pocket guide to china

8/3/2019 Pocket Guide to China

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For use of Military Personnel only. NOI 10b~ republished, in whol~ or in part, without

the consent of th~ War Department,

Prtp.mdh.1SPECIAL SIlIlVICE DIVISION, ARMY SERVICE fORCES

UNITED STATIlS ARMY


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C H I N AFONDREN LIBRARY

Sou th e rn M e thod is t U n iv iJrs ltyDALLAS, TEXAS

WAR AND NAVY DIE .. ARTMIENTSWASHINGTON, D. C.


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A p o e K G U I 0

Whm you tnll!r II lIeighborhood, mk what if forbidden;whc" you tnur II country. alk wh(U tht Ctulaml art:

T 0 C HCON TEN T 5

Introduction.Forget Your Old Notions.The Chinese People Are Like AmericansWhat Docs "Face" Mean? .Your First ImpressionsChinese GirlsThe Chinese HomeFood and DrinksShopping."Squeeze"AmusementsThe CountryChinese DemocracyChina at WarOrganization of the Chinese ArmyChinese StrategyImportant Things To RememberYou Are OUf Ambassador.Ch in e s e M o n e y .Table of MoneyWeights and MeasuresHints on Pronouncing ChineseList of Most Useful Words and PhrasesAdditional Words and Phrases


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INTRODUCTIONCHINA has been at war for 5 years with her enemy aours-the Japanese. She has met heavy defeats and wimportant victories. She has suffered more than 5,000,0casualties in those years of war. Yet, today, thepeople of China are still fighting, still holding a bearmed foe.

You and your outfit have been ordered to China to hthis gallant ally. Your job, fighting side by side withChinese, is to rid that country of the Japanese. No Amecan troops anywhere have a more important assignment.Two problems face you right away. You don't knowlanguage and you don't know the people. That makes

harder to be a guest in China than in a country like Eland or Australia.

Nobody expects you to learn a language as complexChinese, although the glossary at the end of this bookenable you rc learn enough to get along. To understandpeople is something else again. It takes a blend of curiosicommon sense, and courtesy. You might well adoptyour motto one of the many proverbs that guideChinese in their own conduct. They say .

"When you enter a neighborhood ask what isforbidden; when you enter a country ask whatthe customs are."


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It is the purpose of this guide to tell you about somethese customs. It will take only about 20 minutes to reabut, by helping you to understand China and the Chinespeople, it can add interest to your stay in their countrand help you to do a better job for America.

FORGET YOUR OLD NOTIONS

THERE are many Chinese living in America. You proably have seen some of them, and from them have formenotions about all Chinese. Perhaps those you saw wetypical or perhaps they weren't. China is a big countrylarger than Europe, half again as large as the United Stateand with three limes as many people as we have. Thoyou saw in America may have come from one small spotChina-the city of Canton. Judging all Chinese by thowho live in one small part of the country is like judginall Americans by the residents of Hoboken, N. J .If you think of the Chinese as a yellow-skinned people

a totally different race from us, you probably will nevget to know them. What's more, you'll be playing riginto the hands of Hitler and the Japs. Japan will harpthe color question first, last, and all the time. She will tthe Chinese what she has been telling them ever since PeaHarbor-that Americans look down on nonwhite peopland that the Chinese C3n never hope to be treated on term


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of equality by America. "Why fight for the white man?"Japan dins into Chinese ears.To counteract this propaganda you have to show the

Chinese 'that Americans treat the Chinese as we treat anyof our allies, and that we respect them as human beings onan equality with ourselves. Sure, there are differences. Sowhat? There are important similarities too. If you forgetthe differences and think of them as neighbors, as peoplewho eat, sleep, work, and raise families as we do, you'll beover the first hurdle.On the matter of knowing each other, you and the

Chinese stan even. Millions of Chinese know little aboutAmerica; millions have never seen an American. Yet,many of them know us by reputation and you can beproud of the fact that that reputation is good. OUf Gov.ernment has had friendly relations with China for many


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years. Americans who have been in China, missionaries,doctors, teachers, officials, and businessmen, have a goodrecord. So the way to friendship is all paved for you.Added to this is the fact that we arc allies-a fact inwhich the Chinese take pride. The first thing you shouldlearn to say in China is "I am an American." It is thebest passport you can have.

THE CHINEIliE PEOPLE ARE LIKE AMERICANSOF ALL the peoples of Asia, the Chinese are most likeAmericans. Those who know both peoples often remarkat the likenesses. One of the reasons, perhaps, is that weboth live in countries where there is plenty of space and agreat variety of climate and food. We arc alike, too, be -cause we both love independence and individual freedom.

Another likeness is that we are both humorous people.The Chinese love a joke just as well-as we do, and theylaugh at the same sort of thing. Their stock jokes arethe same as ours-about professors, and doctors, andIrishmen-the Chinese equivalent for the Irish beingpeople from Hunan province. They laugh about stingi-ness, about country hicks, and smart city people. Theirconversation is full of wit, and lively humor, and theylove slapstick stuff, their own and ours. Listen to aChinese crowd laughing at Charlie Chaplin or Harold

Lloyd or Laurel and Hardy and you'll think youat home.

Then, too, we are both practical peoples. The Chinearc shrewd businessmen, generous friends, and theylieve in having a good time on earth while they arc alIn the main, so do we. They are better than weperhaps, at human relationships. They value these aboall else, and have learned to get along with people throucenturies of getting along with each other. The Chinefamily system keeps several generations under the sa


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roof-gr;1ndparents and parents, sons and daughters antheir families, and this has taught them the art of livingtogether. In fact, consideration for an individual's feelingis one of the great Chinese virtues.The Chinese loves his home and his family. He is sen

timental about his children and his old parents. He lovehis own bit of ground and his own roof, even if it is pooand he never forgets his own people.

We are alike, also, because of our natural democratictendencies. There are few class distinctions in China, nhereditary aristocracy. Anybody can get anywhere,he can prove himself able and intelligent enough. ThChinese have their great men who were born in cabinsjust as we do. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek himselfthe son of poor parents, and Sun Yar-sen, their GeorgWashington, was a poor boy. The rich in China behavlike the rich anywhere except that they don't feel themselves permanently rich. They know that poor and ricchange places quickly in the changes of democratic lifAnd the poor man in China is independent and energeticHe knows he has a chance to rise in the world.

THE Chinese arc a proud people and also a courteousone. This means that they consider it important not to hur


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anyone's feelings and they will appreciate consideration oftheir own feelings. This is sometimes called "face," whichsimply means self-respect. There is about as much of i t inone country as auothervbut the Chinese pay more attentionto preserving it than we do. They do not criticize eachother as frankly as we do, and there are certain rules ofcourtesy, particularly to the old, from the young. Old peop le in China arc highly respected, even revered, and theiradvice valued. Lack of respect to the old is therefore a signof bad manners.

