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1 COLEGIO DE MÉDICOS CIRUJANOS DE PUERTO RICO PUERTO RICO COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS-SURGEONS PO BOX 9800 SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO 00909 TEL.(787) 751-5979; FAX (787) 751-6592 H.R. 900 AND H.R. 1230 “PUERTO RICO DEMOCRACY ACCT OF 2007” AND THE “PUERTO RICO SELF DETERMINATION ACT OF 2007” BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INSULAR AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTE ON NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Deponent: PUERTO RICO COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS-SURGEONS “COLEGIO DE MÉDICOS CIRUJANOS DE PUERTO RICO” Dr. Marissel Velázquez-Vicente, President of the Colegio Date: March 22, 2007 Thank you very much for inviting us to be part of this hearing. It’s an honor to represent the 1 “Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos de Puerto Rico” (hereinafter ‘the Colegio’), the institution I preside. 2 The Colegio is a legal entity created as a result of Puerto Rico Public Law 77 of August 13, 1994, as 3 amended. The Colegio is the true and legal representative of the universe of medical doctors 4 licensed to practice medicine in Puerto Rico, for affiliation to the Colegio is a mandatory 5 requirement to legally practice medicine in our jurisdiction. 6 Among our ten thousand members, all political ideas are represented. Likewise, we are 7 obliged to take care of patients regardless their particular believes or political affiliation. As we call 8 it in Puerto Rico, health has no colors, in direct reference to the colors identifying the existing major 9 political parties. The main objective of the Colegio, as established by law, is to collaborate in the 10 continued improvement of the health of the People of Puerto Rico. Another main objective is to 11 defend physicians’ rights and immunities in accordance to public interest. In compliance with these 12

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COLEGIO DE MÉDICOS CIRUJANOS DE PUERTO RICO PUERTO RICO COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS-SURGEONS

PO BOX 9800 SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO 00909

TEL.(787) 751-5979; FAX (787) 751-6592

H.R. 900 AND H.R. 1230 “PUERTO RICO DEMOCRACY ACCT OF 2007” AND THE “PUERTO RICO SELF DETERMINATION ACT OF 2007”

BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INSULAR AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTE ON NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Deponent: PUERTO RICO COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS-SURGEONS

“COLEGIO DE MÉDICOS CIRUJANOS DE PUERTO RICO” Dr. Marissel Velázquez-Vicente, President of the Colegio

Date: March 22, 2007

Thank you very much for inviting us to be part of this hearing. It’s an honor to represent the 1

“Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos de Puerto Rico” (hereinafter ‘the Colegio’), the institution I preside. 2

The Colegio is a legal entity created as a result of Puerto Rico Public Law 77 of August 13, 1994, as 3

amended. The Colegio is the true and legal representative of the universe of medical doctors 4

licensed to practice medicine in Puerto Rico, for affiliation to the Colegio is a mandatory 5

requirement to legally practice medicine in our jurisdiction.6

Among our ten thousand members, all political ideas are represented. Likewise, we are 7

obliged to take care of patients regardless their particular believes or political affiliation. As we call 8

it in Puerto Rico, health has no colors, in direct reference to the colors identifying the existing major 9

political parties. The main objective of the Colegio, as established by law, is to collaborate in the 10

continued improvement of the health of the People of Puerto Rico. Another main objective is to 11

defend physicians’ rights and immunities in accordance to public interest. In compliance with these 12

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objectives, we have appeared on numerous occasions before the Legislature in Puerto Rico to present 1

the Colegio’s position with respect to a myriad of health related subjects. It is also in compliance 2

with the Colegio’s objectives that we have accepted the invitation to come before you today, for 3

healthcare issues, for both patients and physicians, are profoundly affected by political circumstances 4

and Congress’ determinations over a wide variety of specific health issues with regards to Puerto 5

Rico. 6

It is a fact that most decisions and actions in Puerto Rico are tainted by the political status of 7

the Island. The prime filter of ideas, health issues included, is the source’s political affiliation. If it 8

comes from statehood supporters then most probably it will encounter the opposition of those who 9

don’t believe in statehood. If it comes from commonwealth supporters then most probably it will 10

encounter the opposition of those who don’t believe in the actual status. If it comes from those 11

supporting Puerto Rico as an independent nation then it encounters the opposition of everybody else. 12

In some countries the filter is liberalism versus conservatism, in others is religion, ethnicity or else. 13

The fact that in Puerto Rico status and party affiliation are at the center of many decisions represents 14

a heavy burden that we must overcome to move forward and focus on resolving pressing issues. We 15

have to come together in our country to find the stability needed for a better quality of life. 16

The Colegio does not come to this hearing to favor any of the alternatives of status being 17

considered nor to support any particular process as to how to attend the status issue. Regardless of 18

the Act that is finally approved by Congress, the process of resolving the status issue will most likely 19

be prolonged and tortuous. Our position is that there is no need to wait until that process is through 20

for Congress to act upon the various health issues related to Puerto Rico and help better the 21

conditions and resources available to the People of Puerto Rico and to those in charge of providing 22

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healthcare. If programs like “No child left behind” have been extended to Puerto Rico other 1

programs can also be applied to Puerto Rico with regards to healthcare. 2

On 1952 Puerto Rico enacted its Constitution, which has been regarded as one of the most 3

advanced constitutions of modern times. Logically, it counted with the US Constitution as a base, 4

but with the benefits of almost two centuries of constitutional development of the original 5

Constitution and the rich jurisprudence created by the US Supreme Court. The base could not have 6

been better; the US Constitution and the Declaration of Human Rights contained therein is one of the 7

most splendid documents created by mankind. 8

Our Constitution was written by Puerto Ricans, thinking of Puerto Rico, its reality, its 9

location in the world map, our People’s needs and their conception of the best set of rules to serve as 10

the basis for the development of our country. The Constitution was approved by the People of 11

Puerto Rico and sent to the Congress for approval and it became a federal law. As part of the 12

process it was amended to eliminate section 20 which recognized the People of Puerto Rico’s right to 13

have, among other things, their health protected by the State. Section 20 of our Constitution was so 14

advanced that not only recognized people’s opportunity to be equal among each other, but 15

guaranteed such equality by recognizing health, shelter, education and basic needs as rights, not as 16

dreams to be reached or as privileges for those who could reach and acquire them. Although Section 17

20 of our Constitution was not approved by Congress, jurisprudence in Puerto Rico has in some way 18

validated health as a people’s right. Currently our Legislature is considering legislation to elevate 19

guarantee of health to constitutional level. 20

Current political situation impacts healthcare and our profession in a direct manner. Puerto 21

Rico is a densely populated island, located over 1500 miles away from the nearest state, with a huge 22

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ocean as a border with high cost of living and unique characteristics as to morbidity and mortality. 1

Four million puertoricans live in Puerto Rico in addition to four million who currently reside in the 2

States. Issues like the federal regulations regarding patient records, confidentiality, portability of 3

medical insurance, disposal of office waste as dangerous and toxic waste, the FTC regulations, anti 4

kickback regulations, and many others are designed to address problems arising out of common 5

boundaries between different jurisdictions represented by individual States with common borders. In 6

Puerto Rico we have to comply with these all, however, benefits and rights for patients and health 7

professionals in Puerto Rico are quite different of those of citizens in continental USA. 8

It is well known the continued movement of individuals between Puerto Rico and the 9

mainland. Emigration of thousands of families occurs each year. Among these, health professionals 10

are a significant portion. For physicians in many instances, this emigration is the result of active 11

recruitment by USA agencies, for our doctors are well educated and trained and bilingual. Less 12

known, however, is the fact that many physicians and nurses who continue to reside in Puerto Rico 13

abandon their profession, totally or partially, because of the difficult circumstances and risks that 14

encompass providing healthcare. High cost of medical practice, low payments and great chance of 15

being sued, even if there is no wrongdoing, are principal factors within Puerto Rico medical exodus. 16

Recent studies in the San Juan area alone show that 72% of physicians, mostly specialists, are 17

avoiding taking care of high risks cases and 56% are no longer attending emergencies. Most of these 18

cases have to be referred to the Puerto Rico Medical Center where State immunity protects 19

physicians. In addition, 63% of physicians in the San Juan area alone are considering quitting their 20

practice altogether (please see Appendix 1). This is alarming considering that median age for 21

physicians in Puerto Rico is 47 years. Among surgeons mean age is 56. This issue is complicated by 22

