pn-aa -t91 - united states agency for international …pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaak191.pdfpn-aa -t91...
TRANSCRIPT
PN-AA -t91
PROBLEMS AND RECENT ADVANCES INTHE I)EVELOPMENT OF RODENTICIlES
PETER ISAVARIE Denver Wildlife Research Center US Fish aad Wildlife Service
Denver Colorado 80225 USA
Key words Small nannials rodeuticide development rodents
AIISTRACT
ljr1 hI rrltllirI Ilivillt t(1 It vl rrtp1 irrrri 11 fr Irf tiIIrI rlilllrr liet Ul l(Ii tll
t [)~i( e
01 iilllatiorn andt itic iieed to slfr1 )ly Viliiiitilrri rl1itaiI liMli rr jifll rer itll i rrin ( it iallCo lffrrarliCs have CMr rlrtrattIl tlir rarchl elIt o 11rll 11j i y tLrtrrrritim-1int riricrtsprim arrily tie Norway rat and ou uis c uii t here is t atr chli cc (i m alin a profit fromr these chenicals than from tirirsc oevcl iclrprfor lisc t rmdenti tu t dlamir tr cithtral trrifs Per haps the greatest stimulus for the develuproen t 01 rtd errticides was tI iru t ahil try tire iIiscoveryGreat Britain and tie United Statc oif rats tlrat are resistant to lrf rin R ICleiridti SUci I callishyferril (vitamin D) RI1-787 difenacouin brudifacouni arid Ihimiradilonc eie C leveh)ped at lest inpart because of their demonstiated effectiveness against articapilinrnt rIsisktait ra tu and IlliCe Sjrine1965 an improved red squill preparation nlorlilC hiave 5ahlrirttdneither Ias passed government rerci ient fim e
butarid 110 ITCII is rudrinticidus rctivefirs
INTRODUCTION
Pesticides in the United Statcs are regulated by the Federal InsUctiLide Fugicidcand Rodenticide Act (tI-RA) admittistcred by the Luvirume il Pri)tection Agency(FPA) This Act is very comprehensive and imposes stringent test ilclinstin lhe Iashynufacturers of pesticides All chemicals for pesticide appliatin xicants futnigantschettuosterilants nd reellents - are included and li actie itirediet ofa iCsticilC is defined as am substance or mixtures therof that will prerrit dstrrry itrpcl or
187
041CWV i i 1 c 1i by (lie Act fi r Ies t iI ofC CSi MIicentl 101 Sal 01V to iio kirget doillestic sp i c
a44aj 4445
y +pc ifed tes le ille s are pw ioc
Si nci ev 1w e IR an Incl c tts ithavebee il e ntd esearch
44~ 4
exp t t4 i
leih os hif d ll i lm mat i nder esearch ps necssaryIm ro e tcd h sim lla s ls o iliclisilluc low e flu tha
Gide llaife 6n ti )f r i es cticides or herbicides In tl
4 4
4 led ta III avera l l0 w ser s Im 44 n u4l4444 4 46rl
44l f etcdhsiceie o wo ieyasi h 196 to seve ( 10 year
OfF LCIni~ittCS Ollre in nagtseis scm ae wit th oraohs ptisf~
4h
i
()n t0 0 o ne n 6 0trn uin ret al n90 Tdatity o hf poeticides iu
[ l lo just i doei llil ofaid llc D p ni goilf t~i ~aiened ai penHid (lec ssVld lpnii ma ac 00 0 Th timeiq uirstIbd registra -ll
litoric fll p t l)devlo det (Wr iz( ticot asep eded by empiticfrmt s fli c reenint iehsis ueis chian ora l s in ar eedintgetud iestNo inmajor St i s iali s l3p a sicto iological teoshma e or tuico g c a fet
adcIhaaeo cined]icid e o p ee nt o ainlturem the ha aebeen valosutdcs
snc 5e ini hila st diyiie ntos t hievelbpcn imlemi lt od re crshyo flc ipest IspSieC tare loarmajor markcerntd istru isn 300
prohlemsdL fhtimss oei roal pnw I t(i idN rwavat thnabualyp e r odntAb 1 97)o stracpnestd oicipobes aredtyopdb pallys thaxCnterewhekn a rofintdf eeo pe r foh hescnatsinr aplie aan sspcesuha
aigino i idtatnoiMici- pniti u ry o r iitici d ho Since fil I i b Issbeen inmostuse c ticidedtrohid the lit s e the coand of a ve ll chcmiampiI utliine arketinotcenial it an fr
haiadouto man in nonta e speie if000 ism ise d When r90as hetnt etiidesfmustwee dscve re ine t rti n (oylepasit 1s0n t dse Untcd l htater nI~ 96dKaitW Sine1i972d) ae antsverae mad toar eplvol itiwi tho therO00rodeniiccs Il r acinpwtiisho h raxtsfyepsiant to w iuliitiwire alo resin tig o the r comnmdiwofl iupedlI[ ico mstsuhm ind ionend ithayio nand~pch 400 00 h etime rui d or7r2)st aspoetiestsice h1s65mcre hiisdf o tosto a avee enhd 9 tevelopeo 0eigs
todans Iy 1v asqu rodtci cil p o eties Unletpiiy of or tersenly scvi te t0extrI inbe olie Iail)n stues condutdadev elpiiDevrWosteseerh etr D R )IIlls itfic lyi ic dvlpiciof rodmlsh ent i ces htoas e iveo nnm pirical 1tos
oftereainsidcteithe chemical struturand activityofterodenticides TieApedx2
Iflerous pest~ ~htaco ~ BioroSpecisjr ocr e ausofP~unlivca drbtion 98and1
SSESSMIEN] OF CHIEMIC LS
[led Squill
AIlhoughl reil squiill ik Probab~ h1 0 ofh s rotctticitle ised tidilv altijt to iiICriaad it ecf veri awr still being pursuied ~lhsla 0yco-sidl is the uIne ingiedient of red sitnl11 1 ivp~iratioui ot reid 51(iii knownuii stabilized sc diiw~~ide Was
sonill laholiNity IiCIOl C~dinc test to be 1110 eL-TCCtivi Jj ainmt wilil Norway rat than t ie oIer proiuct knovin is fortiied rod jCquihl (Maddock and School 1970) in those leedingr te~sls tie stahilied preparationl kuIcd oOl peiccel ofthde lci ralt (211()
ma11lt0 icinllaIs) wilcca flit fli tilet p(illi1(i lollion(ue Nh andii~Sohiwoi also rcpoited flat cxccA~ Wi btaCIea Ooiu in 17 12(0 pilnise( daIjog furms chicken raniichu) ticaucd vii hail eiuut1Iiin ((1 IS pticent slahilied sculirosile ictivc
USing1 filie [A li ratoiv tcst p~oiocol (no prehaiting paiicd-pieterencc) fill aentc rodeaxicideseeci at lie il(MVP iiei~ -eo percent nliriiiy iii Noiva raits (010 nr i 5i10 loIales CXISL( 1)dbauo i iuu (A S cI iii i saiiet111 cillirosidtc 1fM iwc a we prebanledh lieui I io ii I~uiuth11len itleicd flueiii( IS pert cut iiltelie s Wvslil ti0ccbiit wit mi S0a1c 0ifI l thillkroLiit(08 males 0 females) ito ihic cxii ielceIVo detdusi f Illn ii ihatcn i obtainled withdilteieit icst pu()(dJreS ifI i107UJiaily ITA il10C HWItCoan ize tile vali di t 0p)icbaill- teIu aS 11ro11 01 citii3aiid (ie thili(c Oll ikilit poWkR las hlot
Liregistered iithe hnited Si
Norboitie which ksie lo~ic it) i (l6si t oiki cf 1i lNo4) wa5 dis cnvcrcd1 ttmni uitiac ptdiiuiae io-celn dVSijlCd too dICeClletui-1LIufluishymatcry nd anit-ppeti1tc dru Or ii iiii-nan chiide itcdjciuic It ietulte tOXiCity 0 othe-r animals s1IChi111g niaCA Ind Chiecr is iealer iluni 1 (t00 mgkg Toxic cff ts of norbonnid- are waiuiested N anl intieiise pci inueral vw1uscoiuerict ion that
uuhinvolvs i1seliuia of vital organs and it[ unitely dthal socoiisfricton does riot occurl ill resistant allnal It was iioidiiced wsith hielaiii fr coniiii llitugwid 14orway- ii S bait field investitatioi indicateJ aicehtailce problem pariitciilauhy in roof rats (M~add]OCk il1 SlCoC1f i A)7)
Ini ttznipts to ieeieits awccptability uoloroide was iiroenecapsulated (Cornsell IWO7) ThooreticllY rats inuihi COPSUMin in10re of an1euiLapSnile proshyduct and hecnce mcriality shOnlid he iCIcaseSd ll~u(iiiuiwehl di riot observe this etek 11ithiogh mlole (d the bait tmiiiiu One jitieeiii Iiicmuck pm~e iihmlshynicde eonsiiid iltiuutil y VIS 1)(i iticiVIS1 01WriWTIi til 1h~sihSJ11i nlay hCta
flipe~titoii (4 th euliiu wvall usi ISiiiICVeitiuili aIIJ1tiu1iof (ddu11aliiitu of uniooIn it oa
ha1t(ls ihl hotiiiili iai1 )iic is thie ciI~e naticil i lahia 1) loweer Iceding ieis kihi teiji iciuliuminuc iitll iuildki t il
Ill uiie Ii cl$ tests Ilk I tiuiii [liiiirlcicpiiliLamp [I()[
oiP pLxcill active e o l)iioid Ill I Ii mi ulpsi1t
mIlt hult C(ii un I iCee iitiulitii~Iors niriahis i it ohiauiu(i Ckable 2) The
ItvclcuDue pluult ititNoliticidei 1I
i i r X
- --
1lill ~ihallL IIIII)[HIll dL7S (l Im i illtilCe Illollalit
2 tJ i 1
~~~ i5
~RtIL
Y bi)]e I -tit voral toxicity of ilicro -rcalpsu llated
()rim nl tIntc - 1-( N o
Nway m (75-4 1
khChl V AC(675-1 1
Riccikhl 67 01
nor orlirride il rals
C )15 co nfid enict]li i s)1A)(tt
12S(3-25)
210 (125-15)
35 4 f 184-6)
D l lc2 td inlet rI w ith nicr nci cajsulted n h rm ide ill rats
S t
i2
idN irwaiv
ic beI
Ricctii1 14
)CL
I
I
ot N o )
A ( 75-1 I
AC (175-4 1
0176- 101
I 1)50s C0tl mllled
t03
226d
S-
M ( rta litv
45
315
e 1 1) SUjSC(ijurCd for Ivt0 iatSt1hit ScrviCd 440
thriel to Iatdied 8 average LD consurned for
~~~p~
V 7
Ii ~
I A
i~ tco t+iii- fWictitc r1 Cil idC NIK 155(1 a is tcovcrcd by Japanese workers il m t r inhIMhi a dkii iti (ITok itnjt il al 1973) ( ial dose of
K 1 01 lit L Il it ill mIi lti I Ii n to IlliLc ou rsald death wilhill15 tc Ic t i t I-iln tt VitI cnt -five hait w e lc leccted ii wild Norway 1111ili I 1i ittil -) ittihIv lwc Ad t~ti t I e ditj wa i(te d ill su bllshy
i)lcd imt Ni gt I r y cllc ivc aiint N mw raland iel voles illfield
Iv9)0 Bito pcc Publcaton No 12 1980
Ini laboratoryj free-choice feeding tests 1t D)WlR (Table 3) cIItimp1on wis low and probably ruflected the development of sublethal symptoins Survivors ate only negshyligible amiounts of treated bath on subsequent test dalys Four lPlyl)101 10IS oil III)lC and three females) did not eat the treaIted hail
Table 3 Results of the free-choice feeding of rats with 2 NK-15561
S
~~~i3-
3Commn ~narne Sex Formi bait
of Moirtality
Treated hail
ea ten ) Mean (range)
Chemical consumed tugkg
Mean~ (ranIge) Bfy dead Bly survivors
_______
Wild Norway M G 55 06(0309) 32(13-65) ---
F G 35 04(01-07) 30(20-51) 32)(559)
~Ricefield
LF
M G
G
45
35
04(0111)
04(01-08)
41(8-83)
47(2282)
17(---)
31(656) Polynesian M I G 13 02(0005) 47 - 65(0 131)
33 F Cgt 1 01(0002)3 5Y( 28(0-74)
Wild Norway N1 0 55 2J309-48) 114(42-294)
1F 0 15 10(01-22) 133( ) 47(9-78)
Gramules (G) are the coinmercial produict obtained 907oalimeul 5glycerol and 5lAlcolec S