Don't worry about "face" and complicated courtesy.Simply be an American, in the best sense. The Chinesedon't expect you to know all their ways of polite behav-iour. They will not think less of you if you break a ruleor two if they arc convinced )'ou wish to respect themand to be friendly with them.

YOUR first impression will depend upon where you ar-rive. The Chinese people vary widely. In the north thepeople are tall and handsome. l n mid-China they ace ofal'erage height and in the south they are short and stocky.

During your tour of duty you will see cvi-s, towns, andcountryside. Chinese cities are of two kinds, those whichhave been modernized and those which remain as they


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have been for centuries. The largest of the modernarc Shanghai, Tientsin, Nanking, Hongkong, CHankow, Peiping-now, temporarily, all in Jahands.

In the Chinese cities or towns where you are mostto be at first, you will be impressed by three thingsthe streets arc narrow; that they are dirty; and thaare crowded. Chinese cities and towns arc old anwere built not for automobiles but for sedan chaiwheelbarrows and caravans of donkeys and for pedesThe gutters are defective, if there are any gutterspeople often throw water and garbage out of their

Modern Chinese cities, of course, have wide streegood sewers but we are speaking of the places yoprobably see most often.You may be shocked, at first, to sec how desperately

most Chinese arc. Their houses and their clothingdirty and unkempt. There are mangy and flea-bittenrhut )'ou had best keep away from. You will secstrays, too, beggars of the most sorrowful sort. Do n:1I1),thing 10 them or you will be besieged. And nowthere will be others-refugees and homeless poor anwounded. For China has suffered terribly. She wfore the W3f, only just beginning to have modernand hospitals and nurses. 'War came before she co


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.s- " - ; ; y t- ~~~t!5.A:f,t,t~

y"" am rob an army 01 iu g~n"'ol, hurYO" cannot rob a rom"'o" man of hit will.TIlE ANALECTS OF CONFliCil)S

ready and China's wounded can today be counted in themillions. What you can do to help them must be left toyou. In general it is best to give money only privately, orthrough some reliable organization, such as the UnitedCh in a R el ie f.

After a time, however, you will discover that Chinesepeasants and workmen are almost never demoralized.They keep their chins up, take what comes, help eachother out, and live with amazing contentment amid theterrific struggle for the bare necessities of life.

You'll have other surprises, too. But they need notshock you if you are ready to admit that people may bethe same at heart whatever their custom. Thus you willsee mothers nursing their babies in public. Men and boyswill relieve themselves wherever and whenever nature12


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demands. Children will run about with nothing on atali. Take all this as a matter of course as the Chinesedo, and do not offend their sense of geed taste by seemingto even notice it.

Despite the strangeness and the poverty you will verysoon enjoy walking along Chinese streets and seeing therich human life going on around you, the hot-bloodedquarreling, the laughter, the children, the people arguingover their buying and selling. They will enjoy you too.A crowd will very likely follow you to stare at you anddiscuss everything you do. They will be a friendly crowd.So accept them good humoredly and let them come along.

One thing to understand at the beginning: The Chinesethink we look queer. They arc accustomed to everyonehaving black hair and black eyes, so naturally they thinkit strange for people to have red or brown or blonde hairand eyes of unfamiliar colors. Also we are bigger-bonedthan the average Chinese, and hairier. As a matter offact, the Chinese have an ancient belief that the hairierpeople are, the more uncivilized they arc. Because ofyom appearance, you'll be a curiosity to the Chinese, and.perhaps, a source of amusement. If you take that in goodpart and grin back at them, they'll like you.

You'll see lots of rickshas, looking just like they did inthe movies at home, and you'll soon be riding in one.

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The tough, lean coolies who pull themarc to be treated always with respect forwhat they are in Chinese life and thewaging of this war. They arc the freightcarriers, the builders of the BUflTI3 Road,the guerrilla fighters, their stomachs neverfilled, their bodies nothing but bone andmuscle.When you sit behind one of them in a

ricksha, consider what he is and how youcan help him. He will not appreciate it ifyou walk instead of hiring him, for hedepends on his job to feed his family. Buthe will appreciate your sitting forwardwhen he goes uphill, leaning back whenhe goes down, and at other times sittingwith your weight in the middle of theveh i c l e .As you walk along the street, the: work-ing man will appreciate it if you do notstep over a carrying pole laid in the streetfor a moment's rest, or the lowered shaftsof a ricksha or sedan chair, because thisis supposed to bring bad luck in businessfor a year.


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CHINESE GIRLS

THE modern Chinese girl, in her long, closely fittinggown, hcr bare nrms and short hair, is often very pretty.Yet it is well to remember that in China the attitudetoward women is different from ours in America.Chinese women in some ways are more free than theyare here in America-that is , they do some things whichAmerican women don't yet do. They are in the Army,for instance, and they fight side by side with the guer-rillas. Hut in their relations with men they haven't thesame freedom as women have in America.There are Chinese girls in e:lharets and places of nrnusc-merit who may be used to free and easy ways. But theaverage Chinese girl wil l be insulted if you touch her,or will take you more seriously than you probably wantto be taken. A miswke in this Ill:ly cause a lot of trouble.

THE CHINESE HOME

PERHAPS you will get to know some Chinese sufficientlywell 35 a friend that he will want to invite you to his home.If this happens, you may take it as a great compliment, forChinese, particularly of the better educated classes, do noteasily invite strangers. Usually men meet at tea houses fortalk and pleasure. Only intimate friends go to each other'shomes.

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If your friend is well-to-do, his house wi!! probably bsurrounded by a high wall with a single gate. You will bled through a court to a big room which is the main roomof the house. The general arrangement of the furniture isuch a room is always the same-a long carved table is seagainst the wall facing the door, as you enter. Upon thitable are ornaments, a pair of candlesticks, and an urn foincense. Between the candles hangs a fine scroll or a painting, or a family treasure of some sort. In front of the longtable is a square table, and on either side of this an armchair. The one on the right as you enter is the seat of honor.Do not sit in this until you are pressed to do so, as you wilbe pressed since you are the guest. The next most impor-tant person takes the seat across the table, and the chairson either side of small tables along the walls grow less important as they approach the door. In general, what is innermost in the room or the house is most important.

Next, your host will pour you a bowl of tea. He handsto you with both hands and you must take it with bothhands, saying "Hsieh-hsieh" or "thank you." Then yomay set it down. Sweetmeats, if offered, should be eatensparingly and always have a little left, to show you havhad more than you can eat.Thereafter follow your host's lead. If he is modern

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and rather stiff, then the quieter you are, the better. Youcan admire generally but don't admire one object especially,for then courtesy requires your host to give it to you.Above all, in a house like this you should not seem to seeany woman. To do so would be to insult her. If there isa modern sister who is brought in and introduced, be veryformal indeed-at least until you are a very old friend andknow what you are about and what the people in the houseare like.