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the fact that after Health Reform was implemented over a decade ago, we lost 68% of medical 1

training positions in Puerto Rico. Recently a bill was approved to allow the development of 2

Academic Medical Training Centers and open additional medical residencies. However the results of 3

this effort will be seen within seven to ten years. 4

We Puerto Ricans contribute the same Medicare and Social Security premiums as people 5

living in the fifty States. The premium is composed of the portions paid by the employee and the 6

employer and both pay in Puerto Rico similar amounts as if they were located in the States. The 7

problem arises when that money is distributed. In Puerto Rico, just because we are in Puerto Rico, 8

we do not receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI), nor other benefits calculated using the SSI as 9

a basis. 10

Medicaid funds, also part of Social Security contributions, are caped for Puerto Rico. There 11

is no rational explanation for the discrimination other than we are four million citizens living in 12

Puerto Rico. Those who are employed and the companies that employ them pay the same amount of 13

Social Security tax as the 300 millions living elsewhere in the States. Despite there is no difference 14

in Social Security taxation between the States and Puerto Rico, benefits received by the citizens 15

residing in Puerto Rico are short as are Medicare payments to healthcare providers. Differences are 16

both in services covered and amounts paid to physicians and hospitals. 17

Thousands of people who spent their entire work life in the States retire in Puerto Rico. The 18

ones living and working in Puerto Rico, or those working in the States and retiring in Puerto Rico, as 19

well as those living and working in the States deserve the same medical treatment and benefits when 20

the retirement or disability time arises. It is a matter of fairness. If someone however lives and works 21

in Puerto Rico and retires in the mainland, benefits will be the same as those who worked and lived 22

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their entire life in the States. This happens despite retired or disabled people are taken care of by 1

physicians similarly trained, using the same quality standards and following the same procedures as 2

determined by Medicare. 3

Furthermore, federal laws apply equally in Puerto Rico and in the States, as is the case of 4

HIPAA and EMTALA. The cost of abiding to the law and to comply with them is the same, 5

regardless of the location. Also, the cost of materials and equipment to practice in Puerto Rico is 6

higher than in the States because of the cost elements associated with added freight, insurance and 7

excise taxes. The fact is that the cost to practice medicine in Puerto Rico is either equal o higher than 8

that in the States, but Medicare and Medicaid compensation is significantly lower (please see 9

Appendix 2 and 3). One of the most stunning indicators of the unfair treatment to which Puerto Rico 10

is subjected is that in the US Virgin Islands the beneficiaries, as well as the providers receive 11

significantly higher benefits and payment than their counterparts in Puerto Rico. It is such an unfair 12

situation for Puerto Rico healthcare facilities and physicians providing tertiary and supratertiary 13

services to the Medicare patients with complex health conditions that require transfer from the 14

Virgin Island to Puerto Rico to receive medical care. It is not proposed that compensation of 15

providers and benefits to patients be reduced in the Virgin Islands. As a matter of fairness, the 16

logical alternative is to increase Puerto Rico’s Medicare and Medicaid compensation to a level equal 17

or higher than the existing one in Virgin Islands. This could be accomplished by a crosswalk 18

legislation linking Puerto Rico to Virgin Islands for Medicare purposes. 19

The discriminatory and unfair treatment received has an impact over the healthcare that 20

our US Citizens receive in Puerto Rico, as well as over the medical service providers. Certainly 21

this in an additional factor affecting beneficiaries and providers moving to the States. Poverty in 22

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Puerto Rico is higher than that of any of the States. The World Health Organization (WHO) has 1

defined the poverty-health-poverty cycle. It posts that the healthier a population, the better the 2

chances it has to overcome poverty. The contrary is also true. The official figures in Puerto Rico 3

show that around 15% of its total population receives Medicare benefits. The people covered by 4

Medicare are the ones requiring most of the available medical services. This is so because of 5

their age and their deteriorating physical conditions. The Medicare Advantage Special Needs 6

Plan in Puerto Rico represents over 66% of all beneficiaries participating nationwide. If the 7

services they receive are not of the best possible quality, they will end their days in the same 8

poverty level they were born. The worst part of it is that their family will spend their resources to 9

overcome the deficiencies of the present system, and they too will deepen themselves in the 10

negative phase of the poverty-health-poverty cycle. This is poor management of the government 11

resources. It is good policy to invest in good health care services for our people. As with any 12

good investment, in the long run the result will be favorable from a social as well as a financial 13

standpoint. 14

There are different formulas which are used to level out the playing field in terms of financial 15

considerations. The net result of the application of the different indexes referred in the legislation is 16

counterproductive for Puerto Rico. Moreover, the result is contrary to the intention of the legislation 17

and acts as a catalytic agent to widen the differences, instead of narrowing them. The statutory 18

indexes prompt higher payment to high cost areas and lower payment for rural areas. The theory 19

behind is that the higher payment compensates the higher cost. The reality is that what is promoted 20

is the movement of people to the high cost metropolitan areas. It happens for both, beneficiaries and 21

providers. The beneficiaries move seeking better quality and availability of services and benefits. 22

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The providers move seeking better compensation for the services they provide. In Puerto Rico there 1

is no mobility for beneficiaries, nor for provider, except to cross the Atlantic and move to the States, 2

especially to Florida. 3

Aside from the benefits and compensation to providers it is worth mentioning that the 4

services covered under Medicare for residents in Puerto Rico are limited compared to the rest of the 5

States. This is not only unfair, but also it is of questionable legality because theoretically, medical 6

services coverage for all Medicare beneficiaries is supposed to be universally equal. It is not so. By 7

means of administrative schemes, leverage is granted to the Puerto Rico Medicare carrier that limits 8

the coverage and denies payment for services that are covered and paid universally under Medicare. 9

The Puerto Rico College of Physicians-Surgeons had tried to change this entire situation to no avail. 10

Unfunded mandates, like Prospective Payments System for Federally Qualified Health 11

Centers, and several Technology Initiatives, force Puerto Rico to comply with laws that receive no 12

funds to be implemented. This situation creates a huge problem because providers cannot be paid as 13

they are in the States. There are differences from our benefit package when compared to other 14

programs. This event also impedes the low income population to participate of programs that are 15

available in the states such as Low Income Subsidy for senior’s prescriptions. Funding disparities 16

from States to territories and the Commonwealth vary. Although we have no say over immigration 17

to Puerto Rico and coastal patrolling is under federal control, unlike the States, we received no 18

funding for the medical treatment of immigrants. Federal programs such as the Community 19

Development Block Grant, Community Services Block Grant, Drinking Water Revolving Loan 20

Fund, the Wastewater Revolving Loan Fund, Maternal and Child Health, Preventive Health Block 21

Grant, Ryan White, Pell Grants, Drug Free Schools, Juvenile Justice Block, Homeland Security 22

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Grants, Criminal Justice Block however exhibit no funding disparities. 1

Although Puerto Rico’s political Status with respect to the United States has to be addressed, 2

Congress is in no need to wait until Status controversy is resolved in order to act with regards to 3

healthcare funding for Puerto Rico. Limits on healthcare funding which Congress has established can 4

be changed, just as Congress did in 2001 regarding Education. Recently Congressman Dingell and 5

Senator Clinton introduced legislation reauthorizing the State Health Insurance Program which 6

moves Puerto Rico from a set-aside to be a part of the allotment system for the States. This 7

legislation will allow us to continue to provide services to kids that are not beneficiaries of Medicaid. 8

It is commendable that Congress is considering legislation to address the Status issue. It is 9

urgent however that Congress act to help better healthcare in Puerto Rico and assure fairness to 10

the eight million Puerto Rican US citizens, regardless of where they reside, who contribute in 11

many ways to the wellbeing of fellow citizens living in the States. Thank you very much for the 12

opportunity to participate in this process. 14

16

Marissel Velázquez Vicente, MD 17

President 18

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APPENDIX 1

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Encuesta sobre impericia médica en San Juan (Presentación para Convención del Distrito de San Juan)

Norma I. Cruz, MD

�Buenos días a todos. Yo soy la Dra. Norma Cruz, cirujana plástica y catedrática de cirugía de

la Escuela de Medicina, de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. En la mañana de hoy, voy ha presentarles

los resultados de la encuesta sobre impericia médica, que se realizó con el auspicio del Distrito de

San Juan del Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos.

