poetry terms ap literature & composition exam review
TRANSCRIPT
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POETRY TERMS
AP Literature & Composition Exam Review
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•Alliteration
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Alliteration
• Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines.
• Example: fast and furious
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•Assonance
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Assonance
•Repeated vowel sounds in words
placed near each other, usually on the
same or adjacent lines.
•Example: bruise/lose
•Example: neigh/fade
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•Consonance
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Consonance
• Repeated consonant sounds at the ending of words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. This produces a pleasing kind of near-rhyme.
• Example: boats into the past
• Example: cool soul
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•Cacophony
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Cacophony
• A discordant series of harsh, unpleasant sounds helps to convey disorder. This is often furthered by the combined effect of the meaning and the difficulty of pronunciation.
• Example: My stick fingers click with a snicker And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys; Light-footed, my steel feelers flicker And pluck from these keys melodies. —“Player Piano,” John Updike
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•Euphony
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Euphony
• A series of musically pleasant sounds, conveying a sense of harmony and beauty to the language.
• Example: Than Oars divide the Ocean / Too silver for a seam—Or Butterflies, off Banks of NoonLeap, splashless as they swim.
— “A Bird Came Down the Walk,” Emily Dickenson (last stanza)
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•Synesthesia
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Synesthesia
• An attempt to fuse different senses by describing one kind of sense impression in words normally used to describe another.
• Example: The sound of her voice was sweet.
• Example: a loud aroma, a velvety smile
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•Allusion
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Allusion
• A brief reference to some person, historical event, work of art, or Biblical or mythological situation or character.
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•Apostrophe
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Apostrophe
• Speaking directly to a real or imagined listener or inanimate object; addressing that person or thing by name.
• Example: O Captain! My Captain! our fearful trip is done...
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•Connotation
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Connotation
• The emotional, psychological or social overtones of a word; its implications and associations apart from its literal meaning. Often, this is what distinguishes the precisely correct word from one that is merely acceptable.
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•Denotation
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Denotation
• The dictionary definition of a word; its literal meaning apart from any associations or connotations.
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•Euphemism
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Euphemism
• An understatement, used to lessen the effect of a statement; substituting something innocuous for something that might be offensive or hurtful.
• Example: She is at rest. (meaning, she’s dead)
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•Metonymy
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Metonymy
• A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing is referred to by something closely associated with it.
• Example: The White House stated today that...
• Example: The Crown reported today that...
• Example: Wall St. walked off with most of our savings.
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•Oxymoron
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Oxymoron
• A combination of two words that appear to contradict each other.
• Example: a pointless point of view; bittersweet
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•Paradox
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Paradox
• A statement in which a seeming contradiction may reveal an unexpected truth.
• Example: The faster I go the more behind I get.
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•Synecdoche
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Synecdoche
• Indicating a person, object, etc. by letting only a certain part represent the whole.
• Example: All hands on deck.
• Example: using “wheels” to mean a car
• Example: referring to violins, violas, cellos, and basses as “the strings”
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•Enjambment
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Enjambment
• The continuation of the logical sense — and therefore the grammatical construction — beyond the end of a line of poetry. This is sometimes done with the title, which in effect becomes the first line of the poem.
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•End Rhyme
V.
•Internal Rhyme
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End Rhyme v. Internal Rhyme
• End Rhyme – rhyme that occurs at the end of lines of poetry• Example: Her voice, soft and lovely when she sings, Came to me last night in a dream. In my head her voice still rings,How pleasant last night must seem.
• Internal Rhyme – a rhyme occurring within a line of poetry• Example: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered weak and weary…
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•Open Form
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Open Form
• Poetic form free from regularity and consistency in elements such as rhyme, line length, and metrical form• Free Verse – lines with no
prescribed pattern or structure – poet determines all the variables as seems appropriate for each poem
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•Closed Form
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Closed Form
• poetic form subject to a fixed structure and pattern
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•Blank Verse
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• unrhymed iambic pentameter
Blank Verse
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•Couplet
V.•Heroic Couplet
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Couplet v. Heroic Couplet
•Couplet: a pair of lines, usually rhymed; this is the shortest stanza
•Heroic Couplet: a pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter
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•Stanza
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Stanza
• group of lines in the formal pattern of a poem
• Types of stanzas include:• Couplet – two rhymed lines, shortest stanza• Tercet – three lines, usually with the same
rhyme• Quatrain – four lines• Cinquain – five lines• Sestet – six lines• Octave – eight lines
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•Elegy
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Elegy
• a formal poem focusing on death or mortality, usually beginning with the recent death of a particular person
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•Idyll
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Idyll
• a short, descriptive narrative, usually a poem, about an idealized rural life
• also called a pastoral
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•Lyric Poetry
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Lyric Poetry
• Melodious, imaginative, and subjective poetry that is usually short and personal, expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker rather than telling a story
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•Ode
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Ode
• A lyric poem, usually serious and elevated in tone, often written to praise someone or something
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•Sonnet
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Sonnet
• a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme; its subject was traditionally love
• Three variations are found frequently in English, although others are occasionally seen.
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•Shakespearean Sonnet
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Shakespearean Sonnet
• a style of sonnet used by Shakespeare with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg
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•Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet
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Italian (Petrarchan)
Sonnet • a form of sonnet made
popular by Petrarch with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba cdecde (or cdcdcd)
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•Spenserian Sonnet
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Spenserian Sonnet
• a variant of the Shakespearean form in which the quatrains are linked with a chain or interlocked rhyme scheme: abab bcbc cdcd ee
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•Villanelle
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Villanelle
• poem of 19 lines• 5 tercets (3-line stanzas) followed by a
quatrain• 1st line of the 1st tercet is repeated as the last
line of the 2nd & 4th tercets• 3rd line of the 1st tercet is repeated as the last
line of the 3rd & 5th tercets• 2 refrain lines are repeated as a couplet
in the last 2 lines of the quatrain• rhyme scheme is aba aba aba aba aba abaa• gradually builds in tone and intensity