POL201Y1:PoliticsofDevelopmentLecture8:

Criticaldevelopmenttheory

Post-development

Review

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Recap• Poverty

• Development

• Explanationsofdevelopment(andlackthereof):� Modernization� Neoliberalism� Geography� History� Dependency/underdevelopmentandworld-systems� Institutionalism

• Allthesetheories/explanationsarepredicatedontheassumptionofthevalidityoftheconceptandpracticeofdevelopment

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Critical(development)theory• Criticaltheory:

� FrankfurtSchool� Critiqueofmodernityanddominantideologies,intendedto“toliberatehumanbeingsfromthecircumstancesthatenslavethem”� Horkheimer,Max.1982.CriticalTheory:SelectedEssays.NewYork:Continuum.

• Criticaldevelopmenttheory:� Munck:“Thoseapproacheswhichexplainwhatiswrongwiththecurrentsocialorder,identif[y]theagentsforsocialchangeandprovidepracticalgoalsforsocialtransformation”� Munck,Ronaldo.2010.“CriticalDevelopmentTheory:ResultsandProspects.”Migración YDesarrollo 14:33–53.

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Criticaldevelopmenttheory:components(accordingtoSchuurman)• Reflexivity:multiplepossibleformsofsociety

• Transdisciplinarity

• Subversiveness:challengestoacceptedideas,ideologies,policies,etc.

• “Knowledgeispower”

• Decentring:perspectivesnotonlyfromtheepicentre butalsofromtheso-calledmargins.

• Efforttouncoverhistoricprocessesthatlinkthevariouselementsofaparticularsocialrealitywithoutfallingintothetrapofreductionism

• Skepticismtowardsempiricism,i.e.thedistinctionbetweenfactsandvalues� Schuurman,Frans J.2009.“CriticalDevelopmentTheory:MovingoutoftheTwilightZone.”ThirdWorldQuarterly 30(5):831–

48.

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Criticaldevelopmenttheory:perspectives• Dependency/underdevelopment

• Environmentalism

• Feminism

• Culturalturnà postmodernism

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Postmodernism• Socialrealityastheproductofsocial,historical,andpolitical discourse

• Context-dependentandsociallyconstructednatureofknowledgeandtruth

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Postmodernismindevelopmenttheory• Said:“Alltheenergiespouredintocriticaltheory[…]haveavoidedthemajor,Iwouldsaydetermining,politicalhorizonofmodernWesternculture,namelyimperialism.”� Said,Edward.1995.“Secularinterpretations:thegeographicalelement,andthemethodologyofimperialism.”InG.Prakash

(ed.).AfterColonialism.Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress.21-39.

• Postcolonialism

• Post-development

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Postcolonialism• Focusonculturallegacyofcolonialism/imperialism

• Said:� “MycontentionisthatwithoutexaminingOrientalismasadiscourse onecannotpossiblyunderstandtheenormouslysystematicdisciplinebywhichEuropeanculturewasabletomanage—andevenproduce—theOrientpolitically,sociologically,militarily,ideologically,scientifically,andimaginativelyduringthepost-Enlightenmentperiod.Moreover,soauthoritativeapositiondidOrientalismhavethatIbelievenoonewriting,thinking,oractingontheOrientcoulddosowithouttakingaccountofthelimitationsonthoughtandactionimposedbyOrientalism.[…]TherelationshipbetweenOccidentandOrientisarelationshipofpower,ofdomination,ofvaryingdegreesofacomplexhegemony.”� Said,Edward.2003(1979).Orientalism.NewYork:Vintage.

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Post-development• Keyproponents:ArturoEscobar,JamesFerguson,MajidRahnema,GilbertRist,WolfgangSachs

• Nointegrated‘post-developmenttheory’

• Developmentas“ahistoricalconstructthatprovidesaspaceinwhichpoorcountriesareknown,specified,andintervenedupon”oraparadigmthroughwhichthe‘underdevelopment’ofthe‘ThirdWorld’or‘globalSouth’isdiscursivelyconstructedandthedominanceofthe‘globalNorth’ismaintained� Escobar,Arturo.1995.EncounteringDevelopment:TheMakingandUnmakingoftheThirdWorld.Princeton:Princeton

UniversityPress.45.