You may even be invited to a feast, probably in arestaurant or a hotel. If so, it is wise to eat only what is hot.Accept what cold food is put on your plate hut do not eat it.It is always perfectly good manners not to eat at a Chinesefeast. Besides, there will be many hot dishes so good thatyou cannot keep from eating them. If you have chopsticks,ask your host how to hold them. He will enjoy teachingyou.If the feast is a big one the rice will not come on untilthe end with four substantial dishes of meat and vege-

tables to go with it-or even six. The dessert will be asweet dish and will be served in the middle of the meal.The soup may come towards the end. Afterwards therewill be tidbits of fruit and nuts to eat with the tea youwill drink. Your chances of enjoying such a feast are notas good as they were before the war, of course.

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FOOD AND DRINKSTHE Chinese are famous cooks. In fact, many an epcure maintains that no cooking in the world-s-not evethe French-approaches the Chinese as an art.1 8


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I[ you want a good meal in a Chinese restaurant, takeyour buddies with you. It is best to go not fewer thanfour in number, the rule being to order the number ofdifferent dishes that there are persons, plus a soup. Rice,of course, comes with the meal. You will drink onlywines and tca-milk is not a product natural to Chinaand is found only occasionally, in imported cans. Do notdrink it fresh anywhere except in homes you know. Andd/'ink no cold waUl' IInl('Si ;1 has been boiled first.

Wine drinking is much enjoyed in China and peopledrink a good deal but nearly always with their meals.There is seldom any drunkenness because it is a sign oflow breeding to be drunk. Wine is frequently served hotin tiny bowls. If it is Shaohsing wine you can safely drinka good many small bowls of it. But if it is Kaoliang wine,or any of the Canton wines, then be careful-they areheavy drinks.There are many games that the Chinese play whilethey drink, guessing games and betting games, and theloser has to drink. When your host s:.ys "Kan-pci!" imeans "Bonorns up!" You may have an opportunity tolearn some of them.

Wherever you go in the cities you'll find street-sidemarkets with all kinds of vegetables and fruits and sweets.If it is summer, there will be plenty of flies, too, and those

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literally "Dry lh~ Cup"or "Bottoms Up"

flies you must treat very seriously- indeed. They are nothe comparatively innocent American variety. Since Chinis an old and populous country, germs as wei! as peoplhave flourished there for centuries. The result of thisthat Chinese have developed either an immunity to manof the diseases that kill the white man so easily, or thweak die and the strong survive. You should thereforefollow one simple rule-ceat nothing that is not so hothat you know it is only recently off the lire. Do noyield to the temptation of a fruit that cannot be peeleor cut before your eyes. It is better not even to use a utensil-knife, chopsticks, erc.c-crhar has not been scaldewith boiling water. Avoid sweets and cakes. Wash youhands with soap and water before you eat. And take carnot to expose yourself to mosquito bites.2 0


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YOU may want to buy something to take home to thegirl friend. It is customary for the shopkeeper to ask con-siderably more than an article is worth. If you pay whatis asked he will not respect you for it. If you argue himdown tOO much, he would prefer not to sell to you at all.If you pay about half to two-thirds what he asks, he willadmire you and enjoy the transaction. But above all keepgood humored throughout. In China it is a sign of badbreeding to grow heated over a purchase whether it imade successfully or not.If you have learned the Chinese coinage you will notneed language-you can simply put down your money bitby bit. Do not put down at first what you are willing topay, but less, so that you can have something to compro-mise with and come up a little-so as to make the shop-keeper feel you are willing to rneer him halfway. He willthen come down a little to meet you until you arrive at anagreement. Thus you part good friends. And friendshipis the most important thing in life to a Chinese-he valuesthe kindly person touch even more than he does a goodbargain. Prices, due to the current Chinese inflation, arelikely to astonish you, particularly the prices of goods im-ported from abroad. In 5 years, China's cost of livingindex has soared from 100 to 3,400 and is still soaring.

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At the time this book was written, domestic brands ofcigarettes had risen from 8 cents per pack of IO to $20.American cigarettes had gone from 40 cents a pack to$200. Throughout China you may find chicken selling at$20 a pound, coffee at $I50 a pound, bread at $5 a loaf,gasoline at $70 a gallon. These prices refer to Chinese dol-lars. The normal exchange rate is 20 Chinese dollars forI American dollar, but purchasing power is somethingelse again. At the end of 1942, the purchasing power ofthe Chinese dollar was about equal to three-quarters of aU.S.cent.

An explanation of Chinese currency is given on page 45."SQUIEEZIE"

YOU have probably heard a good deal about the "squeeze"system in China. It is there, as it is in every country in theworld, but the Chinese, being intensely practical people,have recognized this human tendency to take a "squeeze,"or a commission, and consider it legitimate. That is, youmust expect anybody who does buying for you, howeverlarge or smaU, to add 5 or 10 percent to the price forhimself. If he takes no more than r o percent, he is withinthe Chinese law, at least the law of century-old customs.Once one accepts this custom, a good deal of fret may be2 2


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avoided. The to-percent squeeze also explains why ser-vants can afford to work for such low wages for you.

Speaking of servants, you will find that you arc veryfrequently dependent on them in China. Most foreignersand nearly all Chinese, except the poor, have servants, andthey are really more than servants. They are business man-agers and general smoothers of your way. A good "boy"not only will sec that you are fed and comfortable, yourclothes clean and in order, your shoes shined and yourrooms neat, but he wil! get many things done for youwhich you cannot do for yourself. More than that, he hashis own way of getting information you may want. It iswisest not to ask him how he knows something-theChinese have ways of getting information which havenothing to do with newspapers or organized sources ofinformation. Simply take what he tells you and act uponit. He will also disseminate any information about youwhich you would like other persons to know withoutyour telling them. Probably, in order to gain importancefor himself, he will also spread abroad the impression thatyour eldest uncle is the president of the United States andyour father a millionaire, and that you are only here inChina to kill Japs for your own pleasure, since you are acrack shot. All this will make life easier for you on thestreets and your credit better at the shops.

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lr is usually wise, in personal dealings with a Chinesehelper or assistant, to give him a problem and let him handle it in his own way. However, make sure that hunderstands you. You will rarely hear a Chinese say "don't know" when you ask him a question. "Yes" isstock answer and this can make for no little confusionyou don't watch OUI. But if you explain carefully anprotect his self-respect you won't have any trouble.


