tissue Scaffolds (Penn State)Stents (Penn State)Bone Repair (Penn State)
Other Applications: Photocatalysis (Toyota)Thermal Barriers (Alberta)Energy Harvesting (Penn State, Toledo)
Toledo)
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OPTICAL MODELING
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Optical Modeling of STFs
LinearBianisotropic Materials
SPIE Press (2003)
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Optical Modeling of STFs
LinearBianisotropic Materials
SPIE Press (2003)
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Optical Modeling of STFsDielectric Materials
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Optical Modeling of STFsLocally Orthorhombic Materials
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Optical Modeling of STFsHomogenize a collectionofparallel ellipsoidsto get
Sherwin and Lakhtakia (2001-2003): Bruggeman formalism
Mathematica Program
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Optical Modeling of STFsWave Propagation
Mathematica Program
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EXAMPLES OF POLARIZATION ENGINEERING
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Chiral Sculptured Thin Films
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Chiral STFs: Circular Bragg Phenomenon
A simple explanation (Coupled-Wave Theory):
• Co-handed wave: Scalar Bragg grating
• Cross-handed wave: Homogeneous bulk medium
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Chiral STF as CP Filter
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Chiral STF as CP FilterEngineering of Bragg Regime and CP State
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Chiral STF as CP Filter
Rotational Speed: Controls
Rotational Sense: Controls
Vapor Incidence Angle: Controls
Engineering of Bragg Regime and CP State
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Chiral STF as CP FilterPost-Deposition Engineering of Bragg Regime
Annealing before after
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Chiral STF as CP FilterPost-Deposition Engineering of Bragg Regime
Annealing
Blue-shift factors:(i) Decreases pitch(ii) Thins nanowires
Red-shift factors:(i) Increases permittivity
Blue-shifton annealing
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Spectral Hole Filter
Central Phase Defect in a Chiral STF
- Homogeneous-layer defect- Isotropic- Anisotropic
- Twist defect
- Structurally-chiral-layer defect
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Spectral Hole Filter
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Spectral Hole Filter
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Spectral Hole Filter
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Spectral Hole Filter
Defect-free
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Spectral Hole Filter
Defect-free
With defect
Thin Chiral STF Thick Chiral STFReflection Hole Transmission HoleCo-handed Cross-handedTheory/Experiment Theory only
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Spectral Hole FilterIsotropic-layer defect
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Spectral Hole FilterTwist defect
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Spectral Hole FilterPost-Deposition Engineering
Chemical Etching
Blue-shift
Pursel, Lakhtakia, and Horn, Opt. Eng. 45 (2007), 040507
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Spectral Hole FilterPost-Deposition Engineering
Chemical Etching Columnar Thinning Blue Shift
Pursel, Lakhtakia, and Horn, Opt. Eng. 45 (2007), 040507
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Fluid Concentration Sensor
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MOREEXAMPLES OF POLARIZATION ENGINEERING
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Tilt-Modulated Chiral STF
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Tilt-Modulated Chiral STFOrdinary Dielectric Mirror
Advantages:
(1) Single material
(2) Bragg FWHM governed by tilt-modulation amplitude
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Ambichiral STFReusch 1869
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Ambichiral STF
All layers ofequal thickness.
2 Bragg regimes
Different CP statesreflected
Bragg L
Bragg R
Left-handed structure
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Ambichiral STF
Layers ofunequal thickness.
1 Bragg regime
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Ambichiral STF
Layers ofunequal thickness.