• RepudiationofdevelopmentasaEurocentricdiscourseandanimperialproject

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

DevelopmentaccordingtoRahnema• “Discoveryofpoverty”afterWorldWarII

• Transformationofthepoorintotheassisted

• Globalizationofpovertyandconstructionoftwo-thirdsoftheworldaspoor� Rahnema,Majid.1991. GlobalPoverty:APauperizingMyth.Montreal:InterculturalInstituteofMontreal.

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

DevelopmentaccordingtoEscobar• Problematization ofpovertyafterWorldWarII(re.Rahnema)à

• Inventionofdevelopment

• Sociallifeasatechnicalproblemà

• “Creationofaninstitutionalfieldfromwhichdiscoursesareproduced,recorded,stabilized,modified,andputintocirculation”

• InhabitantsoftheglobalSouthas‘docilebodies’(Foucault)subjected“toaninfinitevarietyofinterventions,tomoreencompassingformsofpowerandsystemsofcontrol”

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

DevelopmentaccordingtoFerguson• Institutionsofdevelopmentas‘anti-politicsmachine’thatdepoliticizes“everythingittouches,everywherewhiskingpoliticalrealitiesoutofsight,allthewhileperforming,almostunnoticed,itsownpre-eminentlypoliticaloperationofexpandingbureaucraticstatepower”� Ferguson,James.1994.TheAnti-PoliticsMachine:“Development”,Depoliticization andBureaucraticPowerinLesotho.

Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress.xiv-xv.

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Contributionsofpost-development• Recognitionofunequalrelationsofpower

• Theinfluenceofentrenchedsocialandpoliticalinterestsindevelopmentpractice

• Insightsintotheroleofideas

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Problemswithpost-development• North-Southbinary:

� Post-developmentdisplaysa“reverseOrientalismwhichturnsallpeoplefromnon-westernculturesintoageneralized‘subaltern’thatisthenusedtofloganequallygeneralized‘West’”� Kiely,Ray.1999.“TheLastRefugeoftheNobleSavage?ACriticalAssessmentofPost-DevelopmentTheory.”TheEuropean

JournalofDevelopmentResearch11(June):47.

� Global/evilvs.local/nobleà

• Romanticization oftradition

• Structuralism:developmentdiscourseastheworkofnebulousandill-definedforces

• Linear(teleological?)temporality:theveryterm‘post-development’suggestsanimplicitacceptanceofthelinearityoftimeasanorganizingprinciple

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Problemswithpost-development• Tendentiousnessandideologicalfervour:

� Developmentrequirestheacceptanceof“massiveimpoverishment,ofsellingThirdWorldresourcestothemostconvenientbidder,ofdegrading[theThirdWorld’s]physicalandhumanecologies,ofkillingandtorturing,ofcondemning…indigenouspopulationstonearextinction”� Escobar1995:52.

• Vaguenessof’alternativestomodernity’

• Conflationofdevelopmentwithmodernization� Partlybasedon:

� Kiely,Ray.1999.“TheLastRefugeoftheNobleSavage?ACriticalAssessmentofPost-DevelopmentTheory.”TheEuropeanJournalofDevelopmentResearch 11(June):30–55.

� Lehmann,David.1997.“AnOpportunityLost:Escobar’sDeconstructionofDevelopment.”TheJournalofDevelopmentStudies 33(4):568–78.