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FOR the most pan the Chinese do not have the highlyorganized amusement places to be found in Americancities and towns. They love movies, any kind of movies,as you win discover when you wedge your way into acrowded building. But do not expect comfort when youdo so. The likelihood is that you will sit on an uncomfort-able bench or (olding chair and that the house will be hotin summer and cold in winter. As for the picture, it maybe anything. It m;"!y be a Harold Lloyd you saw 15 yearsagolTheaters are more numerous than movie houses. FewAmericans really understand the Chinese theater but thosewho do, find its acting a sensitive and mature art. Go atleast once if only to marvel at the audience. People cat hotfood that is brought in by waiters, crack watermelon seedsbetween their teeth, drink pots and pots of tea, talk, playwith their children, and catch the hot rowels that arethrown over the heads of the crowd by expert towelthrowers. Better not use these towels yourself, however.There are tea houses everywhere, and this is the cquiva-

lent of the English public house, only tea is drunk in-stead of beer and ale.

Actually the Chinese shows which you may enjoy bestarc the little traveling theaters in the country. And there

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arc peep shows and jugglers and contortionists, usuallfound in the public squares on market day.If there is a canal running through or near the town

there will probably be pleasure boats to hire, "floweboats" they are called, and for a few cents you canpoled through shallow water studded, if it is summertime, with great rosy lotus blooms.Your stay in China will be made more interesting

you develop a hobby through which you can really learand enjoy some aspect of Chinese life. Even in limitespare time, you may be able to develop a special intereswhich will enrich for the rest of your life the memorieyou carry home from the Orient. Chinese friends wenjoy introducing you fa these hobbies as much as yoenjoy learning them.For instance, if you like games requiring agility, yo

will find hours of fun in trying to master the whirlingof a singing Diabolo, throwing it high in the air ancatching it on a string; in kicking a shuttlecock witeither side of either foot; or in learning the intricaciesChinese boxing and swordplay, which are really difficuforms of calisthenics.Chinese chess and Chinese checkers are every bit

interesting as their American equivalents. And the simplgame of "Fingers," played during dinners and feasts, cal2 6


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for quick mathematical intuition. IE your hands are nim-ble yo~ may enjoy learning a skilled handicraft. Col-lecting stamps or old Chinese coins might well prove asource of profit. If you are interested in food you mighteven learn to prepare a few choice Chinese dishes.

You won't get rnucb chance to dip deeply into China'sage-old wisdom as found ill her philosophy and literature.But you could pick up from your Chinese friends a col-lection of proverbs and other wise sayings, many of whichare known to every schoolboy. The more you do this,the more you will understand the Chinese character andwhy it is that the Chinese have held together, under un-believably difficult conditions, during their long fight forfreedom.

CHINA is divided in provinces of which there are 28--24 in China proper, 3 in Manchuria, and I in ChineseTurkestan. Besides this, she has certain regions that cor-respond to our territory of Alaska-the special terri-tories--outer Mongolia and Tibet. China has two of thegreatest rivers in the world, the Yangtse and the YellowRivers. Her sea coast is long, and she has high mountainsto the west and south, deserts to the north and northwest.Her cultivated soil is generally rich, for the Chinese arefamous farmers and have conserved the soil through over

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40 centuries. But she has cut down many of her forestand the familiar landscape of China has the sharply beautiful outline of grassy hills or rocky mountains. Thclimate varies, nod, depending 00where you are, you wifind much the same changes as you will in America. 0the whole the north is dry and desertlike, and the soutdamp and tropical.Farmers do not live on isolated farms-they live

villages. Most of the villages belong to 3. single familyclan. The houses are earth-walled and straw-thatchedthe north and brick and tiled in the southern part of thcountry. The general plan of Chinese houses is much thsame, however, one story and with one or more courts.

Fields are large in the north and farming extensiveThey are small and farmed intensively in the south. ThChinese have maintained the fertility of their farming lan

Dlm'/ injtlrr Irirndly I~dings I~("(/0 lau.2 8


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by wasting nothing that can be used as fertilizer. They usehuman dung for this purpose, as some other old coun-tries do, and which explains the common odors night andmorning over the fields. It :1150explains why you mustnor eat vegetables raw.

You will often come upon temples in the cities and inthe mountains. They are interesting places and you willfind quiet priests living there. If you behave in a temple,as you would do in a church at home, tbough you maywalk about as you like, your behavior will be in order.

Sometimes you will see marble arches across the streetsor roads. These arc memorials to great men and women.Oftentimes a faithful widow will be so commemorated bythe community. You will see pagodas, and these are usuallyparts of a temple. They have much the same meaning asour church steeples. You will see tiny little temples toearth gods in the fields. These are worshipped for goodcrops and good weather, although the Chinese do notbelieve these images are the actual gods. They are merelysymbols.

You will see funerals sometimes, and you will know whatthey are by the white clad figures. The poor have a smallfuneral procession, only the family following the casket,hut the rich may spend thousands of dollars on a funeral.Priests and mourners, furniture and cars and even air-

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planes are made of paper to be burned at the grave for tspirit's use in the future. It is best not to come too nethese processions, for a stranger is not welcome at sutimes. Above all, do not try to take pictures.A village usually has only one business street and heyou will find a simple inn, its unpainted tables underawning of patched blue cloth. You can get a good boof noodles and soup here if you are hungry-and plenof tea. If you are willing to wait, the inn-keeper wi!! pehaps make you some scrambled eggs to eat with a bowlrice, a dish of green cabbage, and bean curd or a browfish. The bean curd you will not like at first but tryuntil you do-it has valuable protein qualities and is tpoorman's meat.

Don't be disturbed jf people in the villages are afraidyou. They simply have not seen anyone who looks liyou. And since the dogs will bark at people they donknow-and often bite-it is best to keep away from themThe Chinese do not fondle pets and therefore dogs mbite you out of sheer surprise!

Everything in China is owned by somebody and so theis no place where you can pick fruit or fish or hunt unleyou go into the mountains. There you will be free, fthere are few gaming laws. But elsewhere, don't take anthing. The Chinese guard their property carefully.3 D


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CHINA'S modern government is not the same in itsform as ours, but Chinese are a democratically inclinedpeople. The present government is a new one and warovertook it before its form was completed. But even inthe old days when China had an emperor, who lived inPeking, he governed very loosely. He was not so much aruler as a spiritual head, as the Pope is to the Catholicchurch, or, for that matter, as the present King in Englandis to the English people, The provinces, or states, wereheaded by his representatives, but the real governing wasdone by the people, village by village. The State did not'even prosecute criminals. ' . f :l man W:lS convicted of acrime, he was returned to his clan village and it sat injudgment on him.

The ..magistrates and viceroys of provinces were chosenfrom among the men who passed state examinations.These examinations were open to anybody. Men fromthe poorest families, i f they had the ability and education,could enter for them. Thus, even the officials of old Chinaoften came from humble beginnings.