�El propósito de esta encuesta fue evaluar el efecto que la actual crisis de seguros de impericia ha

tenido en los médicos del Distrito de San Juan y evaluar la frecuencia de demandas reportadas por

este grupo.

�Después de obtener la aprobación del Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos, se envió por correo a todos

los médicos del Distrito de San Juan, un cuestionario sobre impericia que consistía de 15 preguntas

distribuidas en ambas caras de una hoja tamaño carta 8.5 x 11”. Estimamos que contestar las 15

preguntas tomaba aproximadamente de 3 a 4 minutos. Una vez completado el cuestionario se

solicitó que lo devolvieran por correo o fax a la sede del Colegio de Médicos.

�El cuestionario solicitaba datos demográficos básicos, especialidad, compañía aseguradora que

usa, prima anual que paga, si tiene cubierta en exceso, si se siente afectado por la actual crisis, los

cambios que ha hecho, si lo han demandado en los últimos 10 años, si la cantidad fue mayor a la

cubierta y si el pago fue por encima de la cubierta. �Toda la información recopilada se analizó

utilizando el programa computarizado SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).

�Se recibieron un total de 432 cuestionarios contestados por los médicos de San Juan. Dado que

esta región tiene 3,558 médicos en el mailing, estimamos que respondieron 12% del grupo total.

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�La edad media del grupo que contestó fue de 51 años con una desviación estándar de ±13 años.

El 72% del grupo son hombres, o sea la mayoría. Solo 28% de este grupo está formado por mujeres.

�En promedio los médicos que participaron tienen 21 años de práctica en su profesión y 86% son

especialistas. �Se le pidió a los especialistas de alto riesgo que identificaran su especialidad. Como

pueden notar en la tabla, las especialidades de alto riesgo fueron representadas con los siguientes por

cientos: anestesia=3%, cirugía=12%, ob/gyn=8%, ortopedia=4%. Otras especialidades son 59% o la

mayoría del grupo. Se identificó como generalista solo el 14% de los médicos.

�La aseguradora principal es SIMED, siendo la compañía que cubre a 82% de todos los médicos

en San Juan. Triple S le brinda cubierta a solo 12% del grupo. La prima promedio es de $4,954

anuales, pero deben notar que la desviación estándar es muy alta, indicando que hay una variación

muy grande. Las primas van desde valores mínimos de $900 anuales para generalistas, a valores

máximos de $48,000 anuales para ortopedas. �Dado que SIMED es la principal aseguradora, no

nos sorprende que 91% de los médicos tienen cubiertas de 100,000-300,000, que es lo que ofrece esa

compañía. Bajo “otras cubiertas” básicamente se clasificaron los médicos que trabajan para el

gobierno o la Universidad de Puerto Rico. Ellos no tienen póliza de seguros, pero el gobierno o la

Universidad cubren el riesgo. Dicha responsabilidad está sujeta a lo dispuesto en la LEY # 98, la

cual fija límites de responsabilidad del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico a $75,000 por daños

sufridos por una persona y hasta $150,000 cuando los daños y perjuicios se le causan a más de una

persona, o cuando sean varias las causas de acción a que tenga derecho un solo perjudicado.

�Las cubiertas de exceso o “umbrellas” que permiten al médico cubrir cantidades sobre el límite

que le ofrece SIMED, son compradas por una pequeña cantidad del grupo, 11%. Deben notar que la

mayoría del grupo, 89%, no tiene cubierta de exceso. Esta cubierta usualmente es por un millón-tres

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millones y la prima promedio es $4,399, la cual se paga en adición a la prima de cubierta básica de

SIMED o Triple S.

�El 81% de los médicos indicaron que la crisis de seguros de impericia ha afectado su práctica.

�El 76% del grupo ha alterado su práctica médica debido a esta crisis. �Entre los cambios que los

médicos han hecho a su práctica asusta notar que 59% no atiende emergencias y 72% no acepta tratar

pacientes de alto riesgo. Deben notar que si sumamos las alternativas que significan la pérdida del

profesional para Puerto Rico que son, “cerrar la oficina”, “irme a otro estado”, “retirarme”, podemos

anticipar que vamos a perder 63% de nuestros médicos. �Este hallazgo sumado a la pronosticada

escasez de médicos que la AAMC anticipa para el 2020 va ha crear un serio problema. El American

Association of Medical Colleges ha reportado a nivel nacional una disminución en el número de

estudiantes que entra a primer año de las escuelas de medicina el cual se comenzó a notar en el 1980

y ha seguido progresivamente. La población envejeciente por el contrario va en aumento y va a

necesitar una gran cantidad de cuidados médicos los cuales van a ser difíciles de obtener. �El alto

costo del riesgo de cubrir emergencias, ha resultado en que las Salas de Emergencia no tengan

cubierta para varias especialidades. Esta crisis fue recientemente reportada en el ejemplar del 29 de

enero del 2007 de la revista U.S. News and World Report. En el artículo se relata la historia de una

señora que llega con un aneurisma intracraneal a una sala de emergencia en Santa Fe y hay que

transportarla 60 millas a Alburquerque porque no hay cubierta para neurocirugía en esa ciudad,

resultando en la eventual muerte de la paciente.

�Otros cambios que los médicos están considerando para disminuir el riesgo son:

Dejar obstetricia, no ver menores, referir alto riesgo a gobierno, no ver consultas de hospital, no

hacer procedimientos y no atender abogados/jueces.

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�La situación actual de impericia médica tiene consecuencias sicológicas en un 75% de los

médicos, dado que solo 25% indicó no tener ningún problema. Los problemas sicológicos más

comunes en el grupo, fueron ansiedad e insomnio, seguidos por depresión y problemas familiares.

�En cuanto a la frecuencia de demandas, un 44% de los médicos reportaron haber sido

demandados durante los últimos 10 años. Esto indica que la magnitud del problema es significativo,

pues aproximadamente la mitad de todos los médicos en esta región van a ser demandados por lo

menos una vez en diez años. �Al evaluar las demandas por especialidades tenemos que usar dos

métodos. Primero van a notar el por ciento de los médicos que son demandados del total en esa

especialidad en nuestra muestra. Por ejemplo de 53 cirujanos que respondieron la encuesta, 38

fueron demandados, para 71% de demandas en esa especialidad. Le siguen los ortopedas y

ginecólogos, siendo estas las especialidades de alto riesgo. Por el contrario si desglosamos el total de

demandas reportadas por la totalidad del grupo, la categoría de “otras especialidades” representada

por 239 médicos del total de 432 tiene 50% de las demandas. En realidad este grupo formado

principalmente por internistas y pediatras es uno de relativo bajo riesgo (del total de ese grupo solo

38% fue demandado).

�El 79% de las demandas reportadas fueron por una cantidad mayor a la cubierta de seguro del

médico. De nuevo esto es motivo de gran preocupación para la clase médica y conlleva un alto

precio en sufrimiento y ansiedad del profesional. �Sin embargo, todavía nuestras cortes tienen

aparentemente cierta restricción en las compensaciones que otorgan, pues solo 28% de los médicos

demandados por cantidades sobre su cubierta, se vieron en la necesidad de pagar esas cantidades.

�En conclusión, la actual crisis de seguros de impericia ha afectado la práctica de 81% de los

médicos de San Juan. Entre los cambios que los médicos han hecho en sus prácticas sobresale que

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72% no aceptan tratar pacientes de alto riesgo y 59% no acepta emergencias. Lo cual recarga los

servicios médicos de gobierno que tienen que aceptar un volumen de pacientes para el cual no están

preparados. �Nuestra encuesta indica que el 44 % de los médicos de San Juan han sido demandados

en los últimos 10 años y 79% de las demandas recibidas son por cantidades mayor a la cubierta de

seguros, dejando al profesional médico a merced de la corte en cuanto a compensaciones que se

pueden volver pesadillas para el médico y su familia. Muchas gracias.

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59%

72%

17%12%

19%

32%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

No emergencias

No alto riesgo

Retirarme

IrmeCerrar

No operar

63%63%

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APPENDIX 2

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COSTOS ASOCIADOS A LA PRÁCTICA DE LA

MEDICINA EN PUERTO RICO

Informe sometido al

COLEGIO DE MÉDICOS CIRUJANOS DE PUERTO RICO

Preparado por

Julio César Quintana Díaz, Ph.D. Consultor Estadístico

agosto de 2006

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I. INTRODUCCIÓN

A finales del año 2005 el Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Puerto Rico decidió realizar un

estudio sobre los costos asociados a la práctica de la medicina en el país con el propósito de

obtener información de fuentes primarias sobre este asunto. Los hallazgos serán utilizados para

apoyar los planteamientos que haga el Colegio ante el Senado de Puerto Rico como parte de la

investigación que se está realizando sobre las tarifas que pagan los planes médicos a los

colegiados.

