PLUMBING PIPES

PLUMBING PIPESBy Arch. Annie Corpuz-Pugeda, uap

APPROVED MATERIALS marked for identification

1. Embossed/Stamped brass/copper fittings

2. Molded plastic fittings

3. Indelible Marking colored stripe/indelible letters

RED STRIPE type M Copper (Rigid)BLUE STRIPE type L Copper (Flexible/Rigid)

GREEN STRIPE type K Copper

YELLOW STRIPE Drain, Waste & Vent (DWV)Copper

NOTE: Pipe and fittings for Potable Water lead content of not more than 8%

Solder (join pipe/fittings) may not contain 0.2% lead

WATER SERVICE PIPE 160 psi/73.4 F WATER SERVICE MATERIALS

1. ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) for pressure-rated potable water use

2. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE water mains

3. BRASS PIPE metallic, threaded pipe (used for both Water-Service and Water Distribution)

4. CAST IRON PIPE not used for individual water supplies; ductile pipe for water mains

5. COPPER PIPE copper tubing; copper pipe with or without threads/gray color code for water-service use

6. COPPER TUBING soft copper/rolls (water-service)

rigid (water distribution)

3 TYPES:Type M

thinnest

Type L

wall thicknessmiddle

water serviceType K

thickest

7. cPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) white/cream colored plastic pipe for water distribution8. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE with threaded fittings for water distribution; problem: rust

9. PB (Polybutylene) rolled coils/straight lengths

water-service water distribution pipe

blue color water-service use

gray color water-service/water distribution

10. PE (Polyethylene) black/bluish for water-services

11. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) drain/vent pipe

white

CWL (Cold Water Line) only

WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPEMinimum working pressure of 100 psi/temp. 180 F

Pressure-reducing valve at the water service to reduce the pressure to no more than 80 psi

1. BRASS PIPE once popular

2. COPPER PIPE/TUBING (more common choice)

3. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE subject to rust-related problems

4. POLYBUTYLENE ease of installation/resistance due to splitting due to freezing conditions/low cost

DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPERange from 1 4 diameter

1. ABS black/gray color/ Schedule 40 (used above or below ground/joined by solvent-weld cement); extremely durable/ can take hard abuse without breaking/cracking

2. ALUMINUM TUBING above-ground use only/joined by mechanical joints/coated to prevent corrosive action

3. BOROSILICATE GLASS used above or below ground/underground heavy schedule of pipe

4. BRASS PIPE rarely used

5. CAST IRON PIPE (CIP) - hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten lead)hubless (jointed with mechanical joints rubber coupling)

referred to as SOIL PIPE

service weight pipe

extra heavy pipe

6. COPPER PIPE thin-walled/with yellow marking/time-consuming to install/used above/below ground

7. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE not to be installed closer than 6 in to the earth

8. LEAD PIPE limited to above-grade installations

9. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE white

rating of Schedule 40

solvent weld joint

become brittle in cold weather

for BUILDING SEWER

ABS

CI

Vitrified Clay

PVC

CONCRETE

ASBESTOS CEMENT

STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALSinterior/underground (for storm sewer)

INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE

ABS

DWV Copper

Type L Copper

Asbestos Cement

Cast Iron

Vitrified Clay

Brass

Galvanized

PVC

Type M Copper

Type K Copper

Bituminized Fiber

Concrete

Aluminum

Lead

Black Steel

SUBSOIL DRAINS collect/drain water entering the soil

Asbestos Cement

Vitrified Clay

Cast Iron

Bituminized Fiber

PVC

PE

OTHER TYPES OF MATERIALSFITTINGS - cast iron

copper

plastic

steel

VALVES - same material as the pipe

NIPPLES - brass/steel

1/8 to 12 in diameter

FLANGES closet flanges (plastic) thick

(brass flange) 1/8 thick

(for caulking) thick

screw/bolts brass

CLEANOUT PLUGS (raised square heads) plastic/brass

brass-metallic fittings

METHOD OF JOINTING PIPES1. Caulking

2. Threading

3. Flanging

4. Soldering

5. Welding

COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS

1. PIPE NIPPLE piece of pipe lesser than 12 length/threaded on both ends more than 12 Cut Pipe

a. Close when fittings or valves to be very close to each other

b. Short small amount of pipe exists (shoulder)

c. Long larger amount of bare pipe exists

2. PIPE COUPLING materials: wrought iron, cast metal, brass

Extension Piece male threaded at one end

3. RETURN BENDS

a. Back

b. Side

4. TEES branch of 90/right angles

Run

Run first

3 outlets (same size) size of the run first ex. 1 x tee

1 x 1 x 1 tee

5. PLUG closing end of a pipe or fitting having female thread

- square head

- four-sided counter-sunk head (small size)