In 19" the old regime was overthrown by Sun Vat-sen,who believed that China must modernize herself in orderto live in.a modern world. Perhaps the ability to change

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5upport. Her coastline \V3S blockaded against shipmentsof W3r materials, her industrial cities overrun, and herailroads and navigable fivers in the hands of the enemy

China had three strategic assets to combat a Japan whowas technically superior in every arm-her courage, hemanpower, and space. As one military commentator hapointed out: "The vast distances of China and the ruggedcharacter of the country are among the important pointwhich favor its defense against invasion. Other majofactors are the ability of the people to endure hardship,be content with a meagre ration, and to live in relativelyself-sufficient economic groups. The prevalence of a phlosophy which emphasizes pride in race, love of familyand the desire to he revered by their children is anotherimportant asset."

Chiang exploited his assets to the full. Driven back fromthe coastal cities, China's armies fought all of the waytaking a heavy toll of the enemy at frightful cost to themselves. In the early days of the W3f it was estimated thaChinese casualties were about three times those of the lapsToday they are almost even. Whole factories were dismantled and removed to the interior, often on the backof the incredible Chinese coolies. Finally in the mountainareas of middle China the invaders were stopped cold anhave been stopped ever since.

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Work Tognh~r

With nearly a mil ion laps immobilized along a strung.out front, Chiang worked to repair the losses of his indusnial cities and communication lines. Millions of menwere trained, small arms factories established, a thin trickleof supplies were obtained from Russia, the United Statesand Great Britain. But the Chinese armies are still tooweak in artillery, planes, and tanks to take the offensive.

ORGANIZATION OF THE CHINESE ARMYTHE Chinese army today has wel l over 300 divisions ithe field, totaling about 5,000,000 men. There are about'5,000,000 men in reserve units or in training camps.Also some 800,000 guerrillas and 600,000 regular troopsare operating in areas behind Japanese lines. An officiapublication of the Chinese Government reports that i3 6


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addition to these soldiers, China has 50,000,000 able-bodiedmen of military age available for service. Under a systemof national military training instituted by Chiang Kai-shek, about 6,000,000 men are now given elementary mili-tary training in their own villages and towns each year.Field organization of Chinese troops is as follows:

Army groups--consisting of two or more armiesAl'mies--consisting of two or more divisions.Division--consisting of two or more infantry brigades,

plus one artillery battalion or regiment, and contingents orengineers, signal troops, medical units, and transport,totaling 10,000 men.The basic infantry unit is the squad composed of 12 to

14 men armed with 7.9-mm rifles. Theoretically, eachsquad is equipped with at least one automatic rifle, mostlyof the 30-caliber or 7.9 millimeter types, coming from Ger-many, Denmark, Great Britain, Russia, Czechoslovakia,and the United States. The Chinese have some Browningautomatic rifles, 1937 model. Machine guns are of the 30-caliber or 7.9-millimeter variety and come from the samesources as the rifles. Infantry units are also equipped withtrench mortars and 37-millimeter guns.The trench mortar is one of the principal weapons, re-

ceiving somewhat the same emphasis as in the JapaneseArmy. The shortages of artillery and of artillery ammuni-

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tion are 50 pronounced that artillery is usually found func-tioning only as army or army group troops.

China is divided into nine war zones, under zone com-manders who exercise supreme authority over all troopsin the particular area. At the top of the whole army organi-zation is the Military Affairs Commission in Chungking,presided over by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, whomakes final strategic decisions.Chiang received most of his military training in Japan

where German ideas prevailed, but there have been anumber of other foreign influences on the organizationand training of the Chinese armies. Whampoa Academy,China's West Point, was organized with the help ofRussian advisers, notably Marshal Bluecher. Incidentally,many Chinese officers received their training in our ownWest Point or other American military schools. In the1930's German influence was predominant with a per-manent German military mission in China, successivelyheaded by Col. Max Bauer, Gen. Hans von Seeckt, fatheror the Rcichswehr, and Genera! von Falkenhausen. Themission was withdrawn in (938,T h e C h in e s e S o l d i e r Before very long you will be fight-ing beside the Chinese infantryman who is little likeour doughboy. He is usually a farmer's or shopkeeper's3 8


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son from some small town orvillage and he was drafted formilitary service. He travels Iight,can march incredible distanceswith full pack, and sleeps on theground in the faded uniform hewears. He may look a bit ragged,but as Gen. Cheng Ting Che, oneof the Chinese commanders inBurma, said: "You find the best-dressed soldiers behind the lines."Already a fine soldier, all heneeds is better weapons andmore of them and adequatetraining to be a match for theJaps.

Base pay for the Chinese sol-dier is about 6 Chinese dollars amonth (approximately 30 centsin our money). His daily rations,in camp, consist of two mealsof rice or noodles and vegeta-bles. On the march, his ironration is fried rice carried in acylindrical canvas bag, slung over

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one shoulder; otherwise he eats off the countryside.Because he speaks sofdy and smiles easily, don't think

the chiupa isn't tough; on his record he is a good soldier.For 5 years he and his comrades have kept a large partof the Japanese Army occupied along a a.ooo-rnile front.You have no reason to feel superior because you arebetter fed or better armed. On the contrary, give theChinese soldier his due in admiration for his plain,common guts.WHEN the Chinese were attacked at Lukouchiao onJuly 7, [937, Chiang Kai-shek had only one course tofollow: fight and retreat, using his assets, courage, man-power, and space to inflict as much damage as possibleon the Japanese. You may ask why China didn't get readyfor the Japs. For the same reason that we didn't-theydidn't know the Japanese plans and anyway they hopedit wouldn't happen. Besides, China was just getting intoher modern stride. She was devoting all her resources topeacetime development when japnn attacked. A lessernation would have given up. China just tightened herbelt and went to war with what she had. Her ill-equippedarmies fought back and astonished the world with theirendurance. She moved her gO\'ernment 1,000 miles inland,from Nanking to Chungking, so that she could carryon4 0


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a seemingly hopeless fight. It was as if we had been forcedto move our own capital from Washington to KansasCity.Todayin Chungking the people are a fair example of

what the nation is. Their's is the most bombed city in theworld. Yet the people go on. They have made shelters inthe rocky depths of the mountains and there they stayhour after hour, sometimes day after day, and when theraids arc over they come out and go back to work. Theyare unbeatable

IF YOU were to talk to any American who has spent alifetime in China, he would undoubtedly give you thefollowing suggestions. By following them, you will notonly avoid difficulties but you will gu::trantee your ownpopularity.

China is the oldest nation in the world and its civiliza-tion is in many ways the greatest. As a natural result, theChinese will not bear any assumption of superiority onthe part of a white man because he is white. China her-self has no color prejudice against anyone with a differentcolored skin. She is prepared to treat on termsof human equality, and you cannot do than op-preach China in the same spirit.

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Discourage anyone who acts as though the Chinese arqueer. They are not qm:er. After all, there arc more peopie in the world eating Chinese food and wearingChinese clothes than there are Americans eating Amer-ican food and we:uing American clothes. They live theirway and we live ours. If you respect them, they wilrespect you.

