pmbok quality mgmt - by skanchi
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PMP Exam PreparationProject Quality Management
SudhakarReddy Kanchi; M.Tech (IIT), PMP02-Nov-2010
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Agenda
Project Quality Management - Definition Quality Management Processes
Plan Quality
Perform Quality Assurance
Perform Quality Control
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Project Quality Management - Definition
Project Quality Management includes the processes andactivities of the performing organization that determinequality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that theproject will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
What is Quality? Degree to which project fulfills the requirement; i.e. conformance
to requirements
Fitness for purpose
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Project Quality Management Definition (contd )
Modern quality management complements project management.Both disciplines recognize the importance of
1. Customer satisfaction : This requires a combination of
conformance to requirements and fitness for use2. Prevention over inspection:
3. Continuous improvement: The plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle
is the basis for quality improvement as defined by Shewhart
and modified by Deming4. Management Responsibility:
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what are project quality requirements
determines which quality standards should be used
determine how to satisfy these requirements and
standards
process ofauditing the quality requirements and the resultsfrom quality control measurements to ensure appropriate
quality standards and operational definitions are used.
Purpose is to Provide confidence
The process ofmonitoring and recording results of executing
the quality activities
Purpose is to assess performance and recommend necessary
changes.
8.1 PlanQuality
8.2 PerformQuality
Assurance
8.3 PerformQuality
Control
Project Quality Management Processes
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Plan Quality - Inputs
.1 Scope statement contains acceptance criteria
.2 Ask customer what their definition of quality is
.3 & .4 Quality should be consider when there is change
.5 Contains info on threats and opportunities that may impact
quality requirements
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
.1 PM weighs benefits versus cost of meeting quality
requirements
Different from Marginal analysis, which is about
incremental benefit Vs incremental cost
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
Control charts shows
th
e variation in ameasurement during
the time period that
process is measures
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
.5 Design of Experiments is a statistical method for identifying
which factors may influence specific variable of product orprocess
is used during plan quality process to determine number
of tests and type of tests and their impact on cost of quality
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
.7 is a graphical representation of process
Shows activities, decision points and order of
processing
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
.8 examples of quality management methodologiesare Six Sigma, CMMI, MBNQA
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
.9 - Brainstorming
- Affinity diagrams- Force field analysis
- Nominal Group Techniques (NGT)
- Matrix diagrams
- Prioritization of Matrices
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
Force Field Analysis: used in decision making
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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques
.1 Quality Management Plan describes how theproject management team will implement quality
policy
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Perform Quality Assurance Inputs
.4 are results of quality control activities
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Perform Quality Assurance Tools & Techniques
Quality audit is a structured, independent review to
determine whether project activities comply with
organizational and project policies
Audit Objectives:
Identify good practices being implemented
Identify gaps/shortcomings
Share good practices from similar projects
Identify good contributions, lessons learned
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Perform Quality Assurance Tools & Techniques
Process Analysis follows steps outlined in the process
improvement plan to identify needed improvements
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what are project quality requirements
determines which quality standards should be used
determine how to satisfy these requirements and
standards
process ofauditing the quality requirements and the resultsfrom quality control measurements to ensure appropriate
quality standards and operational definitions are used.
Purpose is to Provide confidence
The process ofmonitoring and recording results of executingthe quality activities
Purpose is to assess performance and recommend necessary
changes.
8.1 PlanQuality
8.2 PerformQuality
Assurance
8.3 PerformQuality
Control
Perform Quality Control - Definition
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Perform Quality Control
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Perform Quality Control - Seven Basic Tools of Quality
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Perform Quality Control - Seven Basic Tools of Quality
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1.Flowcharting:
to iden
tify po
ten
tial process improvemen
topportunities
2. Histogram: Vertical bar chart showing how often a
particular variable state occurred (un-ordered)
3. Pareto Chart: type of a histogram, ordered by frequency
(rank ordering)4. Run Chart: a line graph that shows data points plotted in
the order in which they occur. Its a control chart without
displayed limits
5. Scatter diagram: show relationship between two
variables
Perform Quality Control - Seven Basic Tools of Quality
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.8
Statistical
Sampling: involves choosing par
tof apopulation of interest for inspection
Sample frequency and sizes should be determined
during the Plan Quality process so the cost of quality
will include the number oftests, expected scrap, etc.
.9 Inspection: examination of a work product to
determine whether it conforms to documented standards
Perform Quality Control Sampling, Inspection
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Project Quality Management Processes and Relations
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Quality Vs Grade | Precision Vs Accuracy
Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristicsfulfill requirements
Grade is a category assigned to products or services having the
same functional use but different technical characteristics.
While a quality level that fails to meet quality requirements isalways a problem, low grade may not be.
Precision and accuracy are not equivalent. Precision means the
values of repeated measurements are clustered and have little
scatter.
Accuracy means that the measured value is very close to the
true value.
Precise measurements are not necessarily accurate.
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Quality Management PMIisms
The project manager should recommend improvements to theperforming organizations standards, policies and processes
Quality should be considered whenever there is a change to anycomponent of the project constraints
Quality should be checked before an activity or work package iscompleted
Some of the quality activities may be done by a quality assurance andquality control department
The project manager must
Spend time trying to improve quality
Determine metrics to be used to measure quality before the projectwork begins
Put in place a plan for continually improving processes
Make sure authorized approaches and processes are followed
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Quality Management Some important terms
Gold Plating (GP): Giving extras to customer. PMI doesntrecommend. Is GP against policies like meeting or exceedingcustomer expectations? NO.
Prevention Over Inspection: Quality must be planned in, notinspected in.