froin t im uuacturcrIj oatmeal (0)
Pliosacetin
It is rather surprising that of (lie thou sands of orgmanophosphlorus chemicals that have been synthesized only one phosacetim) (Gophacide) lvas ever been evaluated as a practical rodenticide It is anl acectylcholinestcrase inhiblitor that is slowly activated ini iho but not in iro (Diubois cI al 1907) The usually kast onstct of ictuion of ia
3nophosphiatcs probably precludcs the ingestion of ei~tih I)ot to CLuiuole110ity4 hiovw ever the poisonirng symptoms associated with phlos Icctill apparently develop slowly enabling rodents to consume lethal (loses Thetre is awide varldtion ill its icute toxicity to animials Lethal doses rallgCd from Ilive to 75 mgkg iln sevial iwIliuad s uch Ispockel gophers Norway rats deer mnice and jackrabbits (Richens 1967 Thompson 1972) Field tests have resulted in excellent control of the pocket gopher (Walrd cI tt 1967) and kangaroo rat (Schroeder 1967) Trhe susceptiiity o i)irdis to toxic dloses ranigeS
Savarie Development of Rodenticidcs 31913
33333 4 33
3 4 amp
Recndr
fiiom less thIi 2_5 mgkg in IIagpiest rae hn170iigk ndmsi hces pomi yptOms have been observed in golden eaglcs when they consumed
ciassor ihmils killed by )iosalcctinll Some iagks wce secrl wekndb tcy ill vl-ClyIlie Ioisoning sym)p onls in eagles is onc reason why thisocciuiciQ of pnI
chel~9)(lleelilck rgisr~io stttS llthe ic dSaeI contrast coyotesdisplay- im toxic Wisoned anials (ard I Wl 1967)
UIK-780 is a renmakably species-speciic toxicant For Norway rats Its acuite oralll ninmle Aillo rarts mIld maile iibmno mice is66 mlgkg and 1160 nigkg respecib
ly (Morrison (I al 1908) S i nic c al (1973) detennined thle selective toxicity of UK-780 to Norwmy rits by administeiing it oraully to birds (hobwvlije quilpgenrdwinie d hla khb ddi I se spar ) and 111111111111s (1hbit d(leer lo sc gerb il i ged edt
wild Nmrwy ragt ilbino rali PINIsa rat anid albino mos) nywild l bn mswrusceptubeIc sL5 inl wild Norwaiy rats was 84 mgkg in males and 89 mngkg iii femleis III Contrast thc 1-1)5 0 excede 1220 mgkg in male ricefield rats anid was34mgkg ini inile Polynesian rats Thle I o a~ll birds were greaiter than 100 mngkg
and nsrually greater thtan 50 mgkg IThe acccptme of UK 786 ) as determined in rats byoffering ha it withioncentraitions of 0 25~ to 20 peLrcent No mortailities occurred inPolynesianl and nielueld iits Although acceptalidd lowwaus 80 percent mnortaility wais reshycoided with thed two percent bait in wild Norway uJiIS 1Tle Supphdri~l ol UK-786 hasinotidiiCaed I esri Ioi its furthuer Lvalat ions It prohably woIId not be economical to
v li( use against a single specis such is tile Norwvay utlC
Cak-ifurol
197311In i1puoduct contaiining calcuferol (vitanmin 1)) and warfarin was marketed)1ha rtlllll
inll ind that Could be used to formiulaute rIbait Containing 01 calciferol and 0025swai farin IIlilevels of vitannin J)) in thre diet cauise dleath from irypercalcemia and warshyra rin CauLises anticoaguilant poisoning by blocking vitamin K nietibolisni Rationale for uing he tw igrdietsw the since their mode of action ivas through (differenthless ica nchlalisins tedevelopment of resistance to either ingredient would belesBits Conl iainiuig only calciferol are toxic to rats and mice (Greaves et al 1974) and Nsuccessful field trials have been conducted with calcuferol plus warfarin against warfarin
n l 24P4NYiii iiiisN 7i resistant wvil d Norway rats (Rennison 1974) and against house mice (Rowcet aty sa id ice fie (~~~~4AIitgi 1974) i0~iiiiir~li VIfile eff -Ctivenless or ca lcuferol is a rodenticide offers the possibility that other vitamin 1) deriviltuVes such as Vit umuin D3 and its hydroxy analog lci-hydroxychiolecalciferol potenttiail modciiticides (NI kutail 19 76)
It11-787
A serues or ictc rodlenide~IS deCsignlated by COdIC as RI 1945 RII908 Rh 787whIui is 1im rwvi ispyliinmioil were described by Pc-urdon vI al (1972) and Peardonlsu (197d) I lic toxicity of thcsc Chedmicails animals isshown in ITibles four live andi~to six l111a snbnntited bly the supphier indicated thi i RII1949 wvas selectively toxic to rodlents and lelaiuvcly nIu klxic to hut ds IIscd I)]T i ndings for Norwiy rasthWCM it dlun
sR 945 u iot g) ivalableveiy toxic Acte orl LD s oade
19 iiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
2
2
~ 4
4
( i
Table 4 Acute oral toxicity of R11-945 in animals
NoIcs(Cd
lJcsex ow I)ealis or Common name NI F (mgkg) L150
Bl)l white qtail 3 I 500 0
Starling 2 2 500 0 Red-winged blackbird 2 50 0
I louse sparrow 2 5002 0
Irown-headed cowbird ) 2 500 0
)eer mouse 12 300 LI)
20 2 )0 I i)5) 16 345 ID50
Mouse albino 32 75-000 (Oia I 60 1nd
((l It0 120
Rat albino 31 15-480 03 it 15 ald o 17
at (0 27 m1 120 17
al 240 04 114WO
Rat wild Norway 9 30-120 13 all30 i and 120
120 I1)
Rat black 200 0
Rat Polynesian 200 0
Jackrabbit 4 4 147 1I)50
Ground squirrel I 62 0
Savaric Developmelnt of Roden ticides 191
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
041CWV i i 1 c 1i by (lie Act fi r Ies t iI ofC CSi MIicentl 101 Sal 01V to iio kirget doillestic sp i c
a44aj 4445
y +pc ifed tes le ille s are pw ioc
Si nci ev 1w e IR an Incl c tts ithavebee il e ntd esearch
44~ 4
exp t t4 i
leih os hif d ll i lm mat i nder esearch ps necssaryIm ro e tcd h sim lla s ls o iliclisilluc low e flu tha
Gide llaife 6n ti )f r i es cticides or herbicides In tl
4 4
4 led ta III avera l l0 w ser s Im 44 n u4l4444 4 46rl
44l f etcdhsiceie o wo ieyasi h 196 to seve ( 10 year
OfF LCIni~ittCS Ollre in nagtseis scm ae wit th oraohs ptisf~
4h
i
()n t0 0 o ne n 6 0trn uin ret al n90 Tdatity o hf poeticides iu
[ l lo just i doei llil ofaid llc D p ni goilf t~i ~aiened ai penHid (lec ssVld lpnii ma ac 00 0 Th timeiq uirstIbd registra -ll
litoric fll p t l)devlo det (Wr iz( ticot asep eded by empiticfrmt s fli c reenint iehsis ueis chian ora l s in ar eedintgetud iestNo inmajor St i s iali s l3p a sicto iological teoshma e or tuico g c a fet
adcIhaaeo cined]icid e o p ee nt o ainlturem the ha aebeen valosutdcs
snc 5e ini hila st diyiie ntos t hievelbpcn imlemi lt od re crshyo flc ipest IspSieC tare loarmajor markcerntd istru isn 300
prohlemsdL fhtimss oei roal pnw I t(i idN rwavat thnabualyp e r odntAb 1 97)o stracpnestd oicipobes aredtyopdb pallys thaxCnterewhekn a rofintdf eeo pe r foh hescnatsinr aplie aan sspcesuha
aigino i idtatnoiMici- pniti u ry o r iitici d ho Since fil I i b Issbeen inmostuse c ticidedtrohid the lit s e the coand of a ve ll chcmiampiI utliine arketinotcenial it an fr
haiadouto man in nonta e speie if000 ism ise d When r90as hetnt etiidesfmustwee dscve re ine t rti n (oylepasit 1s0n t dse Untcd l htater nI~ 96dKaitW Sine1i972d) ae antsverae mad toar eplvol itiwi tho therO00rodeniiccs Il r acinpwtiisho h raxtsfyepsiant to w iuliitiwire alo resin tig o the r comnmdiwofl iupedlI[ ico mstsuhm ind ionend ithayio nand~pch 400 00 h etime rui d or7r2)st aspoetiestsice h1s65mcre hiisdf o tosto a avee enhd 9 tevelopeo 0eigs
todans Iy 1v asqu rodtci cil p o eties Unletpiiy of or tersenly scvi te t0extrI inbe olie Iail)n stues condutdadev elpiiDevrWosteseerh etr D R )IIlls itfic lyi ic dvlpiciof rodmlsh ent i ces htoas e iveo nnm pirical 1tos
oftereainsidcteithe chemical struturand activityofterodenticides TieApedx2
Iflerous pest~ ~htaco ~ BioroSpecisjr ocr e ausofP~unlivca drbtion 98and1
SSESSMIEN] OF CHIEMIC LS
[led Squill
AIlhoughl reil squiill ik Probab~ h1 0 ofh s rotctticitle ised tidilv altijt to iiICriaad it ecf veri awr still being pursuied ~lhsla 0yco-sidl is the uIne ingiedient of red sitnl11 1 ivp~iratioui ot reid 51(iii knownuii stabilized sc diiw~~ide Was
sonill laholiNity IiCIOl C~dinc test to be 1110 eL-TCCtivi Jj ainmt wilil Norway rat than t ie oIer proiuct knovin is fortiied rod jCquihl (Maddock and School 1970) in those leedingr te~sls tie stahilied preparationl kuIcd oOl peiccel ofthde lci ralt (211()
ma11lt0 icinllaIs) wilcca flit fli tilet p(illi1(i lollion(ue Nh andii~Sohiwoi also rcpoited flat cxccA~ Wi btaCIea Ooiu in 17 12(0 pilnise( daIjog furms chicken raniichu) ticaucd vii hail eiuut1Iiin ((1 IS pticent slahilied sculirosile ictivc
USing1 filie [A li ratoiv tcst p~oiocol (no prehaiting paiicd-pieterencc) fill aentc rodeaxicideseeci at lie il(MVP iiei~ -eo percent nliriiiy iii Noiva raits (010 nr i 5i10 loIales CXISL( 1)dbauo i iuu (A S cI iii i saiiet111 cillirosidtc 1fM iwc a we prebanledh lieui I io ii I~uiuth11len itleicd flueiii( IS pert cut iiltelie s Wvslil ti0ccbiit wit mi S0a1c 0ifI l thillkroLiit(08 males 0 females) ito ihic cxii ielceIVo detdusi f Illn ii ihatcn i obtainled withdilteieit icst pu()(dJreS ifI i107UJiaily ITA il10C HWItCoan ize tile vali di t 0p)icbaill- teIu aS 11ro11 01 citii3aiid (ie thili(c Oll ikilit poWkR las hlot
Liregistered iithe hnited Si
Norboitie which ksie lo~ic it) i (l6si t oiki cf 1i lNo4) wa5 dis cnvcrcd1 ttmni uitiac ptdiiuiae io-celn dVSijlCd too dICeClletui-1LIufluishymatcry nd anit-ppeti1tc dru Or ii iiii-nan chiide itcdjciuic It ietulte tOXiCity 0 othe-r animals s1IChi111g niaCA Ind Chiecr is iealer iluni 1 (t00 mgkg Toxic cff ts of norbonnid- are waiuiested N anl intieiise pci inueral vw1uscoiuerict ion that