II. METODOLOGÍA

Como parte de este estudio se diseñó una encuesta, redactándose un cuestionario que se

aplicó experimentalmente a dos grupos pequeños de médicos para que lo evaluaran, lo

contestaran e hicieran las recomendaciones de cambios que consideraran pertinentes.

La metodología que se utilizó para preparar este estudio se describe a continuación:

1. Diseño del cuestionario y aplicación a dos grupos-piloto para que lo evaluaran y

sometieran las recomendaciones que consideraran pertinentes para mejorarlo.

2. Diseño de un esquema de muestreo, donde se determinó que para una población de

aproximadamente 10,000 colegiados se tomaría una muestra estrictamente

aleatoria de 3,000 porque la tasa de respuesta a cuestionarios enviados por correo

en Puerto Rico es muy baja. Si las 3,000 personas hubieran respondido a la

encuesta, el margen máximo de error en la estimación de las proporciones hubiera

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sido de 1.5%. El número de colegiados que respondieron a la encuesta fue de 563,

lo que representa una tasa de respuesta de 18.8%, que es comparativamente alta en

Puerto Rico para cuestionarios enviados por correo, por lo que el margen máximo

de error en los estimados de proporciones obtenidos en este estudio es de 3.7%. La

fórmula que se utilizó para estos cálculos es la siguiente: / 2

ˆ ˆ

1

pq N nZ

n Nαε

− = ⋅ −

donde ε es el error en estimación, / 2Zα es el coeficiente de confiabilidad, n es el

tamaño de la muestra, N es el tamaño de la población y el producto ˆ ˆpq se hizo

igual a 0.25, porque éste es el valor máximo que puede tomar dicha expresión.

Debe hacerse hincapié en que el Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos realizó varios

esfuerzos para incrementar la tasa de respuesta original, que originalmente había

sido del 14.2%. Entre éstos se puede mencionar: a) el color del cuestionario

distinto del blanco tradicional; b) envío de dos tarjetas de recordatorio. La primera

enviada a las dos primeras semanas luego de enviar el cuestionario y la segunda a

la tercera semana; y c) al mes se envió nuevamente el cuestionario con una carta

exhortando a los miembros a contestarlo.

3. La selección de la muestra se hizo estratificada por especialidad y se envió por

correo el cuestionario a los colegiados.

4. Se creó una base de datos en EXCEL con la información recibida, la cual fue

procesada utilizando el software estadístico MINITAB.

5. Los procedimientos estadísticos que se le aplicaron a los datos dependió de la

naturaleza de los mismos. A las variables categóricas se les aplicó distribución de

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frecuencias y análisis de tablas cruzadas. A las variables numéricas se les aplicó el

cálculo de estadísticas descriptivas tales como el promedio, la mediana, el primer

cuartil , el tercer cuartil, el valor mínimo y el valor máximo, y la desviación

estándar. Estas estadísticas se calcularon también segmentadas por variables

categóricas. Además, se prepararon gráficas de diagramas de sectores circulares

para las variables categóricas y “boxplots” e histogramas para las variables

numéricas.

6. La parte más importante del estudio estadístico fue la aplicación de

procedimientos de inferencia estadística para hallar intervalos de confianza para

los parámetros de la población de colegiados a partir de los estimados hallados en

la muestra, tales como costo total anual promedio de la práctica de la medicina en

Puerto Rico, costo total inicial promedio de establecer una oficina médica en

Puerto Rico, proporción de colegiados que trabajan por cuenta propia, etc. Las

fórmulas que se utilizaron para obtener estos intervalos de confianza son las

siguientes: a) para proporciones:

/ 2 / 2

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆˆ ˆpq N n pq N np z p p z

n N n Nα α

− −− ⋅ < < + ⋅ y para

promedios2 2

/ 2 / 2X Xs N n s N n

z zn N n N

α αµ

− −− ⋅ < < + ⋅ .

III. HALLAZGOS

a. PERFIL DEL COLEGIADO EN LA MUESTRA

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i. Distribución por género TABLA 1

GÉNERO POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS

MASCULINO 70.11

FEMENINO 29.89

Total 100.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Porcentaje

MASCULINO FEMENINO

Distribución de colegiados, por género

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ii. Práctica con el Modelo de la Reforma

TABLA 2 PRÁCTICA CON EL

MODELO DE LA

REFORMA

POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS

SÍ 48.15

NO 50.18

No respuesta 1.67

Total 100.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Por ciento

colegiados

SÍ NO No respuesta

Práctica médica con el modelo de la Reforma

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iii. Tipo de práctica con el Modelo de la Reforma

TABLA 3 TIPO DE PRÁCTICA

CON EL MODELO

DE LA REFORMA

POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS

Generalista 35.74

Especialista 63.61

No respuesta 0.66

Total 100.0

Tipo de práctica con la Reforma

36%

63%

1%

Generalista

Especialista

No respuesta

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iv. Área geográfica donde realiza la práctica

TABLA 4 ÁREA

GEOGRÁFICA

POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS

Urbana 83.08

Rural 9.13

Ambas 7.79

Total 100.0

Area geográfica de servicio

83%

9% 8%

Urbana

Rural

Ambas

LA INFORMACIÓN QUE SE PRESENTA EN LAS TABLAS DE LA 5 A LA 16 SE REFIERE A LA SUB-MUESTRA DE COLEGIADOS QUE TIENEN PRACTICA PRIVADA NO ASALARIADA O SE DEDICAN A LA ACADEMIA O A LA INVESTIGACIÓN

v. Práctica en grupo

TABLA 5 ¿TIENE PRÁCTICA

EN GRUPO?

POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS

SÍ 12.92

NO 65.12

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No aplica 21.95

Total 100.0

¿Tiene Práctica en Grupo?

13%

65%

22%

NO

No aplica

vi. Compartir oficina

TABLA 6 ¿COMPARTE OFICINA?

POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

SÍ 25.83

NO 52.76

No aplica 21.4

Total 100.0

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60

NO

No aplica

¿Comparte Oficina?

vii. Empleado vs. Trabaja por cuenta propia

TABLA 7 ¿ES EMPLEADO O TRABAJA POR

CUENTA PROPIA?

POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

Por cuenta propia 63.22

Empleado 14.60

Ambas 4.07

No aplica 18.11

Total 100.0

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Porcentaje de colegiados

Por cuenta propia

Empleado

Ambas

No aplica

¿Trabaja por cuenta propia o es empleado?

viii. Tipo de remuneración

TABLA 8 TIPO DE

REMUNERACIÓN POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

Salario 17.34

Otro tipo 3.87

Salario y otro tipo 2.03

No aplica 76.75

Total 100.0

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ix. Estructura legal de la práctica

TABLA 9 ESTRUCTURA LEGAL POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS Corporación con fines de lucro 10.52 Corporación sin fines de lucro 5.17

Sociedad especial (de gastos o similar)

7.93

Corporación de servicios profesionales

22.51

Corporación con fines de lucro y corporación sin fines de lucro

0.18

Corporación con fines de lucro y sociedad especial

0.18

Corporación con fines de lucro y corporación de servicios

profesionales

1.66

Corporación sin fines de lucro y corporación de servicios

profesionales

0.37

No aplica

51.47

Total

100.0

x. Estructura operacional de la práctica

1. IPA

TABLA 10 PRÁCTICA EN IPA POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS SÍ 17.82

NO 82.18

Total 100.0

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2. Clínica multidisciplinaria

TABLA 11 PRÁCTICA EN

CLÍNICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA

POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

SÍ 4.41

NO 95.59

Total 100.0

3. Grupo médico no IPA

TABLA 12 PRÁCTICA EN

GRUPO MÉDICO NO IPA

POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

SÍ 4.21

NO 95.79

Total 100.0

4. En facilidades de salud (CDT, Hospital)

TABLA 13 PRÁCTICA EN

FACILIDADES DE SALUD

POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

SÍ 11.11

NO 88.89

Total 100.0

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5. En sala de emergencia

TABLA 14 PRÁCTICA EN SALA DE EMERGENCIA

POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

SÍ 9.39

NO 90.61

Total 100.0

6. En oficina privada

TABLA 15 PRÁCTICA EN

OFICINA PRIVADA POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

SÍ 69.35

NO 30.65

Total 100.0

¿Es su práctica en oficina privada?

