PLUG INTO THE FUTUREZERO EMISSIONS VEHICLES IN THE ACT

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What are Electric Vehicles? ................................................... 3

ACT Leadership .................................................................... 4

Benefits of Electric Vehicles .................................................. 5

Charging an Electric Vehicle ................................................. 6

Range and Performance ....................................................... 9

Vehicle Availability ............................................................ 11

Total Cost of Ownership ...................................................... 13

Lifecycle Impacts ................................................................ 14

Next Steps .......................................................................... 15

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Transitioning away from internal combustion engines (ICE) to zero emission vehicles will make an important contribution to taking action on climate change.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

PHEVPlug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) Electric Only Range: 21-40 kms Full range: >500kms

BEV + RExBattery Electric Vehicle (BEV) with Range Extender Typical Range: 250 kms

BEVBattery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

Typical Range: 160–460 kms

FCEVFuel Cell Electric Vehicle Typical Range: >500kms

There are four passenger vehicle drive trains that can be defined as electric vehicles, each of which is shown in the image below. Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are always powered by the battery (with regenerative braking), while plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE) once the battery is depleted. A range extender vehicle (BEV + REx) is a BEV that includes an auxiliary power unit that increases the range of the vehicle. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are powered by a battery which is fuelled by hydrogen, and are also considered zero emissions vehicles.

WHAT ARE ELECTRIC VEHICLES?

Full-electric mode is ideal for short to medium length trips, with the internal combustion engine kicking in once the battery depletes to provide the vehicle with full-range capability.

Driving range is effective for almost any use, providing

sufficient daily range for most users.

Ideal for short to medium trips with range extender kicking in as necessary.

Extensive range and rapid hydrogen

refill capability means that once the

infrastructure is in place, FCEV’s may be

suitable for almost any use case.

Regenerative Braking

Electric Motor

Battery

Petrol/Diesel

ICE

Regenerative Braking

Electric Motor

Battery

Regenerative Braking

Electric Motor

Battery

Petrol/Diesel

ICE

Regenerative Braking

Electric Motor

Battery

Fuel Cell

H2 Tank

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ACT LEADERSHIP

The ACT Government is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport through encouraging active travel, providing high-quality low emissions public transport options and encouraging the transition to zero emissions vehicles.

• At least 50% of all newly leased ACT Government fleet passenger vehicles will be zero emissions vehicles in 2019-20 (where fit for purpose).

• All newly leased ACT Government fleet passenger vehicles will be zero emissions vehicles from 2020-21.

• Amend the Parking and Vehicle General Access Code to require all new multi-unit and mixed use developments to install vehicle charging infrastructure.

• Work with local and state governments to facilitate the installation of charging stations on major routes to and from Canberra including routes to Sydney and coastal areas.

• Permit zero emissions vehicles to drive in transit lanes until 2023.

• Conduct a feasibility assessment for the installation of covered car parks with solar powered vehicle charging stations.

• Investigate providing incentives to encourage the use of electric bikes including through more secure bike parking and bike charging stations.

• Amend tax arrangements to allow ACT Government staff to salary sacrifice an electric bike.

• Support new and innovative businesses in the zero emissions vehicles sector to maximise job creation and economic development in the ACT.

• Investigate the potential use of vehicle batteries to support the electricity grid at times of peak demand.

The ACT’s next transport strategy, Transport for Canberra, and climate strategy, ACT’s Climate Strategy to a Net Zero Emissions Territory, will include the transition to zero emissions vehicles as a key focus. ACT Government is committed to supporting and accelerating the transition to zero emissions vehicles, and in April 2018 released the Zero Emissions Vehicles Action Plan 2018-2021.

THE ACTION PLAN INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING COMMITMENTS:

• Review parking and traffic regulations to ensure that priorities offered to zero emissions vehicles can be enforced.

• Provide specific zero emissions vehicle number plates for easy identification and enforcement of zero emissions vehicles-related regulations (e.g. ensuring only zero emissions vehicles park and charge in allocated spaces for vehicle charging).

THE ACT’S TRANSITION TO ZERO EMISSIONS VEHICLES

ACTION PLAN 2018–21

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Electric vehicles are an important part of a more sustainable future. They produce fewer (or no) emissions, have lower operating costs and offer independence from increasing fuel prices.

BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND OUR HEALTH

Electric vehicles have no tailpipe emissions, helping to keep the air inour city clean and healthy. From 2020, the ACT will be powered by 100% renewable electricity. This means that there will be zero

greenhouse gas emissions related to charging helping us to meet our 2045 net zero target. When charged outside the ACT, electric vehicles

will have emissions dependent on the local electricity supply.

GOOD FOR THE ECONOMYResearch1 estimates that electric vehicles

could add $2.9 billion to Australia’s GDP by 2030 and create 13,400 jobs.

GREAT TO DRIVEElectric vehicles are quiet and

incredibly smooth to drive with a range of exciting new

technologies.

CONVENIENTGlobal studies have shown that over 90% of

vehicle charging occurs at home or at work. On longer trips rapid chargers are able to get you

back on the road in as little as 20 minutes.