uuhinvolvs i1seliuia of vital organs and it[ unitely dthal socoiisfricton does riot occurl ill resistant allnal It was iioidiiced wsith hielaiii fr coniiii llitugwid 14orway- ii S bait field investitatioi indicateJ aicehtailce problem pariitciilauhy in roof rats (M~add]OCk il1 SlCoC1f i A)7)
Ini ttznipts to ieeieits awccptability uoloroide was iiroenecapsulated (Cornsell IWO7) ThooreticllY rats inuihi COPSUMin in10re of an1euiLapSnile proshyduct and hecnce mcriality shOnlid he iCIcaseSd ll~u(iiiuiwehl di riot observe this etek 11ithiogh mlole (d the bait tmiiiiu One jitieeiii Iiicmuck pm~e iihmlshynicde eonsiiid iltiuutil y VIS 1)(i iticiVIS1 01WriWTIi til 1h~sihSJ11i nlay hCta
flipe~titoii (4 th euliiu wvall usi ISiiiICVeitiuili aIIJ1tiu1iof (ddu11aliiitu of uniooIn it oa
ha1t(ls ihl hotiiiili iai1 )iic is thie ciI~e naticil i lahia 1) loweer Iceding ieis kihi teiji iciuliuminuc iitll iuildki t il
Ill uiie Ii cl$ tests Ilk I tiuiii [liiiirlcicpiiliLamp [I()[
oiP pLxcill active e o l)iioid Ill I Ii mi ulpsi1t
mIlt hult C(ii un I iCee iitiulitii~Iors niriahis i it ohiauiu(i Ckable 2) The
ItvclcuDue pluult ititNoliticidei 1I
i i r X
- --
1lill ~ihallL IIIII)[HIll dL7S (l Im i illtilCe Illollalit
2 tJ i 1
~~~ i5
~RtIL
Y bi)]e I -tit voral toxicity of ilicro -rcalpsu llated
()rim nl tIntc - 1-( N o
Nway m (75-4 1
khChl V AC(675-1 1
Riccikhl 67 01
nor orlirride il rals
C )15 co nfid enict]li i s)1A)(tt
12S(3-25)
210 (125-15)
35 4 f 184-6)
D l lc2 td inlet rI w ith nicr nci cajsulted n h rm ide ill rats
S t
i2
idN irwaiv
ic beI
Ricctii1 14
)CL
I
I
ot N o )
A ( 75-1 I
AC (175-4 1
0176- 101
I 1)50s C0tl mllled
t03
226d
S-
M ( rta litv
45
315
e 1 1) SUjSC(ijurCd for Ivt0 iatSt1hit ScrviCd 440
thriel to Iatdied 8 average LD consurned for
~~~p~
V 7
Ii ~
I A
i~ tco t+iii- fWictitc r1 Cil idC NIK 155(1 a is tcovcrcd by Japanese workers il m t r inhIMhi a dkii iti (ITok itnjt il al 1973) ( ial dose of
K 1 01 lit L Il it ill mIi lti I Ii n to IlliLc ou rsald death wilhill15 tc Ic t i t I-iln tt VitI cnt -five hait w e lc leccted ii wild Norway 1111ili I 1i ittil -) ittihIv lwc Ad t~ti t I e ditj wa i(te d ill su bllshy
i)lcd imt Ni gt I r y cllc ivc aiint N mw raland iel voles illfield
Iv9)0 Bito pcc Publcaton No 12 1980
Ini laboratoryj free-choice feeding tests 1t D)WlR (Table 3) cIItimp1on wis low and probably ruflected the development of sublethal symptoins Survivors ate only negshyligible amiounts of treated bath on subsequent test dalys Four lPlyl)101 10IS oil III)lC and three females) did not eat the treaIted hail
Table 3 Results of the free-choice feeding of rats with 2 NK-15561
S
~~~i3-
3Commn ~narne Sex Formi bait
of Moirtality
Treated hail
ea ten ) Mean (range)
Chemical consumed tugkg
Mean~ (ranIge) Bfy dead Bly survivors
_______
Wild Norway M G 55 06(0309) 32(13-65) ---
F G 35 04(01-07) 30(20-51) 32)(559)
~Ricefield
LF
M G
G
45
35
04(0111)
04(01-08)
41(8-83)
47(2282)
17(---)
31(656) Polynesian M I G 13 02(0005) 47 - 65(0 131)
33 F Cgt 1 01(0002)3 5Y( 28(0-74)
Wild Norway N1 0 55 2J309-48) 114(42-294)
1F 0 15 10(01-22) 133( ) 47(9-78)
Gramules (G) are the coinmercial produict obtained 907oalimeul 5glycerol and 5lAlcolec S
froin t im uuacturcrIj oatmeal (0)
Pliosacetin
It is rather surprising that of (lie thou sands of orgmanophosphlorus chemicals that have been synthesized only one phosacetim) (Gophacide) lvas ever been evaluated as a practical rodenticide It is anl acectylcholinestcrase inhiblitor that is slowly activated ini iho but not in iro (Diubois cI al 1907) The usually kast onstct of ictuion of ia
3nophosphiatcs probably precludcs the ingestion of ei~tih I)ot to CLuiuole110ity4 hiovw ever the poisonirng symptoms associated with phlos Icctill apparently develop slowly enabling rodents to consume lethal (loses Thetre is awide varldtion ill its icute toxicity to animials Lethal doses rallgCd from Ilive to 75 mgkg iln sevial iwIliuad s uch Ispockel gophers Norway rats deer mnice and jackrabbits (Richens 1967 Thompson 1972) Field tests have resulted in excellent control of the pocket gopher (Walrd cI tt 1967) and kangaroo rat (Schroeder 1967) Trhe susceptiiity o i)irdis to toxic dloses ranigeS
Savarie Development of Rodenticidcs 31913
33333 4 33
3 4 amp
Recndr
fiiom less thIi 2_5 mgkg in IIagpiest rae hn170iigk ndmsi hces pomi yptOms have been observed in golden eaglcs when they consumed
ciassor ihmils killed by )iosalcctinll Some iagks wce secrl wekndb tcy ill vl-ClyIlie Ioisoning sym)p onls in eagles is onc reason why thisocciuiciQ of pnI
chel~9)(lleelilck rgisr~io stttS llthe ic dSaeI contrast coyotesdisplay- im toxic Wisoned anials (ard I Wl 1967)
UIK-780 is a renmakably species-speciic toxicant For Norway rats Its acuite oralll ninmle Aillo rarts mIld maile iibmno mice is66 mlgkg and 1160 nigkg respecib
ly (Morrison (I al 1908) S i nic c al (1973) detennined thle selective toxicity of UK-780 to Norwmy rits by administeiing it oraully to birds (hobwvlije quilpgenrdwinie d hla khb ddi I se spar ) and 111111111111s (1hbit d(leer lo sc gerb il i ged edt
wild Nmrwy ragt ilbino rali PINIsa rat anid albino mos) nywild l bn mswrusceptubeIc sL5 inl wild Norwaiy rats was 84 mgkg in males and 89 mngkg iii femleis III Contrast thc 1-1)5 0 excede 1220 mgkg in male ricefield rats anid was34mgkg ini inile Polynesian rats Thle I o a~ll birds were greaiter than 100 mngkg
and nsrually greater thtan 50 mgkg IThe acccptme of UK 786 ) as determined in rats byoffering ha it withioncentraitions of 0 25~ to 20 peLrcent No mortailities occurred inPolynesianl and nielueld iits Although acceptalidd lowwaus 80 percent mnortaility wais reshycoided with thed two percent bait in wild Norway uJiIS 1Tle Supphdri~l ol UK-786 hasinotidiiCaed I esri Ioi its furthuer Lvalat ions It prohably woIId not be economical to
v li( use against a single specis such is tile Norwvay utlC
Cak-ifurol
197311In i1puoduct contaiining calcuferol (vitanmin 1)) and warfarin was marketed)1ha rtlllll
inll ind that Could be used to formiulaute rIbait Containing 01 calciferol and 0025swai farin IIlilevels of vitannin J)) in thre diet cauise dleath from irypercalcemia and warshyra rin CauLises anticoaguilant poisoning by blocking vitamin K nietibolisni Rationale for uing he tw igrdietsw the since their mode of action ivas through (differenthless ica nchlalisins tedevelopment of resistance to either ingredient would belesBits Conl iainiuig only calciferol are toxic to rats and mice (Greaves et al 1974) and Nsuccessful field trials have been conducted with calcuferol plus warfarin against warfarin
n l 24P4NYiii iiiisN 7i resistant wvil d Norway rats (Rennison 1974) and against house mice (Rowcet aty sa id ice fie (~~~~4AIitgi 1974) i0~iiiiir~li VIfile eff -Ctivenless or ca lcuferol is a rodenticide offers the possibility that other vitamin 1) deriviltuVes such as Vit umuin D3 and its hydroxy analog lci-hydroxychiolecalciferol potenttiail modciiticides (NI kutail 19 76)
It11-787
A serues or ictc rodlenide~IS deCsignlated by COdIC as RI 1945 RII908 Rh 787whIui is 1im rwvi ispyliinmioil were described by Pc-urdon vI al (1972) and Peardonlsu (197d) I lic toxicity of thcsc Chedmicails animals isshown in ITibles four live andi~to six l111a snbnntited bly the supphier indicated thi i RII1949 wvas selectively toxic to rodlents and lelaiuvcly nIu klxic to hut ds IIscd I)]T i ndings for Norwiy rasthWCM it dlun
sR 945 u iot g) ivalableveiy toxic Acte orl LD s oade
19 iiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
2
2
~ 4
4
( i
Table 4 Acute oral toxicity of R11-945 in animals
NoIcs(Cd
lJcsex ow I)ealis or Common name NI F (mgkg) L150
Bl)l white qtail 3 I 500 0
Starling 2 2 500 0 Red-winged blackbird 2 50 0
I louse sparrow 2 5002 0
Irown-headed cowbird ) 2 500 0
)eer mouse 12 300 LI)
20 2 )0 I i)5) 16 345 ID50
Mouse albino 32 75-000 (Oia I 60 1nd
((l It0 120
Rat albino 31 15-480 03 it 15 ald o 17
at (0 27 m1 120 17
al 240 04 114WO
Rat wild Norway 9 30-120 13 all30 i and 120
120 I1)
Rat black 200 0
Rat Polynesian 200 0
Jackrabbit 4 4 147 1I)50
Ground squirrel I 62 0
Savaric Developmelnt of Roden ticides 191
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
SSESSMIEN] OF CHIEMIC LS
[led Squill
AIlhoughl reil squiill ik Probab~ h1 0 ofh s rotctticitle ised tidilv altijt to iiICriaad it ecf veri awr still being pursuied ~lhsla 0yco-sidl is the uIne ingiedient of red sitnl11 1 ivp~iratioui ot reid 51(iii knownuii stabilized sc diiw~~ide Was
sonill laholiNity IiCIOl C~dinc test to be 1110 eL-TCCtivi Jj ainmt wilil Norway rat than t ie oIer proiuct knovin is fortiied rod jCquihl (Maddock and School 1970) in those leedingr te~sls tie stahilied preparationl kuIcd oOl peiccel ofthde lci ralt (211()
ma11lt0 icinllaIs) wilcca flit fli tilet p(illi1(i lollion(ue Nh andii~Sohiwoi also rcpoited flat cxccA~ Wi btaCIea Ooiu in 17 12(0 pilnise( daIjog furms chicken raniichu) ticaucd vii hail eiuut1Iiin ((1 IS pticent slahilied sculirosile ictivc
USing1 filie [A li ratoiv tcst p~oiocol (no prehaiting paiicd-pieterencc) fill aentc rodeaxicideseeci at lie il(MVP iiei~ -eo percent nliriiiy iii Noiva raits (010 nr i 5i10 loIales CXISL( 1)dbauo i iuu (A S cI iii i saiiet111 cillirosidtc 1fM iwc a we prebanledh lieui I io ii I~uiuth11len itleicd flueiii( IS pert cut iiltelie s Wvslil ti0ccbiit wit mi S0a1c 0ifI l thillkroLiit(08 males 0 females) ito ihic cxii ielceIVo detdusi f Illn ii ihatcn i obtainled withdilteieit icst pu()(dJreS ifI i107UJiaily ITA il10C HWItCoan ize tile vali di t 0p)icbaill- teIu aS 11ro11 01 citii3aiid (ie thili(c Oll ikilit poWkR las hlot