1 Bragg regime
EP states (and ) reflected
Better for CP and nearly CP states
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ELECTRICALCONTROL
ofCIRCULAR BRAGG
PHENOMENON
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ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED CBP
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ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED CBP
DC voltage across the thickness
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ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED CBP
Normal incidence
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ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED CBP
Without dc voltage With dc voltage
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ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED CBP
Without dc voltage
Pseudo-IsotropicPoint
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ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED CBP
Without dc voltage With dc voltage
Pseudo-IsotropicPoint
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ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED CBP
Without dc voltage With dc voltage
Pseudo-IsotropicPoint
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Further Studies
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Electrically Controlled CBP
DC voltage can enhance local linear birefringence Thinner CP filters
Normal incidence
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Electrically Controlled CBP
Oblique incidence
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Electrically Controlled CBP
Without dc voltage With dc voltage
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Electrically Controlled CBP
Without dc voltage With dc voltage
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Electrically Controlled Narrowband CP Filters: Reflection Holes
Incorporate a Central 90-deg-twist defect
Without dc voltage
L = 30
AmmoniumDihydrogenPhosphate
Normal incidence
Lakhtakia, Asian J. Phys. 15 (2006) 275-282
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Electrically Controlled Narrowband CP Filters: Reflection Holes
Incorporate a Central 90-deg-twist defect
With dc voltage
L = 16
AmmoniumDihydrogenPhosphate
Normal incidence
Lakhtakia, Asian J. Phys. 15 (2006) 275-282
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Electrically Controlled Ultranarrowband CP Filters: Transmission Holes
Incorporate a Central 90-deg-twist defect
Without dc voltage
L = 180
AmmoniumDihydrogenPhosphate
Normal incidence
Lakhtakia, Asian J. Phys. 15 (2006) 275-282
![Page 72: Polarization Engineering through Nanoengineered Morphology Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics The Pennsylvania State University](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/5a4d1ba77f8b9ab0599c9a4a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Electrically Controlled Ultranarrowband CP Filters: Transmission Holes
Incorporate a Central 90-deg-twist defect
With dc voltage
L = 58
AmmoniumDihydrogenPhosphate
Normal incidence
Lakhtakia, Asian J. Phys. 15 (2006) 275-282
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Electrically Controlled CBP: Ambichiral Structure
Continuous spiral replaced by stepped spiral60-deg (or less) steps!
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Electrically Controlled CBP: Ambichiral Structure
RCP rejection LCP rejection
Without dc voltage
AmmoniumDihydrogenPhosphate
Normal incidence
![Page 75: Polarization Engineering through Nanoengineered Morphology Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics The Pennsylvania State University](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/5a4d1ba77f8b9ab0599c9a4a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Electrically Controlled CBP: Ambichiral Structure
With dc voltage
Normal incidence
RCP rejection LCP rejection
AmmoniumDihydrogenPhosphate
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More General Studies
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Electrically Controlled CBP
(Local) point group symmetries:
Isotropic 2 classes
Uniaxial 13 classes
Biaxial 5 classes
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Electrically Controlled CBP
![Page 79: Polarization Engineering through Nanoengineered Morphology Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics The Pennsylvania State University](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/5a4d1ba77f8b9ab0599c9a4a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Electrically Controlled CBP
Oblique incidence
![Page 80: Polarization Engineering through Nanoengineered Morphology Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics The Pennsylvania State University](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/5a4d1ba77f8b9ab0599c9a4a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Electrically Controlled CBP
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Electrically Controlled CBPIsotropic (zinc telluride)
Without dc voltage
Withdc voltage
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Electrically Controlled CBPUniaxial (lithium niobate)
Without dc voltage
Withdc voltage
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Electrically Controlled CBPBiaxial (potassium niobate)
Without dc voltage
Withdc voltage
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Tunable UltranarrowbandCP Filters: Transmission Holes
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Tunable UltranarrowbandCP Filters: Transmission Holes
Uniaxial (lithium niobate)
Central 90-deg-twist defect
![Page 86: Polarization Engineering through Nanoengineered Morphology Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics The Pennsylvania State University](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/5a4d1ba77f8b9ab0599c9a4a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Tunable UltranarrowbandCP Filters: Transmission Holes
Biaxial (potassium niobate)
Central 90-deg-twist defect
![Page 87: Polarization Engineering through Nanoengineered Morphology Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics The Pennsylvania State University](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/5a4d1ba77f8b9ab0599c9a4a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Electrically Controllable CBP
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Electrically Controllable CBP
Towards a nano-to-continuum control model
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Thesis
Morphology can be nanoengineered
to obtain
desired polarization&
operating frequency band
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ThankYou