Realize in advance that the Chinese, friendly and spontaneous and natural as they are, have a few special likeand dislikes. They do not like to be touched. They don'tlike to be slapped on the back, or even to shake hands,although some of the modern ones have learned this formof salutation. So don't put your hands on anybody, in funor fury or affection, until you know the person very welindeed.The Chinese like reserve with their women and gen

tleness with their children.Try not to lose your temper. You will see plenty o

Chinese lose theirs, but they are looked upon and look onthemselves as lower class when they do so,

In a shop, it is bcuer not to touch goods you do nointend to buy.

Unless you are very sure of your crowd, better not tryto take pictures, In many parts of China there is a super-stition that a photograph magically removes a person's4 2


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sou!. Friends may be charmed to have their picturestaken, but a crowd may turn ugly at the sight ofcamera.If a mother shields her child with her hand or he

apron as you go by, don't be offended. There is a sayingthat foreigners sometimes cast an evil shadow. Smile andlet it pass. When they know you, they will know thatyour shadow is not evil. Simply to say, "I am an Amer-ican," often removes the curse.

Bear in mind that many refined and well educatedChinese-professors, students, government employees-are today poor and underpaid. They have forsaken family, wealth, and the comforts of home, and have enduredyears of bitter hardship rather than submit to the Japaneseyoke. Do not be too quick, therefore, in judging byappearances.

IN A SENSE, you go to China as an ambassador of thAmerican people to the Chinese people in our new relationship as allies. Some Chinese have seen a few Amer-ican missionaries or businessmen. But most of them havenever seen an American of any kind. They have heardgood things of America-that we have sent them reliein time of famine, that we have kept other nations from4 4


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dividing up China's territory when she was too weak toresist. The planes we hnve been able to send them havecarried far more than their own weight in good willfor us.It is up to you not to spoil thru fine feeling. To the

Chinese people ynu stand for all of us here at home aswell as for yourself. It depends on you whether Chinawill like us, and whether they will trust us in the future.

CHINESE MONEY

THE basic unit of currency in China is the Chinese dolIar. One United States dollar will buy about 20 Chinesedollars (19)1). However, the actual value varies a gooddeal from time [Q time and this official exchange rate canonly be used for general guidance.


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Metallic currency in China is restricted almost entirelyto pieces of 20 cents or less in value. Paper money is usedin denominations from 5 cents to $500. A $500 bill wilook like a tidy sum but it exchanges for about $25 in OUmoney (see notes on inflation on page 21).

The numerals for the respective values are printed ilarge size on the bills, so you should have little difficultyin recognizing the various values.

Bills for the four governmental banks of China=-Cen-teal Bank of China, the Bank of China, Bank of Communi-cations, and the Farmers Bank-are generally acceptablein the towns and cities throughout Free China.

Many of the provincial governments issue their owpaper money, which circulates and is accepted within thprovince, but usually is not acceptable outside. Provincialnotes do not exchange at par, but are usually worth somewhat less than national government money.

The advisable thing to do is to get your American delars exchanged into notes of the four governmental bankof China and to obtain only such provincial curreneyyou wi!! use while you are in the particular province.Aj6


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CoinCent piece (of copper

alloy)Paper

y-cent billro-cenr bill

s-cent ptece (of white ao.ccnt billmetal} yo-cent bill

re-cent piece $1 , $5, $10 , Sso, $1 00, $ ')00ac-cent piece bills

THE Chinese Government has fixed national standards[or weights and measurements in terms of the metric sys-tem; but those actually in use arc diverse and confusing,particularly in coulllry areas. A tailors' d//h (foor measure)may be several inches longer or shorter than a carpenter's(h'ill; and the length of a c/i . ' /J) in one section of the ccun.lry may be as short as 9 inches, while in another sectionit may be as long as 27 inches.The Chinese Ii is approximately one-third of a mile.

Sometimes it may be difficult to get an exact idea of dis-tance from local Chinese families. Therefore, when .'t>kinga distance, it is best to risk 110\\' iong it takes to walk it.

Measures of capacity nre seldom used e.~cept for rice,grain, and beans. There is no uniformity in actual mens-uring, owing to variations in the capacities used.

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\Vhen weights and measures in the metric system arreferred to, the roughly corresponding term of Chinesemeasurement is always prefixed by the word kllng(gung), which has the meaning of "common" ('stand.ard"). If the prefix is not used, the term usually refers tthe ordinary Chinese units of measurement. Thus, onkallg ell'ill equals one meter; one 1(llIIg s/Ieng equals ailliter, and one kllllg chin equals one kilogram. A kllngequals one kilometer (about 3,280 feet or five-eighths oa mile). On the other hand, :'IS has been noted, an ordin3ry Ii is usually considered to be one-third of a mile.The English unit of weight "ton," pronounced iChinese as tun (Dun) is frequently used in the citiesOne kllng tun is one metric ton. The following denominations of weights and measures are used:

L.n,thto ts'lin equal I eh'ih (ch. toot, about [4,[ inches).10 ell'ih equal t chang,[80 chang equal I Ii.

I mall equals about one-sixth or an English acre, or806.65 square yards.100 mon equal I ching.

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Capacity

10 ko equal 1 rhrng.10 .hellg equal 1 tau (I to 2 gallons).[0/0/1 equal [ shih.

Wlllht10 fell equal I ch'ien (mace).10 ch'ien equal] liang (tael, about 1 ]/3 ounces}.16 {ial/g equal [ chin (catty, about I 1/3 pounds).100 chin equal] tan (picul, abo~t 1331/3 pounds).

KMNt:; ] ......N H~ SHUNt:;Fight on /0 Vic/o'}'

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HINT. ON PRONOUNCING CHINI:.ETHESE are pronunciation hints to help you in listeningto the Chinese language records which have been suplied to your troop unit. They will also help you witthe pronunciation of additional words and phrases giveill this book, which are not included in the records.

Chinese is spoken in several dialects, the most imponant being Mandarin, Cantonese, the Amoy, and thFoochow. The dialect you are going to hear on threcords is the Mandarin, which is the national languageof China and more generally understood than any otheThere is nothing very difficult about Chinese=exceptthat you won't be able to read the signs and newspapersyou will see. That is because the Chinese use a verdifferent writing system from ours. Therefore, the istructions and vocabulary below are not based on thwritten Chinese language, but are a simplified systemrepresenting the language as it sounds. This system cotains letters for all the sounds you must make tounderstood. It docs not contain letters for some of thsounds you will hear, but it will give you all you neeto get by on, both listening and speaking.