Liregistered iithe hnited Si
Norboitie which ksie lo~ic it) i (l6si t oiki cf 1i lNo4) wa5 dis cnvcrcd1 ttmni uitiac ptdiiuiae io-celn dVSijlCd too dICeClletui-1LIufluishymatcry nd anit-ppeti1tc dru Or ii iiii-nan chiide itcdjciuic It ietulte tOXiCity 0 othe-r animals s1IChi111g niaCA Ind Chiecr is iealer iluni 1 (t00 mgkg Toxic cff ts of norbonnid- are waiuiested N anl intieiise pci inueral vw1uscoiuerict ion that
uuhinvolvs i1seliuia of vital organs and it[ unitely dthal socoiisfricton does riot occurl ill resistant allnal It was iioidiiced wsith hielaiii fr coniiii llitugwid 14orway- ii S bait field investitatioi indicateJ aicehtailce problem pariitciilauhy in roof rats (M~add]OCk il1 SlCoC1f i A)7)
Ini ttznipts to ieeieits awccptability uoloroide was iiroenecapsulated (Cornsell IWO7) ThooreticllY rats inuihi COPSUMin in10re of an1euiLapSnile proshyduct and hecnce mcriality shOnlid he iCIcaseSd ll~u(iiiuiwehl di riot observe this etek 11ithiogh mlole (d the bait tmiiiiu One jitieeiii Iiicmuck pm~e iihmlshynicde eonsiiid iltiuutil y VIS 1)(i iticiVIS1 01WriWTIi til 1h~sihSJ11i nlay hCta
flipe~titoii (4 th euliiu wvall usi ISiiiICVeitiuili aIIJ1tiu1iof (ddu11aliiitu of uniooIn it oa
ha1t(ls ihl hotiiiili iai1 )iic is thie ciI~e naticil i lahia 1) loweer Iceding ieis kihi teiji iciuliuminuc iitll iuildki t il
Ill uiie Ii cl$ tests Ilk I tiuiii [liiiirlcicpiiliLamp [I()[
oiP pLxcill active e o l)iioid Ill I Ii mi ulpsi1t
mIlt hult C(ii un I iCee iitiulitii~Iors niriahis i it ohiauiu(i Ckable 2) The
ItvclcuDue pluult ititNoliticidei 1I
i i r X
- --
1lill ~ihallL IIIII)[HIll dL7S (l Im i illtilCe Illollalit
2 tJ i 1
~~~ i5
~RtIL
Y bi)]e I -tit voral toxicity of ilicro -rcalpsu llated
()rim nl tIntc - 1-( N o
Nway m (75-4 1
khChl V AC(675-1 1
Riccikhl 67 01
nor orlirride il rals
C )15 co nfid enict]li i s)1A)(tt
12S(3-25)
210 (125-15)
35 4 f 184-6)
D l lc2 td inlet rI w ith nicr nci cajsulted n h rm ide ill rats
S t
i2
idN irwaiv
ic beI
Ricctii1 14
)CL
I
I
ot N o )
A ( 75-1 I
AC (175-4 1
0176- 101
I 1)50s C0tl mllled
t03
226d
S-
M ( rta litv
45
315
e 1 1) SUjSC(ijurCd for Ivt0 iatSt1hit ScrviCd 440
thriel to Iatdied 8 average LD consurned for
~~~p~
V 7
Ii ~
I A
i~ tco t+iii- fWictitc r1 Cil idC NIK 155(1 a is tcovcrcd by Japanese workers il m t r inhIMhi a dkii iti (ITok itnjt il al 1973) ( ial dose of
K 1 01 lit L Il it ill mIi lti I Ii n to IlliLc ou rsald death wilhill15 tc Ic t i t I-iln tt VitI cnt -five hait w e lc leccted ii wild Norway 1111ili I 1i ittil -) ittihIv lwc Ad t~ti t I e ditj wa i(te d ill su bllshy
i)lcd imt Ni gt I r y cllc ivc aiint N mw raland iel voles illfield
Iv9)0 Bito pcc Publcaton No 12 1980
Ini laboratoryj free-choice feeding tests 1t D)WlR (Table 3) cIItimp1on wis low and probably ruflected the development of sublethal symptoins Survivors ate only negshyligible amiounts of treated bath on subsequent test dalys Four lPlyl)101 10IS oil III)lC and three females) did not eat the treaIted hail
Table 3 Results of the free-choice feeding of rats with 2 NK-15561
S
~~~i3-
3Commn ~narne Sex Formi bait
of Moirtality
Treated hail
ea ten ) Mean (range)
Chemical consumed tugkg
Mean~ (ranIge) Bfy dead Bly survivors
_______
Wild Norway M G 55 06(0309) 32(13-65) ---
F G 35 04(01-07) 30(20-51) 32)(559)
~Ricefield
LF
M G
G
45
35
04(0111)
04(01-08)
41(8-83)
47(2282)
17(---)
31(656) Polynesian M I G 13 02(0005) 47 - 65(0 131)
33 F Cgt 1 01(0002)3 5Y( 28(0-74)
Wild Norway N1 0 55 2J309-48) 114(42-294)
1F 0 15 10(01-22) 133( ) 47(9-78)
Gramules (G) are the coinmercial produict obtained 907oalimeul 5glycerol and 5lAlcolec S
froin t im uuacturcrIj oatmeal (0)
Pliosacetin
It is rather surprising that of (lie thou sands of orgmanophosphlorus chemicals that have been synthesized only one phosacetim) (Gophacide) lvas ever been evaluated as a practical rodenticide It is anl acectylcholinestcrase inhiblitor that is slowly activated ini iho but not in iro (Diubois cI al 1907) The usually kast onstct of ictuion of ia
3nophosphiatcs probably precludcs the ingestion of ei~tih I)ot to CLuiuole110ity4 hiovw ever the poisonirng symptoms associated with phlos Icctill apparently develop slowly enabling rodents to consume lethal (loses Thetre is awide varldtion ill its icute toxicity to animials Lethal doses rallgCd from Ilive to 75 mgkg iln sevial iwIliuad s uch Ispockel gophers Norway rats deer mnice and jackrabbits (Richens 1967 Thompson 1972) Field tests have resulted in excellent control of the pocket gopher (Walrd cI tt 1967) and kangaroo rat (Schroeder 1967) Trhe susceptiiity o i)irdis to toxic dloses ranigeS
Savarie Development of Rodenticidcs 31913
33333 4 33
3 4 amp
Recndr
fiiom less thIi 2_5 mgkg in IIagpiest rae hn170iigk ndmsi hces pomi yptOms have been observed in golden eaglcs when they consumed
ciassor ihmils killed by )iosalcctinll Some iagks wce secrl wekndb tcy ill vl-ClyIlie Ioisoning sym)p onls in eagles is onc reason why thisocciuiciQ of pnI
chel~9)(lleelilck rgisr~io stttS llthe ic dSaeI contrast coyotesdisplay- im toxic Wisoned anials (ard I Wl 1967)
UIK-780 is a renmakably species-speciic toxicant For Norway rats Its acuite oralll ninmle Aillo rarts mIld maile iibmno mice is66 mlgkg and 1160 nigkg respecib
ly (Morrison (I al 1908) S i nic c al (1973) detennined thle selective toxicity of UK-780 to Norwmy rits by administeiing it oraully to birds (hobwvlije quilpgenrdwinie d hla khb ddi I se spar ) and 111111111111s (1hbit d(leer lo sc gerb il i ged edt
wild Nmrwy ragt ilbino rali PINIsa rat anid albino mos) nywild l bn mswrusceptubeIc sL5 inl wild Norwaiy rats was 84 mgkg in males and 89 mngkg iii femleis III Contrast thc 1-1)5 0 excede 1220 mgkg in male ricefield rats anid was34mgkg ini inile Polynesian rats Thle I o a~ll birds were greaiter than 100 mngkg
and nsrually greater thtan 50 mgkg IThe acccptme of UK 786 ) as determined in rats byoffering ha it withioncentraitions of 0 25~ to 20 peLrcent No mortailities occurred inPolynesianl and nielueld iits Although acceptalidd lowwaus 80 percent mnortaility wais reshycoided with thed two percent bait in wild Norway uJiIS 1Tle Supphdri~l ol UK-786 hasinotidiiCaed I esri Ioi its furthuer Lvalat ions It prohably woIId not be economical to
v li( use against a single specis such is tile Norwvay utlC
Cak-ifurol
197311In i1puoduct contaiining calcuferol (vitanmin 1)) and warfarin was marketed)1ha rtlllll
inll ind that Could be used to formiulaute rIbait Containing 01 calciferol and 0025swai farin IIlilevels of vitannin J)) in thre diet cauise dleath from irypercalcemia and warshyra rin CauLises anticoaguilant poisoning by blocking vitamin K nietibolisni Rationale for uing he tw igrdietsw the since their mode of action ivas through (differenthless ica nchlalisins tedevelopment of resistance to either ingredient would belesBits Conl iainiuig only calciferol are toxic to rats and mice (Greaves et al 1974) and Nsuccessful field trials have been conducted with calcuferol plus warfarin against warfarin
n l 24P4NYiii iiiisN 7i resistant wvil d Norway rats (Rennison 1974) and against house mice (Rowcet aty sa id ice fie (~~~~4AIitgi 1974) i0~iiiiir~li VIfile eff -Ctivenless or ca lcuferol is a rodenticide offers the possibility that other vitamin 1) deriviltuVes such as Vit umuin D3 and its hydroxy analog lci-hydroxychiolecalciferol potenttiail modciiticides (NI kutail 19 76)
It11-787
A serues or ictc rodlenide~IS deCsignlated by COdIC as RI 1945 RII908 Rh 787whIui is 1im rwvi ispyliinmioil were described by Pc-urdon vI al (1972) and Peardonlsu (197d) I lic toxicity of thcsc Chedmicails animals isshown in ITibles four live andi~to six l111a snbnntited bly the supphier indicated thi i RII1949 wvas selectively toxic to rodlents and lelaiuvcly nIu klxic to hut ds IIscd I)]T i ndings for Norwiy rasthWCM it dlun
sR 945 u iot g) ivalableveiy toxic Acte orl LD s oade
19 iiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
2
2
~ 4
4
( i
Table 4 Acute oral toxicity of R11-945 in animals
NoIcs(Cd
lJcsex ow I)ealis or Common name NI F (mgkg) L150
Bl)l white qtail 3 I 500 0
Starling 2 2 500 0 Red-winged blackbird 2 50 0
I louse sparrow 2 5002 0
Irown-headed cowbird ) 2 500 0
)eer mouse 12 300 LI)
20 2 )0 I i)5) 16 345 ID50
Mouse albino 32 75-000 (Oia I 60 1nd
((l It0 120
Rat albino 31 15-480 03 it 15 ald o 17
at (0 27 m1 120 17
al 240 04 114WO
Rat wild Norway 9 30-120 13 all30 i and 120
120 I1)
Rat black 200 0
Rat Polynesian 200 0
Jackrabbit 4 4 147 1I)50
Ground squirrel I 62 0
Savaric Developmelnt of Roden ticides 191
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
i i r X
- --
1lill ~ihallL IIIII)[HIll dL7S (l Im i illtilCe Illollalit
2 tJ i 1
~~~ i5
~RtIL
Y bi)]e I -tit voral toxicity of ilicro -rcalpsu llated
()rim nl tIntc - 1-( N o
Nway m (75-4 1
khChl V AC(675-1 1
Riccikhl 67 01
nor orlirride il rals
C )15 co nfid enict]li i s)1A)(tt
12S(3-25)
210 (125-15)
35 4 f 184-6)
D l lc2 td inlet rI w ith nicr nci cajsulted n h rm ide ill rats
S t
i2
idN irwaiv
ic beI
Ricctii1 14
)CL
I
I
ot N o )
A ( 75-1 I
AC (175-4 1
0176- 101
I 1)50s C0tl mllled
t03
226d
S-
M ( rta litv
45
315
e 1 1) SUjSC(ijurCd for Ivt0 iatSt1hit ScrviCd 440