- hexagon-head (larger sizes)

- 1/8 12

- Ground-joint union

6. BUSHINGS connect the male end of a pipe to a fitting of a larger size

- reducing/enlarging fitting

7. ELBOWS to change the direction of a pipe

45/90 - gas, water, steam

22 /60 special angles

CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8

22 60

1 45

90

8. CAPS closing the end of a pipe or fitting male threaded

a. plain and flat band

b. beaded caps

c.

9. FLANGE for closing flanged fittings/flange pipe lines

10. WYE

VALVES1. GATE VALVE full open valves

1.1 Wedged Shaped or Tapered Disc

1.2 Double Disc Valve

2. GLOBE VALVE

2.1 Plug Type Disc Valve

2.2 Conventional Disc Valve

2.3 Composition Disc Valve

3. CHECK VALVES

3.1 Swing Check Valve

3.2 Horizontal/Vertical

3.3 Lift Check Valve

4. ANGLE VALVES

5. FOOT VALVE

6. SAFETY VALVE

7. BALL VALVE

8. CUT-OFF VALVES

VALVES (PRESSURE)

1. Pressure Reducing Valves

2. Temperature and Pressure Relief Valves

VALVES (DRAINAGE SYSTEM)

1. Balance Valve

2. Unbalanced Valve

HOT WATER LINE

Two Types of Hot Water Tanks*

1. Range Boiler small hot water tank (12 - 24 ; Length: 6)2. Storage Tank large hot water tank (24 54 ; Length: 15)

*85 lbs. working pressure

Sizing the Hot Water Tank

1. design of the building

2. no. of occupants

3. heating capacity of the supply device

2 10 gallons per hour hot water consumption per person

WAER CONSUMPTION (hygienic/average used only)

SCHOOL BUILDINGS 2 3 gph

OFFICE BUILDINGS4 5 gph

APARTMENT BUILDINGS8 gph

HOTELS

8 10 gph

FACTORIES

4 6 gph

RESIDENCES

10 gph

(CANNERIES, CREAMERIES)

1. water consumption of industrial device

2. rated consumption per individual of the building occupants

DETERMINING WORKING LOAD

Buildings: Schoool

Office

25% of the rated maximum consumption per individual

Industrial

Apartment

Residences35%

Hotels

50%

Ex. Hotel 100 rooms (2 persons/room average)

2 x 100 x 10 = 2000 gallons

75% hot water

25% cooled

Ex. 500 gallons of water in any one hour of a day

Heater required replacing this quantity in 1 hour

WATER HEATING DEVICES

1. Water back installed in a range

2. Furnace coil placed in the fire box3. Coal heater large heating surface

4. Gas heater with flue

5. Instantaneous heater gas/water valves/vent flue

6. Automatic storage hot water heater -gas operated type

electricity: below (constant temperature)

above (cuts off)

7. Steam Heater

8. Under water-line heater inlet/outlet of the coil connected to the boiler of the heating plant below the water line

9. Electric heater

10. Solar heater

PURIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY

Taken from natural source: ground, lake, river (contains many objectionable elements noxious gases [carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide], bacteria, mud, suspended vegetable matter, mineral elements [calcium, iron, magnesium]AERATING WATER: noxious gases, mineral elements

COAGULATION/SETTLING PROCESS: suspended materials

ADDITION OF CHEMICALS/SAND FILTRATION: bacteria

COMMERCIALLY PREPARED WATER-CONDITIONING COMPOUNDS: hard water

Aeration of the Water Supply:Spraying water into the atmosphere through jetsPassing water over rough surface

Gases are expelled into the atmosphere and formed into Iron associated with oxygen forms ferric compound (oxide); can be precipitated readily

Coagulation and Precipitation: Larger suspended materials (decayed vegetable matter, mud, bacteria are removed)