Here are a few simple rules to help you:I. Use of th~ pitch of th~ voice. Chinese haspeculiar sing-song quality which is very important in t

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language, You should try to memorize the words andphrases exactly as you hear them, However, if you speakthe syllables that are written in capital letters. in a loudtone of voice with higher pitch, and say the words andsyllables written in small letters in the lowest pitch ofyour natural speaking voice you will be understood.Words written in capital letters with an exclamationmark after them should be given in the same tone of voiceas a command like "Halt!", "Stop!". Also make yourvoice slide between the syllables that have the little curvedJines under them.2. Vowels,-These arc the kinds of sounds we repre-

sent in English by 0, c, i, 0, u, ah, ay, etc. Just followthe key below and you will have no trouble.ah, AH ~qual, Th~ a in falh~r. (Example: AHRI, meaning

"two",)ai, A I equals The ai in aisi~, but not '0 drawled. (Example:TAT! lai, meaning "rnadam".)aw, AW equal, The flU; in /au;. {Exalnplc: 1,00 WAW, meaning

"fire"-inrhephra,e"railroad,{ation',}Uf, AY equals The fly lfl day, (E~amplc: GWAY!,

"honorablc"-in thc phr:!c "what IS yournamd".)

EE equals Th~ ee in lUI. (Examplc: EE, meaning "one'.)5 1


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~h, EH equal, The ~ in "./. at times it sounds somewhatM"reT the ((11. (Example: S YEH!, y~hmeaning you'")

N ER equals :\ sound like the ~r of , , ~ , . d said without prcncunc-ing Iher.1t ,ound, 10 lIS something lih a grum.Listen carefully 10 il on Ihe records. (Example:fER. meanins "straight'.)

I cquah The i in pil. though, at times it sounds somewhalnearer Ihe u in fUI. (Exampk CHING TSAII,meaning "'vt"'getables"'.)

oh, OH equal, The 0 in go. (Example: ROH!, mtaning "'meal"'.)00, 00 equals The 00 in bOOI, though, at limes, it sounds some-

whnt nearer the u in pUI. (Example: BOO!, mt"'an;ng"not'".)uh, UH equals The U in bUI. (Example: fUHIg"h, meaning

..Ihi .. .)o equals A sound like the i in mach;,u said wuh the liprounded a, lhough about to say lhcoo in booExample: vo. meaning '"fi,h.)

Another vowel sound occurs with the combinationswritten se, de, It is far down in the throat. Listen tocarefully on the records. (Example: SZ!, meaning "four".)

{Ncrn.c--Capital letters and small letters written together without a hyphen or a little curved line should bsaid as closely together as possible. For example:EE.AHfoo, meaning "want." Here the AH!oo soundsjust like the exclamation Ow! (for "ouch") in English.)5 2


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3. Consonants.- The consonants arc all the sounds thatarc not vowels. Pronounce them just as you know themin English, being sure to S::IYthe t, p, and k particularlystrongly. Also note the following:ch is always like thech in church.g is always like the g in get; never like the g in gem .1 is always thej in judge.ts is like the ts in hats, and the sound may come at the

beginning of a word.dz is like the dz in adze (or the ds in adds), and the

sound may come at the beginning of a word.LIST OF MOST USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES

HERE is a list of the most useful words and phrases youwill need in Chinese. YOIl should learn them by heart.They are the words and phrases included on the Chineselanguage records, and appear here in the order they occuron the records.

Greetings and General PhrasesEnglish-Simplified Chi"rs~Spd/mg

Goodmorning, Goodda)'. Good Mad3m-T AI/'Iaievening, Hcllo-NIN hahJ)O Mi"-(J"h..9o.j~/1

Sir-S~YEHN SHUHNG

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When uSI'd with the proper name these terms of address followthe noun

Tilis rC:llIy means "UndNStandwords l:0U are being asked to tellnot,ay "ycs" or "no" but repeata statement. For instance

PlcaS


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Go right-wa~AHNG YOO!BEE-YEHN dzoJJH

Go Icft-wa~AHNG d%oh_pHBEE-YEHN d%oh

DirectionsGostfaightahead-EE fER d~ohPlease point .......... lNG i ER EE

i_ER --

If you arc driving and ask th~ dimnc~ to another town, it wibe given to you in let-EE.leo:_EE--Ju",EE

OJlC lu_EE equals about one-third of a mile.You Need to Know the Numbers

One-EETwo----AHRIThree-SAHNFour-SZIFh'e-woo~OO

Six-LEE/oo&vcn-CHEEEight-BAHNine-ju._f)HTen.......sHER

Elc\"en-SHER EE

For the numbers "eleven" through "nineteen" y o u sa)': SHER,the number for "ten;' then add the wordsfor "one;' "two;"thr~;and soon.

Twd\"c-SHER AHR/The words for "twenty," "thirty," "forty," "fifl)'," and so on

arc limply the words for "two," "three," "four," "five," and soonplus the word for "ten." The words for "twenty-one;' "lhirl}'-tWOand so on, are simply the words for "twenty," "thirty;' plus thwords for "one," "two," and so on.Twenty-AHR! SHER Hundrcd-bllh...fiEThirty-two-SA H N SH E R Thousand-CHEE-YEHNAHRf Tcn thouiand-WAHNI

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This is-IUH!-guh SHERIWh~t-SHEHM-m"hwhat's this-IUH/-guh SHERISHEHM-muhl-waw_UH

want-EE-AH /00

Breacl-MEE!l"hn BAHooBuu~r-NEE-OO YEE-OOBoiled water for drinking-KAtshw~AY

Eggs-lEE DAHNIVcg~t~bl~ Soup - TSA/ITAHNG

Fisb-YOM~3t-ROHISteak-NEE-OO PAH-EEBcd-NEE-OO ROHIPork-IOO ROHIChicken-fEE ROHlDuck-YAH-dzVegetabl..-cH1NG TSAIIRicc-me(_.EEFAHNPmatoes-/oo_OO DOH IJkam-DOH!-dz

Designationcigareues-S_r AHNG YEHNI want cig~rettes-waw_UHE-AHloo SYAHNG YEHN

matchcs-YAHNG hW(lw_UHI want matchcs-waw,..,UH EEAHloo YAHNG hW(lw~UH

FoodCabbage-BAH-EE TSAI!Fruit-rhw_AY gW(lw_UHOrangcs-IO-dzMdons-GWAHSa)t-YEHNPeanuts-HWAH SHUHNGSugar-T AHNGSweet paStry-TAHNGGAH-OH

Tea-CHAHWine or liquor-;et.pHmore-DOO-UHless-rhah._j)HMon~y-CHEE-YEHNHow much docs this C05t?-DOO-UH shah_pH CHEE-YEHN

5 6

The answer will usu~lly be given to you in bills called YO-AHN,MAH-OH. and fuh". 10 /lIhn make a MAH-OH; and ten MAH-


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yO-AHN-yO-AHN

OH make 3 yO.AHN. a yOAHN (Chine, .. d"Uar) is worth about

fuhn-fllhn

.fiveccfi!s

What time is itr-SEE-YEHNIDZAl! j~..~EE du YEHNIOONG

Ten past one-EE du._,.YEHNSHER FUHN

Quarter past five-woo_OOd ...._yEHN EE KUHI

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Useful PhrasesWhat IS your name?-GWAVI How do you say "table" in Chi-S_VINC! MINC ncse/-I 0 0 N C C IV A IV