thriel to Iatdied 8 average LD consurned for
~~~p~
V 7
Ii ~
I A
i~ tco t+iii- fWictitc r1 Cil idC NIK 155(1 a is tcovcrcd by Japanese workers il m t r inhIMhi a dkii iti (ITok itnjt il al 1973) ( ial dose of
K 1 01 lit L Il it ill mIi lti I Ii n to IlliLc ou rsald death wilhill15 tc Ic t i t I-iln tt VitI cnt -five hait w e lc leccted ii wild Norway 1111ili I 1i ittil -) ittihIv lwc Ad t~ti t I e ditj wa i(te d ill su bllshy
i)lcd imt Ni gt I r y cllc ivc aiint N mw raland iel voles illfield
Iv9)0 Bito pcc Publcaton No 12 1980
Ini laboratoryj free-choice feeding tests 1t D)WlR (Table 3) cIItimp1on wis low and probably ruflected the development of sublethal symptoins Survivors ate only negshyligible amiounts of treated bath on subsequent test dalys Four lPlyl)101 10IS oil III)lC and three females) did not eat the treaIted hail
Table 3 Results of the free-choice feeding of rats with 2 NK-15561
S
~~~i3-
3Commn ~narne Sex Formi bait
of Moirtality
Treated hail
ea ten ) Mean (range)
Chemical consumed tugkg
Mean~ (ranIge) Bfy dead Bly survivors
_______
Wild Norway M G 55 06(0309) 32(13-65) ---
F G 35 04(01-07) 30(20-51) 32)(559)
~Ricefield
LF
M G
G
45
35
04(0111)
04(01-08)
41(8-83)
47(2282)
17(---)
31(656) Polynesian M I G 13 02(0005) 47 - 65(0 131)
33 F Cgt 1 01(0002)3 5Y( 28(0-74)
Wild Norway N1 0 55 2J309-48) 114(42-294)
1F 0 15 10(01-22) 133( ) 47(9-78)
Gramules (G) are the coinmercial produict obtained 907oalimeul 5glycerol and 5lAlcolec S
froin t im uuacturcrIj oatmeal (0)
Pliosacetin
It is rather surprising that of (lie thou sands of orgmanophosphlorus chemicals that have been synthesized only one phosacetim) (Gophacide) lvas ever been evaluated as a practical rodenticide It is anl acectylcholinestcrase inhiblitor that is slowly activated ini iho but not in iro (Diubois cI al 1907) The usually kast onstct of ictuion of ia
3nophosphiatcs probably precludcs the ingestion of ei~tih I)ot to CLuiuole110ity4 hiovw ever the poisonirng symptoms associated with phlos Icctill apparently develop slowly enabling rodents to consume lethal (loses Thetre is awide varldtion ill its icute toxicity to animials Lethal doses rallgCd from Ilive to 75 mgkg iln sevial iwIliuad s uch Ispockel gophers Norway rats deer mnice and jackrabbits (Richens 1967 Thompson 1972) Field tests have resulted in excellent control of the pocket gopher (Walrd cI tt 1967) and kangaroo rat (Schroeder 1967) Trhe susceptiiity o i)irdis to toxic dloses ranigeS
Savarie Development of Rodenticidcs 31913
33333 4 33
3 4 amp
Recndr
fiiom less thIi 2_5 mgkg in IIagpiest rae hn170iigk ndmsi hces pomi yptOms have been observed in golden eaglcs when they consumed
ciassor ihmils killed by )iosalcctinll Some iagks wce secrl wekndb tcy ill vl-ClyIlie Ioisoning sym)p onls in eagles is onc reason why thisocciuiciQ of pnI
chel~9)(lleelilck rgisr~io stttS llthe ic dSaeI contrast coyotesdisplay- im toxic Wisoned anials (ard I Wl 1967)
UIK-780 is a renmakably species-speciic toxicant For Norway rats Its acuite oralll ninmle Aillo rarts mIld maile iibmno mice is66 mlgkg and 1160 nigkg respecib
ly (Morrison (I al 1908) S i nic c al (1973) detennined thle selective toxicity of UK-780 to Norwmy rits by administeiing it oraully to birds (hobwvlije quilpgenrdwinie d hla khb ddi I se spar ) and 111111111111s (1hbit d(leer lo sc gerb il i ged edt
wild Nmrwy ragt ilbino rali PINIsa rat anid albino mos) nywild l bn mswrusceptubeIc sL5 inl wild Norwaiy rats was 84 mgkg in males and 89 mngkg iii femleis III Contrast thc 1-1)5 0 excede 1220 mgkg in male ricefield rats anid was34mgkg ini inile Polynesian rats Thle I o a~ll birds were greaiter than 100 mngkg
and nsrually greater thtan 50 mgkg IThe acccptme of UK 786 ) as determined in rats byoffering ha it withioncentraitions of 0 25~ to 20 peLrcent No mortailities occurred inPolynesianl and nielueld iits Although acceptalidd lowwaus 80 percent mnortaility wais reshycoided with thed two percent bait in wild Norway uJiIS 1Tle Supphdri~l ol UK-786 hasinotidiiCaed I esri Ioi its furthuer Lvalat ions It prohably woIId not be economical to
v li( use against a single specis such is tile Norwvay utlC
Cak-ifurol
197311In i1puoduct contaiining calcuferol (vitanmin 1)) and warfarin was marketed)1ha rtlllll
inll ind that Could be used to formiulaute rIbait Containing 01 calciferol and 0025swai farin IIlilevels of vitannin J)) in thre diet cauise dleath from irypercalcemia and warshyra rin CauLises anticoaguilant poisoning by blocking vitamin K nietibolisni Rationale for uing he tw igrdietsw the since their mode of action ivas through (differenthless ica nchlalisins tedevelopment of resistance to either ingredient would belesBits Conl iainiuig only calciferol are toxic to rats and mice (Greaves et al 1974) and Nsuccessful field trials have been conducted with calcuferol plus warfarin against warfarin
n l 24P4NYiii iiiisN 7i resistant wvil d Norway rats (Rennison 1974) and against house mice (Rowcet aty sa id ice fie (~~~~4AIitgi 1974) i0~iiiiir~li VIfile eff -Ctivenless or ca lcuferol is a rodenticide offers the possibility that other vitamin 1) deriviltuVes such as Vit umuin D3 and its hydroxy analog lci-hydroxychiolecalciferol potenttiail modciiticides (NI kutail 19 76)
It11-787
A serues or ictc rodlenide~IS deCsignlated by COdIC as RI 1945 RII908 Rh 787whIui is 1im rwvi ispyliinmioil were described by Pc-urdon vI al (1972) and Peardonlsu (197d) I lic toxicity of thcsc Chedmicails animals isshown in ITibles four live andi~to six l111a snbnntited bly the supphier indicated thi i RII1949 wvas selectively toxic to rodlents and lelaiuvcly nIu klxic to hut ds IIscd I)]T i ndings for Norwiy rasthWCM it dlun
sR 945 u iot g) ivalableveiy toxic Acte orl LD s oade
19 iiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
2
2
~ 4
4
( i
Table 4 Acute oral toxicity of R11-945 in animals
NoIcs(Cd
lJcsex ow I)ealis or Common name NI F (mgkg) L150
Bl)l white qtail 3 I 500 0
Starling 2 2 500 0 Red-winged blackbird 2 50 0
I louse sparrow 2 5002 0
Irown-headed cowbird ) 2 500 0
)eer mouse 12 300 LI)
20 2 )0 I i)5) 16 345 ID50
Mouse albino 32 75-000 (Oia I 60 1nd
((l It0 120
Rat albino 31 15-480 03 it 15 ald o 17
at (0 27 m1 120 17
al 240 04 114WO
Rat wild Norway 9 30-120 13 all30 i and 120
120 I1)
Rat black 200 0
Rat Polynesian 200 0
Jackrabbit 4 4 147 1I)50
Ground squirrel I 62 0
Savaric Developmelnt of Roden ticides 191
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Ini laboratoryj free-choice feeding tests 1t D)WlR (Table 3) cIItimp1on wis low and probably ruflected the development of sublethal symptoins Survivors ate only negshyligible amiounts of treated bath on subsequent test dalys Four lPlyl)101 10IS oil III)lC and three females) did not eat the treaIted hail
Table 3 Results of the free-choice feeding of rats with 2 NK-15561
S
~~~i3-
3Commn ~narne Sex Formi bait
of Moirtality
Treated hail
ea ten ) Mean (range)
Chemical consumed tugkg
Mean~ (ranIge) Bfy dead Bly survivors
_______
Wild Norway M G 55 06(0309) 32(13-65) ---
F G 35 04(01-07) 30(20-51) 32)(559)
~Ricefield
LF
M G
G
45
35
04(0111)
04(01-08)
41(8-83)
47(2282)
17(---)
31(656) Polynesian M I G 13 02(0005) 47 - 65(0 131)
33 F Cgt 1 01(0002)3 5Y( 28(0-74)
Wild Norway N1 0 55 2J309-48) 114(42-294)
1F 0 15 10(01-22) 133( ) 47(9-78)
Gramules (G) are the coinmercial produict obtained 907oalimeul 5glycerol and 5lAlcolec S
froin t im uuacturcrIj oatmeal (0)
Pliosacetin
It is rather surprising that of (lie thou sands of orgmanophosphlorus chemicals that have been synthesized only one phosacetim) (Gophacide) lvas ever been evaluated as a practical rodenticide It is anl acectylcholinestcrase inhiblitor that is slowly activated ini iho but not in iro (Diubois cI al 1907) The usually kast onstct of ictuion of ia
3nophosphiatcs probably precludcs the ingestion of ei~tih I)ot to CLuiuole110ity4 hiovw ever the poisonirng symptoms associated with phlos Icctill apparently develop slowly enabling rodents to consume lethal (loses Thetre is awide varldtion ill its icute toxicity to animials Lethal doses rallgCd from Ilive to 75 mgkg iln sevial iwIliuad s uch Ispockel gophers Norway rats deer mnice and jackrabbits (Richens 1967 Thompson 1972) Field tests have resulted in excellent control of the pocket gopher (Walrd cI tt 1967) and kangaroo rat (Schroeder 1967) Trhe susceptiiity o i)irdis to toxic dloses ranigeS
Savarie Development of Rodenticidcs 31913
33333 4 33
3 4 amp
Recndr
fiiom less thIi 2_5 mgkg in IIagpiest rae hn170iigk ndmsi hces pomi yptOms have been observed in golden eaglcs when they consumed
ciassor ihmils killed by )iosalcctinll Some iagks wce secrl wekndb tcy ill vl-ClyIlie Ioisoning sym)p onls in eagles is onc reason why thisocciuiciQ of pnI
chel~9)(lleelilck rgisr~io stttS llthe ic dSaeI contrast coyotesdisplay- im toxic Wisoned anials (ard I Wl 1967)
UIK-780 is a renmakably species-speciic toxicant For Norway rats Its acuite oralll ninmle Aillo rarts mIld maile iibmno mice is66 mlgkg and 1160 nigkg respecib
ly (Morrison (I al 1908) S i nic c al (1973) detennined thle selective toxicity of UK-780 to Norwmy rits by administeiing it oraully to birds (hobwvlije quilpgenrdwinie d hla khb ddi I se spar ) and 111111111111s (1hbit d(leer lo sc gerb il i ged edt