69%

31%

NO

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7. Práctica en otros lugares

TABLA 16 PRÁCTICA EN

OTROS LUGARES POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

SÍ 17.82

NO 82.18

Total 100.0

xi. Estadísticas relacionadas con la edad del colegiado en la muestra TABLA 17

ESTADÍSTICA EDAD

Mínima 27

Cuartil Primero 38.75

Mediana 47

Promedio 47.78

Cuartil Tercero 55

Máxima 73

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xii. Distribución porcentual de los colegiados por grupo de edad TABLA 18

EDAD

(EN AÑOS)

PORCENTAJE DE

COLEGIADOS

PORCENTAJE

ACUMULADO

De 27 a 30 3.11 3.11

De 31 a 40 25.29 28.40

De 41 a 50 32.88 61.28

De 51 a 60 25.49 86.77

De 61 a 70 10.90 97.67

De 71 a 73 2.33 100.0

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Porcentaje de Colegiados, por Grupo de Edad

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

27-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-73

Edad (en años)

Porcentaje

xiii. Tiempo en que espera retirarse de la práctica

TABLA 19 TIEMPO PARA RETIRARSE

POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

POR CIENTO ACUMULADO

0 años 5.35 5.35 De 1-5 años 15.12 20.47

De 6-10 años 16.79 37.26

De 11-15 años 18.08 55.34

De 16-25 años 22.88 78.22

De 26-30 años 16.97 95.19

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No contestaron 4.81 100.00

Total 100.0

Porcentaje de colegiados, por tiempo

para jubilarse

5%

15%

17%

18%

23%

17%

5%

0 años

De 1-5 años

De 6-10 años

De 11-15 años

De 16-25 años

De 26-30 años

No contestaron

xiv. Posibilidad de emigrar

TABLA 20 ¿HA CONSIDERADO

EMIGRAR?

POR CIENTO DE

COLEGIADOS

SÍ 38.75

NO 55.53

No respuesta 5.53

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Total 100.0

Porcentaje de colegiados, por opinión sobre si emigrarían o

no

39%

55%

6%

NO

No respuesta

xv. Resumen estadístico del Número de años de práctica TABLA 21

ESTADÍSTICA ESTIMADO

(EN AÑOS)

Mínimo 0

Cuartil Primero 5

Mediana 14

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Promedio 15.19

Cuartil Tercero 24

Máximo 54

xvi. Estadísticas del porcentaje de horas/sem que los colegiados dedican a las distintas prácticas médicas

TABLA 22

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ESTADÍSTICAS DE LOS PORCENTAJES DE TIEMPO

(% DE HRS/SEM)

TIPO DE

PRÁCTICA

Mínimo Cuartil

Primero

Mediana Promedio Cuartil

Tercero

Máximo Desv.

Estándar

1. Oficina

privada

0 0 48.39 46.02 80.00 100 37.01

2. Reforma

0 0 0 12.53 20.31 100 22.90

3. Empleado

gubernamental

0 0 0 6.07 0 100 21.32

4. Empleado no

gubernamental

0 0 0 5.83 0 100 20.20

5. Academia

0 0 0 4.06 0 100 15.08

6. Visitas y Consultas en Hospitales

0 0 0 15.19 20.00 100 27.51

7. Servicios en

otros lugares

0 0 0 9.56 0.79 100 23.38

xvii. Resumen estadístico del número de horas/sem dedicados a las distintas prácticas médicas

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TABLA 23 ESTADÍSTICAS DEL NÚMERO DE HRS/SEM, POR TIPO

DE PRÁCTICA

TIPO DE

PRÁCTICA

Mínimo Cuartil

Primero

Mediana Promedio Cuartil

Tercero

Máximo Desv.

Estándar

1. Oficina

privada

0 0 24 22.95 40 90 18.71

2. Reforma

0 0 0 8.34 10 60 15.34

3. Empleado

gubernamental

0 0 0 2.82 0 50 9.68

4. Empleado no

gubernamental

0 0 0 3.10 0 60 10.38

5. Academia

0 0 0 1.88 0 80 7.35

6. Visitas y Consultas en Hospitales

0 0 0 8.14 10 100 15.35

7. Servicios en

otros lugares

0 0 0 4.54 0 70 10.87

TOTAL

HRS/SEM

0 120 47 52.07 64 120 24.53

xviii. Distribución porcentual de los colegiados en la muestra, por

campos de especialidad más frecuentes. A continuación se presenta la distribución porcentual de los colegiados, por aquellos campos de especialidad más frecuentes. Debe hacerse notar que no se observaron en la muestra médicos en los siguientes campos: a. Hematología y oncología pediátrica b. Inmunología diagnóstica de laboratorio

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c. Inmunopatología d. Medicina nuclear e. Microbiología médica (patología) f. Nefrología pediátrica g. Neuropatología h. Oncología músculo-esqueletal i. Patología de radioisótopos j. Radiología nuclear TABLA 24

CAMPO DE ESPECIALIDAD POR CIENTO DE COLEGIADOS

1. Medicina general 24.5 2. Pediatría 10.2 3. Medicina interna 7.1 4. Medicina de familia 5.6 5. Medicina de emergencia 4.3 6. Obstetricia y ginecología 3.6 7. Medicina ocupacional y preventiva 3.5 8. Medicina preventiva general 3.1 9. Psiquiatría 3.1 10. Medicina física y de rehabilitación 2.3 11. Cardiología 2.1 12. Oftalmología 2.0 13. Cirugía general 1.7 14. Geriatría 1.7 15. Enfermedades pulmonares 1.3 16. Hematología 1.3 17. Nefrología 1.3 18. Anestesiología 1.2 19. Endocrinología 1.2 20. Salud pública 1.2 21. Enfermedades infecciosas 1.1 22. Gastroenterología 1.1 23. Neurología 1.1 24. Otorrinolaringología 1.1

Las categorías restantes mostraron 0.9% o menos de presencia en la muestra,

por lo que no se enumeran.

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xix. Resumen estadístico del tiempo (en horas/sem) que dedica el médico a las actividades que se describen en la Tabla 25

TABLA 25

ESTADÍSTICAS DEL NÚMERO DE HRS/SEM

DEDICADAS A CADA ACTIVIDAD

ACTIVIDADES

PROFESIONALES

Mínimo Cuartil

Primero

Mediana Promedio Cuartil

Tercer

o

Máximo Desv.

Estándar

1. Cuidado directo al

Paciente

0 30 40 37.03 46 106 18.64

2. Administración

0 0 0 3.94 5 95 8.57

3. Enseñanza

0 0 0 1.78 0 34 4.52

4. Investigación

0 0 0 0.38 0 40 2.71

5. Tiempo donado

0 0 0 0.57 0 40 2.52

6. Tiempo dedicado al Colegio

0 0 0 0.21 0 15 1.16

7. Tiempo en reuniones

Requeridas

0 0 0 1.76 2 40 3.40

8. TOTAL HRS/SEM

PARA ACTIVIDADES

0 37.63 45 45.86 56 117 20.72

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b. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO DE LOS COSTOS ANUALES DE OPERACIÓN ASOCIADOS A LA PRÁCTICA DE LA MEDICINA EN PUERTO RICO

i. Estadísticas de los costos totales anuales de operación asociados a la práctica de la medicina en Puerto Rico

TABLA 26

ESTADÍSTICAS COSTOS ESTIMADOS (EN $)

Mínimo 100

Primer Cuartil 26,765

Mediana 59,393

Promedio 100,890

Tercer Cuartil 114,112

Máximo 3,439,976

Desviación estándar 198,133

Desviación estándar

del promedio

9,403

n 444

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ii. Estadísticas de los costos totales anuales de operación asociados a la práctica de la medicina en Puerto Rico, segregadas por compartir vs. no compartir oficina