Myn~meis--woqJ)H'EE HWAH! I~ble [EE-AHi


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momh-yiJl~hnight-YEH! f~t.EEweek-l~t.EE BAliyur-NEE, ...lEHN

JanuarY-IUHNG yiJl~hFebruary-AHR! yOI~hMarch-SAHN yOI~h

means momh.That i~.you say the number and add the word "yOld(' which

Relationshipsboy-NAHN HAI ..d"cider brofher--GUH~UH gullyounger brother-DEEI duchild-Voh .....OOHAI ../$daughrcr-niCO UHRfather-FOOlc"ingirl-nil ...p HAI ..d"arms-GUH BAY!hack-BAYIC)e--y~"....HN chingcar-u" UHR doo"II"fingcr---:",_,OH i _ER /0"foot-;u_AHaahair-TOH joh._.AHhand-sh_.OH

bcd-CHIVAHNGblanket-BAY! ROOfchair--yu ......EE ..dzchop..sticks-KWAII ..dz

man-NAHN RUHNmother--moa_OO chincldcrsi'lcr-iu..fiHi~hyounger siSler-MAY! m oyson-UHR ..dzwoman-niCO RUHN

Human Bodyhead-TOHlcg-tw .....AYmoulh-koh~OHneck-bllw ......H..dz[lose-BEE ..dzleeth-YAHtoc-ju_AHaa i_ER

House and Furniturecup---BAYdoor-MUHNhousc-FAHNG ..dzkitchcn-CHOO FAHNG

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room-WOOd~ t~ble-'OO_AWdzmirs-LOH TEE wall-CHEEJIHNGStOV~ (cooking placc}-LOO- wmdow-CHWAHNG HOO!debean curd-DOH! /00_00beer-PEE iu_OHcigars-"cigar"cot1ee-"roUu"cucumb.:,,-HWAHNG GWAH

bridg~HAH....-OOchurch (Protcstam}~rt...EE BAI!TAHNG

church (Catholic)-TEEYEHN;O(eOO lEE IIH!oo TAHNG

Cily-CHUHNGdistrici magistrate's oRice--S_YEHN/ GOONG shoo_OOpo.! office-YEEOH IUHNGIJ V

animal (domntic)-SHUHNG" hnimal ("'ild)-yr(_.EH SHaH!bird-nr


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mouse----lllh ....PH shOQ....POmulc-LOO-AW-dzpig-100

Aies-TSAHNG yingBe as o r licc-SHER-dzmosquiwcs-WUHN-dz

baker-MAl! hu_EENG-dchharber--i"vE lah._.AHJEE/ahn,

blacksmith-lt'~EH !EE!ahngbutcher-MAl! ROHt-deh(ook--CHOOJzdOXlor-YEE SHUHNG

first-DEEt EEsecond-DEE! AHRI

belt-YAHOO DAIIboou-- - -S yOEHdzcoat----SHAHNG! EEhal-,\IAHloodzshin-TSUHN! EE1l00d-hah OHbad-HiVAll

rabbit-TOO!dasheep--,IIEEEHNYAHNGsnakc-SHUH

Insectsspider-/ER /00b.:dbugs--CHOH! t'h(xmg

Trades and Oeeup.tlonsfarmer-NOONG /00laundryman-I._Y_EE EE JuREHN

policemen-iu_EENG CHAH.hocmakcr-PEE !EE/ahngtailor-TSAI/uhng

Numbers(that is, use DEE! and thensay the numlxr)

Clothingshoes-S.. . . Y EHsocks-WAHIdzIwealer -MAHOH EEtrousen-KOO!d~

Adjectivesbig-DAHlsmaU-s_YIlJi_OO

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right-YOHIldt-d"oh_UHsick-BING/well-hah_OHhungry-UH/"hthirsly-koo_UHbbck-HAYwhile-BAIred-HOONGblue-LAHNgreen-LO!),cllow-HWAHNGhigh or tall--GAH_OOlong-CHAHNGshon-doo AHN10w-a_AI-dccp-----SHUHNshallow-("hu,_,EHN

l-wao_UHwe-waa..JlH MUHNyou (sing.)-luCEE (plural)"~CEEMUHN; (polile form)NfN

he. she. il-TAHth")'-T AH MUHNthis-!UHI-g"hthe5e-fUHI S_YEH-g"hthat-NAHI-glI!'6 2

ca!tl-llih UHNGhot-ROO!,,!.wet-SHERdry--GAHNexpensive-GIYAY Ichcap--PEE_EHN_uempl),-KOONGfull-mah_AHNheavy-IOONG!light-CHINGc1ean-GAHN IfNGIdirt)'-DZAHNGold (of pm.an)-lllh_OOold (of thing5)-fEE!oon"w-S_YINyoung (of a person)-NEEYEHN CHING du

Pronoun.fEte_those-NAH! S._yEH-fll"my , mine-woo_UH DEE!our, ours-wOO._jJH M U H NDEE!

your, )'OU[5- (sing.) "~LEEDEE! (plural) "~UEMUHNDEE! (p cllte form) NINDEE!

their, theirs-TAN '''',''" duwho?-SHAY


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whatl-SHEHMm"hhow f~r-DAWUH yu_,AHN

above-DZAJI SHAHNGII}_y~h"a,.ain-DZAl! LAlb


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Who are }'ou?-"rcEE SHERISHAY

What do you want?-M~~EEYAHloo SHEHMmllh

Bring SOme drinking water-T1ah~AH KA! $h,v.._"AY LAI

Dring some food-n"h._AHFAHNI LAI

How far is the campi-jONYING yvh~OH DAIf_pHyii._,AHN

Where is w 3 I e r?-nah._AHlu __EE yoh~OH $hw~AY

Where IS the n e a r e s r village i-c-dn EENG liN! DEE!TSOON.dz DZAI nahJ!H-/"

Be carefui-u'ak__..OOS.'y!N

6 4

Wait 3 minute-dllh_pHNGEE! duh ..YHNG

Where can I slcepl-""h AHlu yah, ..PH SHWAY!~jEE-AH!"a du DEE/ FAHNG

!want to cat-wQw~UHYAH/aa CHER FAHN

!haven't any mon"y-wuw~UH,\lAY yah._.OH CHEE-YEHN

I 113,"cigarettes-w"w_UHya"_OH S_YAHNG YEHN

Iamsick("Ihavesickness")-waw_UH yu"-..9H B/NG/

I am an American soldierwaw_PH S H R! may~AGIVAIV BINGI am yaur fricnd-waw~UHSHE RI n('('_E DE PUHNG )'('('_OH


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pocket guide to china

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