wild Nmrwy ragt ilbino rali PINIsa rat anid albino mos) nywild l bn mswrusceptubeIc sL5 inl wild Norwaiy rats was 84 mgkg in males and 89 mngkg iii femleis III Contrast thc 1-1)5 0 excede 1220 mgkg in male ricefield rats anid was34mgkg ini inile Polynesian rats Thle I o a~ll birds were greaiter than 100 mngkg
and nsrually greater thtan 50 mgkg IThe acccptme of UK 786 ) as determined in rats byoffering ha it withioncentraitions of 0 25~ to 20 peLrcent No mortailities occurred inPolynesianl and nielueld iits Although acceptalidd lowwaus 80 percent mnortaility wais reshycoided with thed two percent bait in wild Norway uJiIS 1Tle Supphdri~l ol UK-786 hasinotidiiCaed I esri Ioi its furthuer Lvalat ions It prohably woIId not be economical to
v li( use against a single specis such is tile Norwvay utlC
Cak-ifurol
197311In i1puoduct contaiining calcuferol (vitanmin 1)) and warfarin was marketed)1ha rtlllll
inll ind that Could be used to formiulaute rIbait Containing 01 calciferol and 0025swai farin IIlilevels of vitannin J)) in thre diet cauise dleath from irypercalcemia and warshyra rin CauLises anticoaguilant poisoning by blocking vitamin K nietibolisni Rationale for uing he tw igrdietsw the since their mode of action ivas through (differenthless ica nchlalisins tedevelopment of resistance to either ingredient would belesBits Conl iainiuig only calciferol are toxic to rats and mice (Greaves et al 1974) and Nsuccessful field trials have been conducted with calcuferol plus warfarin against warfarin
n l 24P4NYiii iiiisN 7i resistant wvil d Norway rats (Rennison 1974) and against house mice (Rowcet aty sa id ice fie (~~~~4AIitgi 1974) i0~iiiiir~li VIfile eff -Ctivenless or ca lcuferol is a rodenticide offers the possibility that other vitamin 1) deriviltuVes such as Vit umuin D3 and its hydroxy analog lci-hydroxychiolecalciferol potenttiail modciiticides (NI kutail 19 76)
It11-787
A serues or ictc rodlenide~IS deCsignlated by COdIC as RI 1945 RII908 Rh 787whIui is 1im rwvi ispyliinmioil were described by Pc-urdon vI al (1972) and Peardonlsu (197d) I lic toxicity of thcsc Chedmicails animals isshown in ITibles four live andi~to six l111a snbnntited bly the supphier indicated thi i RII1949 wvas selectively toxic to rodlents and lelaiuvcly nIu klxic to hut ds IIscd I)]T i ndings for Norwiy rasthWCM it dlun
sR 945 u iot g) ivalableveiy toxic Acte orl LD s oade
19 iiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
2
2
~ 4
4
( i
Table 4 Acute oral toxicity of R11-945 in animals
NoIcs(Cd
lJcsex ow I)ealis or Common name NI F (mgkg) L150
Bl)l white qtail 3 I 500 0
Starling 2 2 500 0 Red-winged blackbird 2 50 0
I louse sparrow 2 5002 0
Irown-headed cowbird ) 2 500 0
)eer mouse 12 300 LI)
20 2 )0 I i)5) 16 345 ID50
Mouse albino 32 75-000 (Oia I 60 1nd
((l It0 120
Rat albino 31 15-480 03 it 15 ald o 17
at (0 27 m1 120 17
al 240 04 114WO
Rat wild Norway 9 30-120 13 all30 i and 120
120 I1)
Rat black 200 0
Rat Polynesian 200 0
Jackrabbit 4 4 147 1I)50
Ground squirrel I 62 0
Savaric Developmelnt of Roden ticides 191
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Recndr
fiiom less thIi 2_5 mgkg in IIagpiest rae hn170iigk ndmsi hces pomi yptOms have been observed in golden eaglcs when they consumed
ciassor ihmils killed by )iosalcctinll Some iagks wce secrl wekndb tcy ill vl-ClyIlie Ioisoning sym)p onls in eagles is onc reason why thisocciuiciQ of pnI
chel~9)(lleelilck rgisr~io stttS llthe ic dSaeI contrast coyotesdisplay- im toxic Wisoned anials (ard I Wl 1967)
UIK-780 is a renmakably species-speciic toxicant For Norway rats Its acuite oralll ninmle Aillo rarts mIld maile iibmno mice is66 mlgkg and 1160 nigkg respecib
ly (Morrison (I al 1908) S i nic c al (1973) detennined thle selective toxicity of UK-780 to Norwmy rits by administeiing it oraully to birds (hobwvlije quilpgenrdwinie d hla khb ddi I se spar ) and 111111111111s (1hbit d(leer lo sc gerb il i ged edt
wild Nmrwy ragt ilbino rali PINIsa rat anid albino mos) nywild l bn mswrusceptubeIc sL5 inl wild Norwaiy rats was 84 mgkg in males and 89 mngkg iii femleis III Contrast thc 1-1)5 0 excede 1220 mgkg in male ricefield rats anid was34mgkg ini inile Polynesian rats Thle I o a~ll birds were greaiter than 100 mngkg
and nsrually greater thtan 50 mgkg IThe acccptme of UK 786 ) as determined in rats byoffering ha it withioncentraitions of 0 25~ to 20 peLrcent No mortailities occurred inPolynesianl and nielueld iits Although acceptalidd lowwaus 80 percent mnortaility wais reshycoided with thed two percent bait in wild Norway uJiIS 1Tle Supphdri~l ol UK-786 hasinotidiiCaed I esri Ioi its furthuer Lvalat ions It prohably woIId not be economical to
v li( use against a single specis such is tile Norwvay utlC
Cak-ifurol
197311In i1puoduct contaiining calcuferol (vitanmin 1)) and warfarin was marketed)1ha rtlllll
inll ind that Could be used to formiulaute rIbait Containing 01 calciferol and 0025swai farin IIlilevels of vitannin J)) in thre diet cauise dleath from irypercalcemia and warshyra rin CauLises anticoaguilant poisoning by blocking vitamin K nietibolisni Rationale for uing he tw igrdietsw the since their mode of action ivas through (differenthless ica nchlalisins tedevelopment of resistance to either ingredient would belesBits Conl iainiuig only calciferol are toxic to rats and mice (Greaves et al 1974) and Nsuccessful field trials have been conducted with calcuferol plus warfarin against warfarin
n l 24P4NYiii iiiisN 7i resistant wvil d Norway rats (Rennison 1974) and against house mice (Rowcet aty sa id ice fie (~~~~4AIitgi 1974) i0~iiiiir~li VIfile eff -Ctivenless or ca lcuferol is a rodenticide offers the possibility that other vitamin 1) deriviltuVes such as Vit umuin D3 and its hydroxy analog lci-hydroxychiolecalciferol potenttiail modciiticides (NI kutail 19 76)
It11-787
A serues or ictc rodlenide~IS deCsignlated by COdIC as RI 1945 RII908 Rh 787whIui is 1im rwvi ispyliinmioil were described by Pc-urdon vI al (1972) and Peardonlsu (197d) I lic toxicity of thcsc Chedmicails animals isshown in ITibles four live andi~to six l111a snbnntited bly the supphier indicated thi i RII1949 wvas selectively toxic to rodlents and lelaiuvcly nIu klxic to hut ds IIscd I)]T i ndings for Norwiy rasthWCM it dlun
sR 945 u iot g) ivalableveiy toxic Acte orl LD s oade
19 iiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
2
2
~ 4
4
( i
Table 4 Acute oral toxicity of R11-945 in animals
NoIcs(Cd
lJcsex ow I)ealis or Common name NI F (mgkg) L150
Bl)l white qtail 3 I 500 0
Starling 2 2 500 0 Red-winged blackbird 2 50 0
I louse sparrow 2 5002 0
Irown-headed cowbird ) 2 500 0
)eer mouse 12 300 LI)
20 2 )0 I i)5) 16 345 ID50
Mouse albino 32 75-000 (Oia I 60 1nd
((l It0 120
Rat albino 31 15-480 03 it 15 ald o 17
at (0 27 m1 120 17
al 240 04 114WO
Rat wild Norway 9 30-120 13 all30 i and 120
120 I1)
Rat black 200 0
Rat Polynesian 200 0
Jackrabbit 4 4 147 1I)50
Ground squirrel I 62 0
Savaric Developmelnt of Roden ticides 191
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Table 4 Acute oral toxicity of R11-945 in animals
NoIcs(Cd
lJcsex ow I)ealis or Common name NI F (mgkg) L150
Bl)l white qtail 3 I 500 0
Starling 2 2 500 0 Red-winged blackbird 2 50 0
I louse sparrow 2 5002 0
Irown-headed cowbird ) 2 500 0
)eer mouse 12 300 LI)
20 2 )0 I i)5) 16 345 ID50
Mouse albino 32 75-000 (Oia I 60 1nd
((l It0 120
Rat albino 31 15-480 03 it 15 ald o 17
at (0 27 m1 120 17
al 240 04 114WO
Rat wild Norway 9 30-120 13 all30 i and 120
120 I1)
Rat black 200 0
Rat Polynesian 200 0
Jackrabbit 4 4 147 1I)50
Ground squirrel I 62 0
Savaric Developmelnt of Roden ticides 191
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Table 5 Acute oral toxijity of Rif1908 i anirrals
No tested
C (ornurn nir NI sex DoseF (mgkg) Comrments
Ih~~hite pruaff 90 ID50 (1)
90 LI) 5 0 (E)
Cotu nix qu tail 4 90 LD5 0 (E)
4 90 LD 5 0 (E)
Starling 1 1 500 No deaths
IIoise Sparow 3 356 LI)50 (E)
Browl-hcilded cowbird 3 500 No deaths
3 178 LD50 (E) Deer mouse 6 223 LD5 0
6317 ILD50 erbil 6 38 LD50
Rat ricefiehl 12 22 LID 5 0
t ( 5ltJllictj
from the supplier wvtre 16-21 sos for this big discrepanicy
for Norway rats and 13 for albino nice No apparent reashyare krion lrmitcdS altas
Iter evaluations by oher ilvcstigators in threalso revealed large variations in the toxicity of R11-945 to wild Norwayrats tMarsh ind 1 ward 1975)reported by supplirr
The LD50 ir deer rice compared favorably with thatthe and excellent conitrol was obtained in free-choice (pairedpreference) feedingAlthougih tes with deer roice (Table 7)the 11)so was grea tcr than 500 mgkg in tileIwo seco tri five species of birds testedleedin tcs with RI-945 in raptors produced mortality andof pioisooinig In lifiirqt test jackrabbits synmptonisvere administered an oral lethal dose (94 mgkg)id fed to two golden eales Both eagles died after each consunied about half ofa carshycass Intile second test jackra bits killed by arngreat-horned owl
oral dosC of 18 mIgkg wereone barn owl fed to oneand one reij-ailedthe carc svs both owls died hawk After consuming portions ofand tire red-lailedsurvived Since PII-945 was
hawl showed toxic synptoms butnever registered for marketing these data areinterest only but they do show of academicthal wide variations can exist in tiletoxicity totir noSpeciS Ot bildIS
Iliotrop Special lPblication No 12 1980
1911