TABLA 27 COSTOS ESTIMADOS (EN $) ESTADÍSTICAS

No comparte oficina Comparte oficina

Mínimo 800 1,810

Cuartil Primero 36,147 41,240

Mediana 70,225 68,941

Promedio 104,517 106,550

Cuartil Tercero 116,950 153,119

Máximo 1,325,713 3,439,976

Desviación estándar 130,593 107,905

n 259 121

iii. Estadísticas de los costos totales anuales de operación

asociados a la práctica de la medicina en Puerto Rico, segregadas por trabajar por cuenta propia vs. ser empleado

TABLA 28 COSTOS ESTIMADOS (EN $) ESTADÍSTICA

S Por cta. propia Empleado Ambas No clasificado

Mínimo 1,810 325 16,725 100

Cuartil Primero 44,126 5,313 38,643 8,275

Mediana 75,304 15,446 59,551 17,475

Promedio 113,160 98,950 78,973 37,534

Cuartil Tercero 134,332 49,810 97,525 33,203

Máximo 1,325,713 3,439,976 224,786 304,445

Desv. estándar 130,204 449,985 59,492 61,484

n 315 58 18 53

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iv. Estadísticas de los costos totales anuales de operación asociados a la práctica de la medicina en Puerto Rico, segregadas por tener práctica con el modelo de la reforma vs. no tenerla

TABLA 29 COSTOS ESTIMADOS (EN $) ESTADÍSTICAS

Práctica sin Reforma Práctica con Reforma

Mínimo 100 800

Cuartil Primero 20,873 32,008

Mediana 50,192 67,116

Promedio 75,547 122,314

Cuartil Tercero 97,015 132,505

Máximo 395,660 3,439,976

Desviación estándar 78,264 262,181

n 207 229

v. Estadísticas de los costos totales anuales de operación

asociados a la práctica de la medicina en Puerto Rico, segregadas por tener práctica en grupo vs. individual

TABLA 30 COSTOS ESTIMADOS (EN $) ESTADÍSTICAS

Práctica individual Práctica en grupo

Mínimo 1,400 1,810

Cuartil Primero 38,699 36,604

Mediana 68,930 90,608

Promedio 98,163 200,115

Cuartil Tercero 117,206 179,092

Máximo 1,325,713 3,439,976

Desviación estándar 112075 465,548

n 319 58

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vi. Estadísticas de los costos totales anuales de operación asociados a la práctica de la medicina en Puerto Rico, por especialidades más comunes

TABLA 31

ESTADÍSTICAS DEL COSTO TOTAL (EN $) DE REALIZAR LA PRÁCTICA MÉDICA EN PR, POR

ESPECIALIDADES MÁS COMUNES

ESPECIALIDAD

Mínimo Cuartil

Primero

Mediana Promedio Cuartil

Tercero

Máximo Desv. Std.

1. Medicina General

100 15,840 33,697 46,865 59,511 323,990 47,096

2. Pediatría

4,230 31,761 57,463 63,748 88,531 435,165 62,768

3. Medicina Interna

27,021 53,480 77,900 95,463 111,413 300,785 65,270

4. Medicina de Familia

25,345 41,535 105,789 119,107 182,697 280,789 92,823

5. Medicina de

Emergencia

2,830 17,168 30,270 63,465 78,960 312,229 78,299

6. Obstetricia y Ginecología

20,100 77,433 123,679 157,627 210,458 535,477 124,196

7. Medicina ocupacional preventiva

325 325 88,275 68,442 116,725 116,725 60,682

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vii. Resumen de las estadísticas de los gastos iniciales (en $) al establecer una oficina para práctica médica en PR.

TABLA 32

ESTADÍSTICAS COSTOS ESTIMADOS (EN $)

Mínimo 0.00

Primer Cuartil 313.75

Mediana 14,175

Promedio 59,600

Tercer Cuartil 51,925

Máximo 2,081,597

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IV. INFERENCIAS SOBRE LA POBLACIÓN

i. Intervalos de un 95% de confianza para los promedios de los costos anuales en los que incurren los médicos en su práctica profesional, por renglón.

TABLA 33

RENGLONES St.Dev.

de X

Gasto promedio

mínimo

estimado (en $)

Gasto

Promedio

(en $)

Gasto promedio

máximo

estimado (en $)

1. Agua potable 64 421.56 547 672.44

2. Agua embotellada 14 87.56 115 142.44

3. Certificados de salud 54 28.16 134 239.84

4. Contribuciones CRIM (propiedad

mueble)

82 531.28 692 852.72

5. Contribuciones CRIM (inmueble) 60 477.40 595 712.6

6. Disposición de desechos biológicos

43 161.72 246 330.28

7. Electricidad 224 2308.96 2748 3187.04

8. Extintores 9 52.36 70 87.64

9. Gastos bancarios 194 594.76 975 1355.24

10. Imprenta 81 649.24 808 966.76

11. Certificado inspección de Bomberos 3 29.12 35 40.88

12. Libro CPT 8 75.32 91 106.68

13. Licencia de botiquín 6 22.24 34 45.76

14. Mantenimiento áreas comunes 155 919.20 1223 1526.80

15. Mantenimiento de equipos 150 803.00 1097 1391.00

16. Mantenimiento de oficina 164 1446.56 1768 2089.44

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17. Mantenimiento de computadoras 89 612.56 787 961.44

18. Materiales médicos 687 2934.48 4281 5627.52

19. Materiales de oficina 264 2055.56 2573 3090.44

20. Patentes municipales 70 644.80 782 919.20

RENGLONES St.Dev.

de X

Gasto promedio

mínimo

estimado (en $)

Gasto

Promedio

(en $)

Gasto promedio

máximo

estimado (en $)

21. Renta de oficina ( o intereses de hipoteca) 553 6615.12

7699 8782.88

22. Reparaciones menores de la oficina 92 672.68 853 1033.32

23. Otros tipos de seguro (incendio, etc.) 113 725.52 947 1168.48

24. Servicios de contabilidad 101 1420.04 1618 1815.96

25. Teléfonos 241 2015.64 2488 2960.36

26. Amortización/depreciación equipomédico 490 1203.60 2164 3124.40

27. Beeper 9 28.36 46 63.64

28. Celular 56 1017.24 1127 1236.76

29. Certificados de salud 3 22.12 28 33.88

30. Cuota de colegiación 8 284.32 300 315.68

31. Cuotas de colegios especiales 26 212.04 263 313.96

32. Cuotas de facultades médicas 23 118.92 164 209.08

33. Cursos (CPR, ACLS, PALS, etc.) 30 212.20 271 329.80

34. Educación médica continua 90 877.60 1054 1230.40

35. Gastos de convenciones, etc. 83 889.32 1052 1214.68

36. Good Standing 12 80.48 104 127.52

37. Libros y revistas profesionales 42 393.68 476 558.32

38. Narcóticos (estatal) 6 137.24 149 160.76

39. Narcóticos (federal) 8 193.32 209 224.68

40. Recertificación de licencia 8 63.32 79 94.68

41. Seguro de impericia 879 3075.16 4798 6520.84

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42. Amortización préstamo estudiantil

(o gastos estudios de medicina)

886 1936.44 3673 5409.56

43. Salarios empleados de oficina

(secretarias, conserjes, etc.)

2388 16757.52 21438 26118.48

44. Plan médico empleados de oficina 261 932.44 1444 1955.56

45. Bono de navidad empleados de oficina 136 774.44 1041 1307.56

RENGLONES St.Dev.

de X

Gasto promedio

mínimo

estimado (en $)

Gasto

Promedio

(en $)

Gasto promedio

máximo

estimado (en $)

46. Salarios profesionales de la salud

(enfermeras, terapistas, etc.)

3744 2764.76 10103 17441.24

47. Plan médico profesionales de la

Salud

107 857.28 1067 1276.72

48. Plan de retiro de empleados 395 661.80 1436 2210.20

49. Bono de navidad de profesionales

De salud

89 111.56 286 460.44

50. FSE de empleados 164 231.56 553 874.44

51. Seguro social de empleados 598 1374.92 2547 3719.08

52. Seguros de incapacidad 85 428.40 595 761.60

53. Otros tipos de seguros 128 595.12 846 1096.88

54. Servicios de facturación 246 1713.84 2196 2678.16

55. Servicios legales 113 411.52 633 854.48

56. Material médico desechable 134 589.36 852 1114.64

57. Efectos de limpieza personal

(guantes, jabones, etc.)