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Termtest• 20%ofthecoursegrade

• 13June

• Basedonsections1(keyconcepts)and2(theories/explanations)ofthecourse

• Essay:� 60%� Answeroneofthreeessayquestions

• Multiple-choicequestions:� 40%� 20questions

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Review• Poverty:

� Definition� Approaches� Povertyvs.illbeing� Prevalenceofpoverty� Measurement:povertyheadcountratio,povertygap,MDI� Trends

• Inequality:� Theories� Prevalence� Trends

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Review• Development:

� Definitions� Aspects� Dimensions:immanentprocessvs.intentionalpractice� Developmentindustry(re.itscritiquebypost-developmentscholars)

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Review• Explainingdevelopment:

� Modernizationtheory:� Theconceptofmodernization� Modernizationprocess� Impact

� Neoliberalism:� Definition� Neoliberalismvs.neoclassicaleconomics� Purpose� Impact

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Review• Explainingdevelopment:

� Geographyandendowments:� Agricultural/animalproductionpotential� Demographics� Disease� Accesstotrade/transportbarriers� Geographyandinstitutions

� History:� Importanceofhistory� Colonialismandimperialism� Causesandimpactsofcolonialism/imperialism

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Review• Explainingdevelopment:

� Dependency/underdevelopmentandworld-systemstheory:� Definitions� Structureoftheinternationalsystem� Approaches� Impact

� Institutionsandinstitutionalism:� Definitions� Types� Functions� Institutionalizationandinstitutionalemergence� Efficiency?

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Review• Reformingdevelopment:criticaldevelopmenttheory

• Rejectingdevelopment:post-development

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Evaluatingthetheories/explanationsofdevelopment

Modernization Neoliberalism Geographicdeterminism

Dependency Institutionalism Criticaldevelopment

Post-development

Capabilities

Universalistic Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes

Normative Yes Yes No(usually) Yes No(caveat) Yes Yes YesStructural/deterministic

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes(usually) Yes Yes(debatable) No

Binary-based Yes No(caveat) No Yes No No Yes NoNation-state-centric

Yes Complicated No Yes No No No No

Economy-centric

Yes Yes No Yes No No No No

Dynamic/historical

No No No Ish Depends Depends Unclear No

Teleological Yes Yes Kindof Ish No No Arguably NoRecognitionofpower

No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Toolofpower Yes Yes No No No(debatable) No No No

Eurocentric Yes Yes No(debatable) Arguably No(debatable) No(debatable) No(debatable) No(debatable)

Influential(outsideacademia)

Yes Yes Somewhat Yes Yes No No Yes

Empirical No No Yes(withinacademia)

No Yes No No No

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:

� Theconceptofdevelopmentis:� Elusive� Complex� Unambiguous� Contested

� AccordingtoAmartyaSen,amongthesourcesofunfreedom are:� Poverty� Economicopportunities� Socialdeprivation� Intolerance

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:

� AccordingtoFrancisFukuyama,developedcountrieshavethefollowinginstitutions:� Strongruleoflaw� Competentstate� Vibrantciviclife� Democraticaccountability

� AccordingtotheKuznetshypothesis,overtimeinequalitytrendapproximatestheshapeof:� U-shapedcurve� InvertedU-shapedcurve� Short-runaveragevariablecostcurve� Short-runaveragetotalcostcurve

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:

� AccordingtoW.W.Rostow,atraditionalsocietyis:� Agricultural� Hierarchical� Centralized� Landowner-dominated

� Geographicconditionsthataffectdevelopmentthroughinstitutionsinclude:� Agriculturalproductivity� Diseaseenvironment� Distancefromtransportcorridors� Race

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:

� By1550,Europeancolonialpowershadcolonized:� Meso-America� Cuba� India� Philippines

� Theclaimthatoverthelongterm,thepriceofprimarycommodities declinesrelativetothepriceofmanufacturedproductswasarticulatedby:� Lerner� Baran� Prebisch� Frank

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to

Practicequestions• Essay:

� Whatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofmodernizationtheoryandneoliberalism?� Inwhatwaysdohistoryandgeographyaffectdevelopment?� Compareandcontrastmodernizationanddependency/underdevelopmenttheories.

KarolCzuba,U

niversityofToron

to