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Table 6 Acute oral toxicity of R11 787 in animals
No tested Sex I)
(omnmon nanme M (iigkp) e)aths or
Bobwhite quail I 1 500 0
Caturnix quail 1 1 500 0
Starling I I 50(0 I(M)
Ilouse sparrow 1 1 500 0
Brown-hcadcd cowbird 1 500 0
Deer mouse 8 872 1D50
8 872 LD50
Gerbil 6 437 LD50
Rat FI wild Norway 9 111 LD50
12 140 1)0
Rat F1 ricefield 9 223 11)50
Rat F1 Polynesian 12 281 IDS0
12 171 LD50
Rat black 1) 11)50
R11-908 was never extensively evaluated because research elfots were directed toward the developmentof RI1-787 Il p1cneral RI I-Q01i is rotle ittic thim either RII-787 or Il-945 cocentrations it80 ltw if (11 pettd die () i)eltt if the decr mice tested (Table 7) It is eftective alainist No wa 0(dlyt tind African wltcshy 1IWvIait tailed rats and field tests vith a 075 bait were vely fcliveur er umd squirels (Marsh and Iloward 1975)
Although detailed studies on the mode of action of RII-787 have it been pubshylisied it cal be classified li afvitamin mlt irretabolite becalusec it iluihibit nilcirl uttablshyisrn (Anon 1975 IDeckett et al 1977) Onfset tft actionki chiively h itrid evcral hours are usually required before antinals di( Like It-15 it exhibit awide 112Ue of toxicity between tirget rnd fltiltarget arirultls htoweVr 1tt ictrpalwis ill it t xeily to Norway rats have been jctttedtli refereuce ltt[lt withi vi)i peilctlit baits have been eiy effective in Norway rotf llnd Cttll nit tid nil deermtis onlce [A loratuy and ield tCts With (tle l)OW-Tt tttits )ltlVCl thi llt tive tOr tile con-IiVe trv i
trol of pine voe (Bycts I1i7 ) Ill addlitnil to the iilte toxicity t1111 listed il lahle 0
Savarie I)evelopment of Roden ticides 195
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Taible Ilioasay resuIts for7 test HIt-945 Hi-787 and RI1-098 in (leer mice
Wheat Seeds Total hemical ( Inccntrat il accepted Mortality Mortality
( ww) () M F ()
RI 1-945 10 15 55 55 100 05 61 45 55 90
25 77 25 45 60 01 98 05 15 10 005 100 05 15 10
RI i-787 10 42 22 33 100 05 68 12 23 60 025 96 03 12 20 01 100 02 03 0
RI1-908 05 33 22 33 1r o
025 67 34 11 80
01 80 33 12 80
005 96 02 03 0
(025 (p 0I 04 0
LD 50s (ngkg) for other animals ate Norway rat - - 475 roof rat - - 18 cotton rat - shy20 to ) chicken - 71 0 pigeons - -gicater than 1780 dogs --greater than 500 andrhesus iMoIke - 2)000 to 4000 ScC0ilda ry poisoning symptoms with RI1-787 have not been dellionsltated IIone study inlwhich mice were killed with a large oral dose of I1787 and fc to cats aid (dogs the Cats adclogs dCvl )prd to symptiros of poisoning
(Peajrdin 1974)
Afttr censive evahiti ns in lhe nited ltates the 1 PAregistered two formula lions )le cmihti two percent RII787 illa Fait for control of Norway rats roof rats alld htoISe lliC The econ1d is a I0 tracking powder for house m1lice
(Gliftir
A rdiienticide called gliftor is being used for control of rodents (Aficrotus species)illthe Soviet I iiott (liftor iaImixture of tIvo liquids - - 1 3 -difluoro-2-propanol (DPthe active inredicien ) anid I-cilloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol Gliftor has an evaporation ratehigher than that of watcr ((ranovskii et al 1971 ) and inhalation of its vapors can cause disorders of the ceitral nervous system and cellular components of the blood in experishyineial animals (Tkach et At I 971) There is considerable variation in its toxicity amongspecies The actite oral Ir )0 inalbilo itice is 330 iugkg and treatment of adult mlttie or
196 ttiotrop Special Publication No 12 1980
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Female mice results in increaseld mortality ()I otllsprilthe ( allar 1973) Its irtlaperitonteal l)50 (OIngkg) is lo5 in uilice I(I rts a d 70 rahbils (Ikaclill 971) Oril doses of 9 ogkg or less are lethal to specis of tfllht (IYtgliianc Ialul 1973)
The ne halliSlillctioll been2l s ieSd its() hiNInot di hiltIrolli cliceid SlltClll it is colicivable tht (1)) cMld uLetabOlied ini) tluortMctticI lcaidliythe tolI)wili steps
F(I CI( ll2-- F(II I t(II 1-FI(i l((()Il
(M)P) 2-1h1tm i h~ad lu l i i
It is well kntowni that Iliuroiacctic JLid itl V h0Xic Iiirfijils I lie ithe rai1C ill toxicity of gliftor perh s depends on wietlei auiois Ia tIlli iodhleical iueiianisins to convert it to fhooroactic aCid
At the l)W R( lihii ly teed ttests il1it) a11- a kiii 111ACte fitl lltaoc lm llll one percent I)I as the sole son rce of food resulted in 90 mortality in two to live daysAnimals were picreditel (ie nlild dutieirdto oIl Lii till scort llidile mid days As cotilpared i fl1it citlst ilit tvoiinlpi iii Ilt tiI td i it dkI)plpvd 77 oil tie titi lv a tI s oie hiuthil o+thenesiltd iiii tolsiiittih(ifi itiit of treated hlit i l die lu1s dil l diiled 1)1 t ill 11+ Ltliit utp li W) 1tal syMptomls develop rilier utklM i pttoir ( 1st l SHersct i ItthltV t t tlt li(t teelilliwf rated llii
l)ifenaconni andllrodifaco ltim
ithil the kmi ilpast cilst htit itlli i i l tese ltt lxili aV have impllortat im pflicattion Ctr tiheIik h)ihllo likim)ictltiidc Hit-l~~u dLiCI()lnctlt
c liclsof two of these reti itlic iii mil hritlli tttiot ( illIlI1 lt1Iik ti ci lshylpirative intticiiu il stidi( Il Viif liaiit ciiidictett +ii-re i tht i Its- iil slui itwsisII floiii tih t Coilllttrallf itesaIsloire tecise tian sitiriu s iid s riItlt)) Ill Mshlntti ill he ciinsidered as a batsic apir) t u f tilt lii lit tariii-cinilrit ilpr itblciii as iberved hliiladler mid Slmdhtl l 1975) tl11 Ilkteiiiici iiutfi ttiilnO t 4-tiYdrIv oillillarii iht i ldit khlllitl Vif1l iel lClilrshyside chti ti 1il1t hII tc
resistant ratls a result itt ithit it s itic ei As ii itii -5 s Ntllihh)thlint diftacoii ilacmilli itlti lt ii e Ill lIIJll lotilaco l h ei ttetlIMtHIII iltJiliitiO gi shylaollresistantIfrats
l)iIenacouiiii and brodil-nc iuii ire elitt eit iolte le titi iii ilf Ni)rwa tid ricclicld I11ii taits ( lihl -) i I al Iii pigtlc ri l 1( liies
grclter th that (fdiletiii Il 1)75 the Iil C coiohiicied tcedii test iith itt vit Nii rats upshy
pliel hy )r Altii llfnwciiiii Nis Yti I-tl imc- ( Itt11 l ll it lilt illi1is1idStulvived Iced iliivgtitl lvl1i1i v ktlil 1 ) III I lihcW lilllt(-d I)l i I lllI i tsilshyvi 1C (tlill s) ili S1 i11adI I ethw te t i Iiit ley cIIlllllltt 1lieI tM( l tIiil i j t
w e11e 1(lleledl C( 1ll 30 IllCupi1 I 11lill )w illk-A1il l it fthI d l~ l(~ ] lii l l
Im six Cloisecutiveilits (llp itlclsiNL-t stiltW0ei0 d ddila ltlSi tlil d lod Lllishy
siltlp wa ed ll Ct[i tll ltCo k mi1ii g uii itiiilI l il I il liiCiii liit citllh 1ild cIesitaai Ii11 e lop deiiI kl 1-t1(11Ute im 1ii11tiI1il l I lcmll7c h 1ihd i i lt l l t u I10 Illm lihv Ill 1)(111h 1111111llll Ill ilIll l i Illlilt -lltd h Ih JIi Ill h all
Savalrie Developmlent o0f|(delilicidcs 1()17
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Jllet8 4nl siji oral 1 I) ((I kIg) of a n iiiolicnJlfitlrodifi oumyiill rat
l)i eiiniCOumI lrodilacotuni( t(uIiiiinim St+ (l)~AYS Ihl)kafllh) iiarc ll)s()
I-)50 (1)Iys to I)etlli)
[i0_5 0-10 022 5-10 NicclMd Male 70 5-10 0 6-7
FCnale 25 4 5 039 5-9
1-1()7h mn1 iit rto iied1 S t( 13 mguk of di elitc7a tI ll l tili and the resistaltlf rits e-I Lldtal -l vWthat di IioIItl l isrit Is-cspedly M
verv e ltecI e aga inst resistant cnsiderssisft tyt o the high doee of warfariti that did not kill the re-
Illt a ( t i+i It e lielCiC1tiiililg+hlolIph~lt-ll IrlIdt t111it l th t Wasv I etective ill NorwaytIIt ilih Uiot l 11iiIik e li r ci(rit l t resis-
IK +li~lI r lictlit dilci acioiiii Wre sii]iiiariied by lll (I970) Bothdor~jel iIud tii~ls dcoistr thaitit prtduces effective colntrol in several pest+ iii~hzI ic i il No i i t cr i
wV riceiel lPOlIynesiM and Nile rats l)ifein llaw ii ot sAtetN In (tIltic lliitals such as dogs cats aldli el nitl ltsc r titv i i l~l o greaterlpidLesI- H O(I
than warfarin to nontargetii 1K ci t m1 ilt I ahit UfeedillgIii tests hiave shown that ]f i l l[kdilliiii i Ilmli llt i +PhcxIe a ~ t lhlhIes eraIh aiOliit ral19 77) tie sh o rt-tailei d b lld ico o t rat
lif lhiii)lic
lhtriuu~liilirii lo ii~is iiuit hlticltficihtprortiitt liiuii~ ~o t e~Cji 11lI611 (lt ically it and iS similar toit Ialhdil tic to rodents illsingle oral - I wII miii dle imdte kll vNorwy s is I1rrikg morlic lilltl- Illic l-1 ijt l I(lll it ha1lw+ I tlu l e ik t1(htm i lctcd cIjtl lclliul ed to be efiective in waria A1fil e I)WRltC
tilt- ICtCIC tte 1c-tdilTill d N ratAiuiniiiihto INi s was vtY cffective with a
I t t Hlie )t PW onelit I IIdle Hiat survived the testill h-iti )iII Ill tet IsLivi (11t 1 il auiittlllhil H l lM l c lk (eral_e of lessI X T hiet huiit lhl Iw nlh(n lyrYsiiiiil 1111cld l ated hiait was Collshy
li iuiptii vsa 2(0 touiiiiil coed Is PCI daymlii lie Ire ct It would appear that iinil itl thisvithope l shiv
ltI i lihn c iiclln
e[ nitl ies i(u cmiid reIor it-iti(n hy the IA a tlill lml( is being marketed
9OItiotrOj Special Poldicirion No 12 198O
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Table 9 Results of six-day free-choice feediug tests of wild Noway ral with 0005 bromadiolone in oat groals baits
Iile to lait caten g nealt (riej (herical consumed Sex Mortality death
(davs) Treated Untreated o k all (IalnvP)
Male 910 6-8 5387 (167-70)) 1903 (42-541)) 7 (4)30-1l1
Female 1010 6-10 5104 (34o-652) 1313 (57-284) 92 (78-144)