76 440.04 589 737.96

58. Uniformes (batas del personal) 20 194.80 234 273.20

59. Personal de seguridad (guardias) 104 0.00 157 360.84

60. Equipo de seguridad (alarmas,

cámaras, etc.)

60 142.40 260 377.60

61. Transportación (peaje, gasolina,

mantenimiento del carro, etc.)

232 2979.28 3434 3888.72

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62. Gastos de publicidad y promoción 167 922.68 1250 1577.32

63. Otros gastos 476 286.04 1219 2151.96

COSTOS TOTALES $9,403 $82,460.12 $100,890 $119,319.90

ii. Intervalos de un 95% de confianza para los promedios de los gastos iniciales en los que incurren los médicos al establecer una oficina para su práctica privada.

TABLA 34

RENGLONES St.Dev.

de X

Gasto promedio

mínimo

estimado (en $)

Gasto

Promedio

(en $)

Gasto promedio

máximo

estimado (en $)

1. Camillas de examen 180 1766.20 2119 2471.80

2. Máquinas o instrumentos especializados 8865 32,115 49,490 66,865

3. Set de diagnóstico 324 894.96 1530 2165.04

4. Computadoras 201 2771.04 3165 3558.96

5. Impresora 50 628 726 824

6. Fotocopiadora 132 1334.28 1593 1851.72 7. Archivos 170 1834.80 2168 2501.2

8. Costos de programas de computadoras y

facturación

221 3011.84 3445 3878.16

9. Estetoscopios 29 189 246 303

10. Muebles de recepción y “counter” 242 2920.68 3395 3869.32

11. Sillas de espera en la recepción 130 1185.20 1440 1694.80

12. Escritorio, sillón, librero, mesa, sillas 168 1931.72 2261 2590.28

13. Nevera de medicamentos 21 281.84 323 364.16

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14. Nevera para uso personal en la oficina 13 255.52 281 306.48

15. Máquina de Fax 22 187.88 231 274.12

16. Grabadora de mensajes 8 108.32 124 139.68

17. Cuadro telefónico 118 922.72 1154 1385.28

18. Televisor para la recepción 16 260.64 292 323.36

19. Sillas para empleados de recepción 36 305.44 376 446.56

20. Balanza 19 262.76 300 337.24

21. Decoración de oficina 625 2177 3402 4627

RENGLONES St.Dev.

de X

Gasto promedio

mínimo

estimado (en $)

Gasto

Promedio

(en $)

Gasto promedio

máximo

estimado (en $)

22. Otros 3436 23165 29900 36635

GASTOS INICIALES TOTALES 152,048 46,102.40 59,599 73,096

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APPENDIX 3

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RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS FFOORR AADDJJUUSSTTMMEENNTTSS TTOO TTHHEE GGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHIICCAALL PPRRAACCTTIICCEE CCOOSSTT IINNDDEEXXEESS FFOORR PPUUEERRTTOO

RRIICCOO,, FFOOLLLLOOWWIINNGG TTHHEE PPRROOPPOOSSEEDD RRUULLEE PPUUBBLLIISSHHEEDD BBYY

TTHHEE CCEENNTTEERRSS FFOORR MMEEDDIICCAARREE AANNDD MMEEDDIICCAAIIDD SSEERRVVIICCEESS ((CCMMSS))

IINN TTHHEE FFEEDDEERRAALL RREEGGIISSTTEERR,, AAUUGGUUSSTT 2222,, 22000055

Presented to Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Puerto Rico

By

Alicia Rodríguez Castro, M.A. Economics Eileen V. Segarra Alméstica, Ph.D, Economics

October 3, 2006 San Juan, Puerto Rico

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I. Adjusting for the effect of legislated changes in the minimum wages for nurses

The Practice and Work component of the GPCI’s for Puerto Rico need to be

adjusted by the recent legislated increases in wages and salaries for nurses in the Island. Act No.27 of July 20, 2005, regulates Puerto Rico Nursing Professionals Minimum Wages in the private sector, with the exception of establishments with only one nurse employed, and establishes a system of administrative fines to discourage its violation. The legislated Minimum Wages, which should be adopted fully in a period not less than three years, are: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) $1,500 monthly ($8.67 hourly) Registered Nurse (RN) Associate Degree $2,000 monthly ($11.56 hourly)

College Degree (no experience) $2,350 monthly ($13.58 hourly) College Degree (Experience) $2,500 monthly ($14.45 hourly) Since the Census data used for the calculation of the current GPCI corresponds to

the 2000 Census, the effect of the legislation is not reflected in the data. The new legislation affects the calculation of two components of the GPCI, the Work and the Practice costs components.

We estimated the Work GPCI for Puerto Rico and the Employee Wage Index for the

Practical Cost GPCI using the 2000 Census PUMS for Puerto Rico and the Integrated Public Use Microdata for the US, provided by the Minnesota Population Center at the University of Minnesota.

A. Adjustment to the Practice Cost GPCI

The Employee Wages Index used in the calculation of the Practice costs GPCI includes the wages for licensed practical nurses and register nurses. We began estimating the wage index for Puerto Rico following the methodology described in “Updating the Geographic Practice Cost Index: The Practice Expense GPCI. Final Report,” Health Economics Research, Inc. May 1994 (NTIS PB94161098). Our calculations are shown in Table 1

Table 1

Median Hourly Wage ($)

Occupation US PR Clerical 11.34 7.12 Registered Nurses 20.30 8.65 Licensed Practical Nurses 12.98 6.25 Health Technicians 15.39 6.59

Weighted Average 14.56 7.31 Ratio (PR/US) 0.50

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We adjusted the hourly wage for licensed practical nurses to 8.67 (the minimum required by law) and the hourly wage for registered nurses to an hourly wage rate of 13.11. To obtain the minimum wage for all registered nurses, we estimated the weighted average of the minimum required by law for each of the three categories of register nurses defined in the law. The weight used corresponds to the percentage of register nurses in each category according to the 2000 Census PUMS data for Puerto Rico.1 The resulting minimum wage for register nurses is $13.11. The new calculations are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Median Hourly Wage

Occupation US PR Clerical 11.34 7.12 Registered Nurses 20.30 13.11 Licensed Practical Nurses 12.98 8.67 Health Technicians 15.39 6.59

Weighted Average 14.56 8.64 Index 0.593

The employee wage index increases by 0.093, after the adjustment. Given that the

employee wage index represents 39.1 percent of Practical Cost GPCI, the adjustment implies that the Practical Cost GPCI should increase by 0.036 (0.093*0.391). B. Adjustment to the Physician Work GPCI

Our estimates for the Physician Work GPCI for Puerto Rico are presented in Table

3. As shown, our estimate is very close to the proposed Work GPCI for Puerto Rico. Table 3

Medium Hourly Wage ($)

Occupation Category US PR Engineers, Surveyors and Architects 25.00 19.23 Natural Scientists and Mathematicians 20.83 14.42 Social Scientists, Social Workers and Lawyers

21.13 13.46

Teachers, Counselors and Librarians 20.83 9.09 Registered Nurses and Pharmacists 17.31 11.09 Writers, Artists and Editors 15.07 10.90

Weighted average2 20.07 12.79 Ratio (PR/US) 0.64 Quarter GPCI 0.909

1 The census data does not provide information regarding experience. Therefore, it is assumed that all nurses over the age of 25 has experienced. Since 10.99 per cent of nurses are 26 years or older, the calculation assumes that 90 percent of nurses with a BA has experience. 2 The weights were taken from “Updating the Geographic Practice Cost Index: The Physician Work GPCI” Health Economics Research, Inc., Walthen MA, May 1994, Table 3.1 page 9.

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In order to estimate the adjustment, we substituted the median wage for registered nurses and pharmacists by the weighted average of the median wage reported for pharmacist in the PUMS and the minimum wage calculated for all registered nurses, as explained in the previous section. The weights correspond to the percentage of workers in each of the two occupational categories. The new estimated median wage for the group is $13.15. As shown in Table 4, the Quarter Work GPCI increases to 0.923, after the adjustment.