Marginal Analysis: Refers to looking for the point where the benefits
received from improving quality equals the incremental cost toachieve that quality. Is this same as Cost-Benefit Analysis?
Continuous Improvement (or Kaizen): small improvements in quality
Just in time (JIT): decreasing inventory cost
Total Quality Management (TQM): Introduces quality aspects intoevery process of an organization.
Responsibility to Quality: every one in the organization is responsible
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Standard Deviation (or Sigma)
You may need
to memorize below valuesSigma = (O-P)/6
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Quality Gurus
14 steps for TQM PDCA cycle
Statistical process control
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Quality Gurus
80/20 rule Advocated top management involvement
Defined quality as fitness for use
Advocated prevention over inspection and
zero defects
Advocated top management involvement
Defined quality as conformance torequirements
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Sample Questions Quality Management
Process Analysis is a function of:A. Performance Analysis
B. Quality Metrics
C. Process Improvement Plan
D. Quality Improvement Plan
C. A is incorrect as it relates to performing measurements
to present performance. B is incorrect as it relates to the
specific measurements that shall be performed on the
project work in orderto measure quality. C is correctbecause process analysis is simply execution ofthe steps
outlined in Process Improvement Plan D is incorrect
because Process Improvement Plan is not a part of
Quality Improvement Plan (per PMBOK)
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Sample Questions Quality Management
Root Cause Analysis relates to:A. Process Analysis
B. Quality Audits
C. Quality Control Measurements
D. Performance Measurements
A. The option B is incorrect because a Quality Audit is to
identify inefficiencies, non-compliance in project activities.
It does not necessarily identify the root cause.
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Sample Questions Quality Management
Trend Analysis is often performed using:A. Cause and Effect Diagram
B. Control Charts
C. Pareto Chart
D. Run Chart
E. Scatter Diagram
D. Run Chart shows the past pattern of variation. Trend
Analysis involves forecasting the future trend based on
past performance.
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Sample Questions Quality Management
A Pareto diagram can be best described as:A. Cause and Effect Diagram
B. Scatter Chart
C. Control Chart
D. Histogram
D. Note that Pareto diagram is notthe besttool for root-
cause analysis. It mainly helps the project management
team to quantify and categories the defects/issuesaccording to sources (e.g. engineering defects, acoustic
defects, setup problems, etc)
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Sample Questions Quality Management
A planning phase for an engineering component
generated 80 engineering drawings. The QA team
randomly selected 8 drawings for inspection. This
exercise can BEST be described as example of:
Inspection
Statistical SamplingFlowcharting
Control Charting
B. "Inspection is wha
tthe
team is doing on individualdrawings; however, the entire exercise of random
selection and inspecting a work product is known as
Statistical Sampling
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Sample Questions Quality Management
Which ofthe following according to the PMBOK is
described as, "a category or rank given to entities
having the same functional use but differenttechnical
characteristics?"
A. Grade
B. QualityC. Flow design
D. Benchmark
Ans: A
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Sample Questions Quality ManagementJoe is a project manager on an industrial design project.He has
found a pattern of defects occurring in all of his projects over the pastfew years and he thinks there might be a problem in the process his
company is using that is causing it.He uses Ishikawa diagrams to
come up with the root cause for this trend over projects so that
he can make recommendations for process changes to avoid this
problem in the future. What process is he doing?
A. Perform Quality Planning
B. Perform Quality Assurance
C. Perform Quality Control
D. Qualitative Risk Analysis
Answer: BJoe is doing root-cause analysis on process problems, thats Quality
Assurance. Remember, Quality control is when you are trying to find
problems in your work products through inspection. Quality Assurance
is when you are looking atthe way your process affects the quality of
the work you are doing.
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Sample Questions Quality Management
Which is the BEST definition of quality?
A. A product made of very expensive materials.
B. A product made with a lot of care by the team who
built it.
C.A productthat satisfies the requirements ofthe peoplewho pay for it.
D.A productthat passes all of its tests.
Answer: C
Quality management is all about making sure thatthe product you are
building conforms to your customers requirements. If you have done a
good job of gathering and understanding those requirements, all ofthe
measurements you take on your project should help you see if what
you are building will make your clients satisfied in the end.
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Sample Questions Quality Management
Which of the following is not a tool or technique of
the Perform Quality Control process?
A. Inspection
B. Quality audits
C. Pareto charts
D. Statistical sampling
Answer: BQuality audits are when your company reviews your
projectto make sure that you are following all ofthe
processes in your company correctly. They are a tool of
the Perform Quality Assurance process.
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Sample Questions Quality ManagementWhich of the following best describes the Plan-Do-Check-Act
cycle?A. Invented by Joseph Juran, its a way oftracking how soon
defects are found in your process.
B. Also called the Deming Cycle, its a method of making small
changes and measuring the impact before you make wholesale
changesto a process.C. Made popular by Phillip Crosby in the 1980s, its a way of
measuring your product versus its requirements
D. It means that you plan your project, then do it, then test it, and
then release it.
Answer: BThe Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle is a way of making small
improvements and testing their impact before you make a
change to the process as a whole. It comes fromW.
Edwards Demings work in process improvement.
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Sample Questions Quality ManagementA company uses a management technique that employs
quality assurance techniques to continuouslyimprove all processes.This is called:
A. Just In Time Management
B. Kaizen
C. Ishikawa Diagrams
D. Inspection
Answer: B
Kaizen is a Japanese word that means improvement - and its also a
managementtechnique that helps your company use problem-solving
to constantly find new ways to improve. Kaizen focuses on making
small improvements and measuring their impact. Its is a philosophy
that guides management, ratherthan a particular way of doing quality
assurance.
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THANK YOU