Coagulants: ferrous sulphate/lime, ferrie chloride, aluminum sulphate (chemical compounds) forms a gelatinous substance (floe precipitates quickly

Form compounds of harmless nature/precipated with flocculent material

Precipitate is gathered into large sumps by drag equipment of the rotating or endless or endless belt variety; disposed of in the most practical manner

Sand Filtration:

filtered through layers of sand and gravel placed in concrete

basins

Water passed over sand beds (fine screen-retain finer particles held in suspension/small organisms/bacteria deposited on surface of sand)

Filtered water collect in conduits, conveyed to storage basins

Gelatinous scum forms on top of the filter sand, removed by water sprayed through jets, collected in skimming trough surrounding the filter

Disinfection:

Injecting chlorine gas in water supply

4-5 days

Calcium and Magnesium Removal: (Private water correction) water taken underground containscompounds of calcium/magnesium

(permanently hard water)

Calcium/magnesium bicarbonates (temporarily hard water)

Zeolite (mineral permutt composed of oxides of sodium, aluminum, silicon) to make water soft

TREATMENT PROCESS:

Water from rivers/lakes turbid (silty), contain harmful bacteria, odorous, discoloured, acid

6 operations and three additions of chemical:1. MIXING:occurs after fist 2 additions of correctives (Alum and Chlorine)

Alum forms coagulant (traps silt, foreign matter, impurities)

Chlorine (kills bacteria)

Ammonia + Chlorine (assures continuation of sterilization process (minimum unpleasant chemical taste)

Ferric sulphate/Lime/Soda Ash aid in the coagulation process

2. SETTLING: allows heavier solids to drop to the bottom

3. FILTRATION: takes out flocculated material resulting from coagulation process

Water is passed through underground piping.

River

Alum/Chlorine

Mixing

Settling

Ferric Sulphate/Lime/Chlorine/Soda Ash

Mixing

Flocculation

Settling

Filtration

Ammonia/Chlorine

To public suppliesPRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

1. CESSPOOL hole in the ground curbed with stone, brick, or other material; allows raw, contaminated sewage to leach into the soil

2. PRIVY vault constructed of concrete for the collection of raw sewage and a wooden shelter

3. PURIFICATION OF DISCHARGED EFFLUENT second stage/secondary treatment to correct the effluent

PURIFICATION UNIT OF A SEPTIC SYSTEM

a. fine screen:small particles of suspended materials

b. reduced : to nitrogen compounds in solution/anaerobic bacteria

c. leached: water into subsoil/discharged into a natural drainage terminal

4. TYPES OF FILTRATION UNITSa. Dry Well seepage pit/hole curbed with stone, or other non-absorbent material; allows liquid effluent to leach into the soil; discharge terminal for septic tank

b. Filter Trench best adapted for the disposal/treatment; efficient purification unit; preliminary treatment agency in connection with a dry well

c. Distribution Field

Siphon Compartment or Dosing Tank

Distribution Box to distribute the effluent to all branches of the sub-surface disposal field

Ditch - narrow channel dug in the ground

Trench long narrow ditch dug in the ground

HOUSE DRAIN:receives discharge of soil/waste stacks within the building

:collection line

: lowest horizontal piping

: installed underground/suspended from ceiling

: materials: 6 VCP/4 CISP

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRAINS:

1. Combination Drain sanitary, storm water, waste

2. Sanitary Drain sanitary/domestic waste

3. Industrial Drain industrial equipment

4. Storm Drain storm, clear water/surface water

Size of House Drain : 1) for roof area

: 2) for fixture discharge

TRAPS

P-TRAPS1. Common Seal 2/5 cm

2. Deep Seal 7.5 10 cm

PERMISSIBLE TRAPS1. P-trap

2. Drum Trap

3. Others:

3.1 Stand Trap

3.2 Low Hub Trap

3.3 Brass Trap

3.4 High Hub Trap

3.5 Extra Heavy Trap 3.6 Sink or Lavatory Trap

OBJECTIONABLE TRAPS1. Full size S/ S traps

2. Bag Traps

3. Mechanically sealed traps

4. Light metal partition traps

OTHERS1. Garage Catch Basin

2. Grease Trap

References: Chapter 10 (NPCP) Traps and Interceptors

Table 7-2 (NPCP) Trap Diameters and Drainage Fixture

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