T eiC treated bait containing the equivalent to 36 i ki hrmaidiololle oil tiesole survivor ate 15 gtfi 4th test night but insignificant am ounis ott earlier or later day s
SUMMARY
Within tile past M( to0 15 yeats SCetal 1denl6ILic have been added It the aimnashymentarittm of chenicals that can be uisel it control damage caused 1w veltebrate pests Soie formulations of oldtr rod-nticideamp were improve(d but major rcsearch was also Conducted to develop new Chemicals A tcd sill tirnttlationi known as stabilied scilshyliroside was delllmltlated in both lahiatt and field tet to be moro effective than the older i)oduct known ts fortifiei red Mltll In attcmpts to increase the acceptability of tnrborntide it va miciocilcyihted howerer this technique did not increase its effectiveness Relatively new aciute rodenticides include NK-155 t ph tectim IK-787 R11t-787 an( gliftor Tlie use of phosacetittt has hel diSCetttilUed NK 15501 isnlSed il Japan and RII-787 isregistered itt the United States IK-786 was tested only in tle laboshyratory where it was fouLd to be highly toNxic to only Notway rats itftor was developed il the Soviet Union and is to)xic to voles (alcifemol wiAs develo ped to be incorpiated into warfarin baits to kill anticoagplatlt lesiStanl tats ThU the Jatl need of a cilciferol-warfarin combination is being replaced by tile newer atti-oauIlants ditenacount and brodifacoum and brotnadioloe which are effective aainst a ttict(Lrtt-lesitat rats Altloutgh it takes several days Ito the aiiumals to die these tlthce tmicmtgultnts ate effective itl single doses
Savarie )evelopnent of Rodenticides 19
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
~I Il)~)(l chIItjtiitj~~ II~~tir~cil iti test or tables
(I I e I
I lotI C likcoflfrnx ioj ic
Mtd pie a chiSu
WVild~ Norwsay ratII~li
R-ot (btlack ) aR
RiCe f (ied rat
5lflc ianIrat
Nile rat
I louse hlouls
Atricari V-liitc-tailei rat
Nhut-ta6c iuijcotf rat
Cgt I0tmut it
D Ctr lmix
ingr~ alus
A ~ IWIf dIfP qS liE c t
1 xulanntv
Arv~ itlus~j)j(t~
AIE1shns lbiaai
Aesokuzl Iirfa
Shguwdmn lispdusv
eromYtSCIIN )
I ii
( EhjAbriuus
iiI)iuoous onu
unIiuums
Biotrop Special Pliblication No 12 1980 200
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Pocket gopher
Ground squirrel
Rabbit domes tic
Jackrabbit
Cat
Dog
Coyote
Rhesus monkey
Savarie Development of Rodenticides
7hIIO sp (cMYsS
Spcrmnoplhiils sI)
Orctol)IZlIscu icitlus
lpcalrnicis
iclis catIt
CtIjiS Poilirais
(unis latrans
IAtacULca mtar a
201
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Appendix 2 Lhiingof Chemicalspound
-j t1Commo of~Trade NameIl Cheicaljii Nameli Red sqill 3fl 66acetyloxy 3Dguhl(K 17-I1QQO pYrarlloyY8 I4-dillydroxyiufa
-102rielolidke
Source MeiulinGrrelKn Company 88 10 Tenth Avenue N Minneapolis MIN55427 USA
N
Nrhoririide UShioxinIR
Rat jcateR
NK-15S61 KayaneCX
ihlsacet fill) Blayer 38819 l)RC-7 14 (GopiacideRe
(a2-pyridylbenzylidenc)-5-niorh~orniene -3-dicarb~oxirii~e
methylenc hi(l Ihiosecmlcrbazid)
00 his (p-chloropheuiyly aicct irtiodoyIplri1splior~llrii(Iothicate
M~manMoore Inc Washington Crossing NJ 08560 USA
Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd New Kaijo Bldg 2-1 1 Chornec Manirnouchi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo Japan
Farbenfabriken Bayer A G Leverkusen West Germany
1
pound7- -UK -786
i i~
CC ) - -
-
--5 -Npipetidino)-I10 1I -diliydro - Plizer Lid-5I l-dibcnzo (ad)cyclolieptcnce Sanidwich Kent
I W lt - i i i I
CCIi VA L J = z 41 t cent
England
Calciferol (vitainnD2 2- uty-91 0-secuooesta-5 10( 19 )22-tetracie-30-ol I
Sorex (London) Ltd ulton House Empire Way
Warfarin 34caacetoiiyltbeniyl4-llydrWmbeyxEgln
Sorexa CR RC u rn
RI 1787 N3pydrdyntyNroiphcnyI Urea
Whitmoyct Laboratories Inc I Gibialtar Plato H~orshamnPA 19044 USA
Difenacouni Ru taklR
3-(3p-diphenyl I 23 4tetrallydro-naphith-a-yI)4hydroxycoujiariri
Imperial Chemnical1 Indusshytries Plant Protection Division
- Fcrnhiurst 1-aslemnere Surrey England
202 2 Biotrup Special Publication No 12 1980
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
Brodifacot~ jiiPI581 3-13-(4 brornol W htlicttyl -I yk ICI IIIititLel S1as Ilkc WB1A 8 1 9 1231-tctralhydro anaphflhialcnil)- Agricultural Chemicals
V u r R~hb n~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V0- td o y2 1I ~ ~p r n 2o c - uoxBh~208 Goldsboro
- ~ NC 27530 USA~y
llroniadiolone 3-f3-(4 bronio[ II biplinyl4yI)3 Ch11infpar chemical Co Ic Mhydoxy-I phneylpropylA - 260 Madison Avuu4 Super CaidR hydroxy- 1-1I-heiizopyram2-One New York NY I10006( USA
Ta o1R 1E796IIN e v
5 Sil _ i ~REFERENCES- Os lklf -
Anonymous 1975 Rat poison does (Iced in only one feeding Clienhig News March 24 BIOYLE CM 1960 Cawe of apparent resistance of Rais norvesictis to aliticoagiolant poisons a
-- ture 188517 - shy
hBULL J0 1976 Labori~o-Y5and field investigations with difenacoum a promising new rocilicide Proc Vctebri Pest C if 7r72 4l
DYERS Rki 1976 New -Om(101 787) f uein control of otchard voles I Wildi Maiii1ud p 7 for -40169-171 h
CORNWELL P 1970 Studies in microncapsula ion nf rodenticides Irc Vertebr Pest Co48 3-97 0p
DECKEiRT FW JN MOSS AS SAMIIUCA N1C SIIDL an R II Si llIIGI RALI 1977 -Nutritional and drug interactions with VACOR rodenticide in rats Fe Proc 36990
Du IimO F KINOSHIITA and 1) JACKSONs KP( 1967 Acute oxicitY ad Mecanit Oofctliof acholinergic rodenticide Arch Int PhlarrnacodynTher 1691081 13 - I-
GRANOVSKI El AV ERNESTOV SV P1OTROVSKII and LI SLIPOVA 1971Stabilikof aqueous solutions of gliftor uinder laboratory conditions 1TrNauch Islded Inst Kr--Patol Alma-Ata 22211-220
GRrAVES J[L R AYRES 1969 Some rodcnticidal properties of cowniaitetralyl J Ityg 67311shy315
GREAVES JH R REDFERN and RE KING 1974 Snme p~roperties of calcilerol as a rodenshyticide Jllyg 73 34 1-3 51
GREAVES JH and AB REIIMAN 1977 The susccptjbizhty olfuTlcra rrdicu Ncsokia idwca andBanidicola bengalensris to three anticoagulant rodenticides J I lyg 7875-83
I lADLER MR RRFIWFERN and FP ROWE 1975 I ihoriaory uvaluatimon ofl dikii ooum as arodenticide J Ilyg 7444 1-4418
I ADLER NI R and RS SI ADBIOLT 1975 Novel 4-hydroxycouimarooimn auli ac11Veagainst resistant rats Nature 251275-277-
JACKSON WB and D KAUKEINEN 1972 Resistance ol ssild Norway rats in North Carolina to wvarfarin rodenticide Science 1761343-1344
LUND M 1972 Rodent resistance to thre antiCoagulant rodCllttCidCS With particular- reference to Denmiark Bull WIlO 47611-618
MADD)OCK D R and 11 F SCI l001 1967 Labiormiory and field ev bataionl of norhomiidte against wild rats Pest Control 35(8) 22 24 26 28 -
Savarie Development of Rodenticides 203
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C
IA I~aS iioniai -sii ----- 1 -1 P- cent~ Lv bo j O77717i llx cent a laraioy0nd Iii~iiiiiii cent~~~Norway rill eIControlL l388)3-35 4546 Nrwuyna Corroats 6esti 38(8)32 35 45-4NMAKli$ TIY U )TN IZAWA 11 KAVASIIINIA Yi I ASIIOTOampnToxiclet iJ~taIit tllicoN (li ho~
YT IJURAM 1976itrmona fot-tiyd raltyetitlteifit e trm of vit urn in 1)3 Acute and sublact toxicity ofiI AppiIit kid7 liurmaeol 36323-329
1IISI I NJIi mntWjii I IOWARI) 1975 A new serics olatole rudcrnticides Int PecsttConlrol
MORRMISON JK RM QUINTON aind II REINERT 1968 In Modern Trends in Toxicologyetl by laind F and R Gould inyI I p6 (A )lPlon-Ccnttury-Crofts New York)PtAIOON DA 197-1 A new series of1selective redenticides Proc Vcrtchr Pest Conig 658-62lITAIRIoN 1) L FIPiLBlOL)RN and Jpound WARL 1972 New selective rodenticides Soap~ Cosshymmt Chtem Stpec 48706-7416 80-84 Ill(11 IAN SG iond I) P IVANOA 1973 Acion ol gliltor onl vole (Mijcrot species) ZapI iirS-kbli I21 4-88 RI NNISON BD 1974 I ielit at COaIJI gajianst wirfurin resistant infestations of the Norwayti ( atlitiv t etrqnth0t i J Ilyg 73361-367
R(15K( WY A P (I Ioo(S inItl RI IO IM0IRR3Cl I 1964 Selective rat toxicaint Science
Rowl I F J SMI 111 indl T SWINN[Y 1974 IField tnrils of calcitecrol conmbinedIill wmi st wil htaiisL-lii c (Al is with salr t lu L J y73353-360
SA AKII I CM MA rSt-IIKI- LA SCH AFFR tand G J DASCII 1973 UK 786 possiblespt tlcs pvcit iclica motr Notway ruts Nat tire 24 155 1-552 5(1 IMDRI NIJI I1967 ( apI Iide aiua dtjt e for control of Ord KInJaroo rat JW~ildl Man31I 339-3-11I
M A III IN F ]
St
1977 1low mnuchi do reguliilians inhibit liest icidc development Pest Control 45(5)10 17 21) 62 04 6-68 TI A R AN 1973 FIttwt at ttihjelii dates atglitt(or onl rcproduction Zap Leningr S-0b Inst
110Ft 1NI I I) A 110172 rodnt id arIt OUnditscy (Iinc
hoc rlhi rd tIn itish PestI Con f St Hellersmadids pp 52-50
I KmC i NZ 19741 I 11clunok tit mihtaiilIi n of therliltor viipors iii file il at a stim min mnui permissible concentration ofzo~ine Tr INuchno-Issued Inst Kraev Patol Alma-Ala2635-36
TKACII NZ VS KU S V1 Mu (VANOVA NK SIIISIKOVA and L ISLLPOV A 191t 1~glitlt OiliSCVL cI1 1 ilialicproctes of test aninials under conditions of ini971opoisoning ITrNauocl- Isled Inst Kraey Pat al AlrmAla 2 15-2 DOKHMITS11 I K 135111 II 11 )ANIANIC) and T KIISANO 1973 Studies oin thie (6anttshycidal Iatliy at inethyteiie is (I hiattnic irbazide) IBoyo-Kagukau (Scientilic Pe)I(ontrol)
VON RHIMK I I0 R It R(111STI ad WMN UP1l101ITntI dips 1970liihe sc irch tar safer more selectivekss i cit-~M~ itliice 203101)4I007
WARI) A I_ I I lilt AI VB RIlIIN unit IITIaptici iiiol itiI TI lNI 9467- piiea newVo~cJIWildI Nmmnge 01332-338- tke
204 -Biollrop Special Publication No 12 18
-gtX
j
5555
S
i
C