Table 4

Adjusted Medium Hourly Wage

Occupation Category US PR Engineers, Surveyors and Architects 25.00 19.23 Natural Scientists and Mathematicians 20.83 14.42 Social Scientists, Social Workers and Lawyers

21.13 13.46

Teachers, Counselors and Librarians 20.83 9.09 Register Nurses and Pharmacists 17.31 13.15 Writers, Artists and Editors 15.07 10.90

Weighted average3 20.07 13.94 Ratio 0.69

Quarter GPCI 0.923

II. Adjusment for transportation costs. The calculation of the Practice Expenses GPCI assumes that equipment and

supplies costs are the same across all geographical areas. Nevertheless, Health Economic Research, Inc. estimated that transportation costs in Puerto Rico are 15 percent higher than in the Continental US.4

To estimate the percentage of equipment and supplies costs that corresponds to transportation, we divided the total value of imports for Puerto Rico by the sum freights on imports and marine insurance on imports (obtained from Puerto Rico Planning Board, “Balance of Payment 2005”). The percentage was estimated from 1996 to 2005. The average transportation cost accounts for 4.4 percent of import cost, during the 1996 – 2005 period.

The information was used to calculate a transportation cost adjustment for Puerto Rico. According to the 2003 Federal Register, equipment and supplies accounts for 33.3 percent of the Practice Expense Index. Under the assumption that 4.4 percent of that cost belongs to transportation, we estimated that transportation costs correspond to 1.5 percent of the Practice GPCI ((.333 *.044)*100). If we increase this amount by 15 percent the

3 The weights were taken from “Updating the Geographic Practice Cost Index: The Physician Work GPCI” Health Economics Research, Inc., Walthen MA, May 1994, Table 3.1 page 9. 4 “Updating the Geographic Practice Cost Index: The Practice Expense GPCI. Final Report and Appendices to Final Report” Health Economics Research, Inc. Waltham, MA, May 1994, pp. III-2-7.

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resulting transportation cost share for Puerto Rico is 1.7 percent ((0.015*1.15)*100). This implies that the transportation cost included in the Practice Expense GPCI should increase by 0.002 (0.017-0.015).

III. Adjustment for a new scheme for water utility costs.

Operational expenses for the Puerto Rico Water Authority (PRWA) increased by

273% between 1986 and 2005, while revenues only increased by 38% during the same period. As a result, in fiscal year 2005-2006, the PRWA confronted a $400 millions deficit, which prompted the Authority to implement a dramatic increase in water prices. The estimated increase in residential water cost range from a minimum of 166 percent to a maximum of 387 percent. The lowest water charge increased from $8 to $32, a 300 percent increase; which is representative of the increase for most households.

The rise in water prices represents a large increase in Puerto Rico’s utility costs relative to the US. Due to the timing, it is not reflected in the rent index currently used for the calculation of the Practice Expense GPCI. The rent index reported for Puerto Rico for 2005 is 0.631, which represents an 8.3 percent reduction from the previous index of 0.688. The Federal Register update notice for the 2006 GPCI’s does not report a new rent index.

Based on 2000 Census PUMS data for Puerto Rico, we estimated the median gross rent for a two bedroom apartment to be $284, while median monthly water cost for two bedrooms apartments was $14.17. This implies that monthly water costs represent 5 percent of gross rent. Therefore, the 300 percent increase in water costs should be applied to 5 percent of the rent index. Accordingly, the rent index should increase from 0.631 to 0.726. This number was estimated as follows:

Rent index *[1 + (rent index)(% of gross rent affected)(% increase in cost)] = 0.631 * [1 + (0.631)(0.05)(3)] = 0.726 Since the rent index represents 27.6 percent of the Practice Expense GPCI, the

increase in the PE GPCI component should be equal to the increase in the rent index multiplied by 0.276. The resulting increase in the Practice Expense GPCI component is:

0.276* [0.726 – 0.631] = 0.026

IV. Adjustment for larger increases in electricity cost Electricity costs are significantly higher in Puerto Rico than in the US. The Centre

for the New Economy reports “On average, the Puerto Rican average customer paid 12.61 cents per kWh in 2003, which equals 169.9 percent of the average rate of 7.42 cents per kWh paid by the average customer in the United States”.5 In addition, electricity costs have increased more rapidly in Puerto Rico than in the US. As a result, delays in the 5 “Reestructuring the Puerto Rican Electricity Sector”, Sergio M Marxuach, Center for the New Economy, August 22, 2005.

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updating of the GPCI data are more critical for Puerto Rico. For this reason, we propose an adjustment to the rental index to account for larger increases in electricity cost.

In order to take into consideration differences in energy cost between Puerto Rico and the United States, we obtained the historical data (2000 – 2006) for the average electricity cost for residential consumers for both locations. Since the FMR were adjusted in 2005, we estimated the rate of change in the residential retail prices of electricity (average revenue per kWh). Data for the United States was obtained from the Energy Information Administration official publications 2006. Data for Puerto Rico was provided by PREPA (Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, October 2006). The increase between 2005 and 2006, was 24 percent for Puerto Rico and 12 percent for the US.

Table 5

Average Cost per kWh (¢/kWh)

Fiscal Year Puerto Rico US 1999-00 9.92 8.24 2000-01 11.76 8.63 2001-02 10.50 8.46 2002-03 11.92 8.70 2003-04 12.24 8.97 2004-05 14.34 9.08 2005-06 17.72 10.15

Percentage Change 24% 12%

We adjusted the rent index to account for the 12 percent difference in the increase

in electricity costs. According to 2000 Census PUMS data for Puerto Rico, median monthly electricity cost for two bedrooms apartments was $30, which represent 10.6 percent of the median gross rent. This implies that the 12 percent adjustment should apply to 10.6 percent of the rent index. The rent index should be increased by:

(rent index)(% affected by the increase)(% Increase in cost) =0.631*0.106*0.12= 0.008 Since the rent index represents 27.6 percent of the Practice Expense GPCI, the

increased in the PE GPCI component should be equal to the increase in the rent index multiplied by 0.276. The resulting increase in the Practice Expense GPCI component is:

0.276* [0.008] = 0.002

V. Total Adjustments suggested for the GPCI Components: Work GPCI

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Proposed Work GPCI 0.906 Nurse Wages Adjustment 0.018 Our suggested Work GPCI for PR 0.924 Practice Expense GPCI Proposed PE GPCI 0.699 Adjustments Nurse Wages 0.034 Transportation Cost 0.002 Water Cost 0.026 Electricity Cost 0.002

Our suggested PE GPCI for PR 0.763

VI. Additional Comments There are other critiques that given the time limitation to meet the deadline and the

difficulty in obtaining the data, we have not been able to quantify. Nevertheless, they should be mentioned and take into consideration in future reviews to the Puerto Rican GPCI’s.

First, we have not been able to obtain comparable insurances rate for Puerto Rico

and the US to evaluated how adequate is the malpractice GPCI component for Puerto Rico. There are two issues that should be addressed. Although it is mandatory, the insurance coverage in Puerto Rico is more limited (from $100,000 to $300,000) than the 1 million to 3 million coverage offered in the US. Therefore any comparison between Puerto Rico and the US should be adjusted and such adjustment should be carefully evaluated. In addition, the growth rate of premiums in Puerto Rico should be compared to those of the US.

Second, The composition of professions that are taken into consideration to

calculate the Work GPCI should be reevaluated. Professionals such as teachers and nurses earn a lot less that doctors, and this is especially true in Puerto Rico.

Another concerned is whether or not the Fair Market Rents adequately incorporates

the difference in electricity cost between Puerto Rico and the US. In fact, medium monthly electricity cost reported in the PUMS is much lower for Puerto Rico than for the US, even though the average unit rate in Puerto Rico is 70 percent higher than the US average rate.

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Finally, price inflation has been higher in Puerto Rico (a double digit rate of inflation for the overall economy) than in the US. Therefore, the fact that most GPCI components are not regularly updated, have a negative impact on Puerto Rico’s GPCI components. The following graph presents the historical trend for the 1984-2003 period of the Consumer Price Indexes for All Families, Medical Care and for the Health Plan premiums in Puerto Rico. It can be observed that medical care CPI has been continuously increasing at a higher rate than de overall CPI. Thus, we can state that costs for the medical profession have been increasing at a higher rate than other components of the economy, leading us to recommend a revision of the GPCI’s that incorporates inflation differentials between Puerto Rico and the United States.

As suggested by the General Accounting Office,6 with the data from the American

Community Survey the GPCI estimations can be updated more often. In fact, from 2005 on the Community Survey is also available for Puerto Rico.

6 “Medicare Physician Fees: Geographic Adjustment Indices are Valid in Design, but Data and Meteds Need Refinement”, General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Committees, GAO-05-119, March 2005