Electric vehicles are no longer futuristic or in the realms of early adopters. Commitments by leading economies and automotive manufacturers have meant that if you are looking to buy an EV soon, there will be practical and affordable options available.

LOWER COSTElectricity costs associated with running an

electric vehicle are up to $1,700 per year lower than the fuel costs of a traditional

vehicle. Electric vehicles have 100 times fewer moveable parts in the drive train. Of the 10

most common vehicle repairs, none are needed in an electric vehicle.

RESILIENTOil dependence exposes ACT to global oil

pricing and potential future shocks from supply chain disruptions. Electric vehicles reduce oil dependence by running on electricity, which

from 2020 will be 100% renewable.

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Most electric vehicle drivers will do the majority of their charging at home. For a quick top-up, the ACT has a growing network of charging stations in public carparks and shopping centres, which makes it increasingly convenient to charge your vehicle. The location of charging stations is available on the website plugshare.com.

There are a number of electric vehicle charging options available that can charge at different speeds, depending on your needs. Typical charging speeds are outlined below:

ACTEWAGL2 HAS INSTALLED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGERS AROUND CANBERRA WHICH ARE SUITABLE FOR ALL TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES.

2https://www.actewagl.com.au/product-and-services/electric-vehicle.aspx

CHARGING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE

RAPID CHARGER PROVIDES ABOUT 145 KMS

PER HALF HOUR OF CHARGE

FAST CHARGER PROVIDES ABOUT 45 KMS

PER HOUR OF CHARGE

SLOW CHARGER PROVIDES ABOUT 20 KMS

PER HOUR OF CHARGE

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Electric vehicles typically include charging hardware at purchase, with faster chargers available at an extra cost. With the approach to charging infrastructure in Australia becoming

standardised, finding an appropriate charger away from home is easy, with most chargers able to handle most electric vehicles (sometimes an adapter cable will be required).

RAPID CHARGERS

Rapid chargers can charge a standard electric vehicle in 20–40 minutes. They are generally located on highways. Often vehicles have a separate inlet for rapid charging.

FAST CHARGERS

Fast chargers can be found at destinations such as supermarkets. A 7kW charger can charge in 3-4 hours and a 22 kW in 1-2 hours. Almost all electric vehicles can charge at a Type 2 station (at least with an adaptor).

SLOW CHARGERS

Slow charging is typically done at home or at work. It can be done at a standard wall socket or otherwise with a 3kW charger.

CHARGING HARDWARE

ELECTRIC VEHICLE PLUGS

While there have been a number of plug types used in Electric Vehicles, adaptor cables mean if you do buy a vehicle with a less common plug type, you should still find yourself able to connect to public chargers.

Tesla modified Type 2

CCSCHAdeMOStandard Wall Socket

Type 1 Type 2

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CHARGING OPTIONS IN THE ACT

SYDNEY

ACT

286 kms

ACT

JINDABYNE

COOMA

BATEMAN’S BAY

150 km

180

km 117

km

12 CHARGING STATIONS ALONG HUME HIGHWAY

CHARGING STATIONS AT

BATEMAN’S BAY, COOMA &

JINDABYNE

THE ACT

CANBERRA

mk 5. 88

57.5 km

A TYPICAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE COULD TRAVEL

NORTH TO SOUTH THREE TIMES ON

ONE CHARGE

PERCENTAGE OF CANBERRANS THAT DRIVE TO WORK (AS DRIVER OR

PASSENGER)

THE AVERAGE ACT RESIDENT DRIVES

30 KMS/ DAY — LESS THAN ONE

CHARGE IN A TYPICAL PLUG-IN HYBRID

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ELECTRIC VEHICLE RANGE

Most electric vehicle models offer ranges that are significantly above average daily driving requirements. The following table outlines the driving range for several popular vehicles according to WLTP.

ACT average daily vehicle distance

(30kms)

Hyundai Kona Electric

285 km

449 km

461 km*

430 km*

300 km

300 km

270 km

280 km*

260 km

RANGE AND PERFORMANCE OF TYPICAL ELECTRIC VEHICLES

**Estimated range based on the WLTP. These cars are yet to have an official WLTP figure as of March 2019.

PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY

Electric vehicles have lower running costs and consume less replaceable items such as brakes and fluids. Given current electricity and fuel prices in the ACT, it would cost around $1.35 per day to power an electric vehicle as opposed to around $4 per day in an ICE powered car.

Generally speaking, electric vehicles have high levels of performance, including powerful and smooth acceleration.

New electric vehicle models typically have state of the art safety, comfort and connected car features and all feature regenerative braking which re-uses energy when the vehicle brakes.

All vehicles in Australia have to pass rigorous safety standards and electric vehicles are no exception.

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VEHICLE AVAILABILITY

EXAMPLE MANUFACTURER NEW MODEL COMMITMENTS BY 2025

PEUGEOT

NISSAN

BMW

TOYOTA

GENERAL MOTORS

The global shift to EVs is well underway. EVs are becoming more affordable, with more options available, and with improved battery technology meaning range anxiety is a thing of the past for the majority of drivers.

A number of new and more affordable EVs will be entering the market in Australia by 2019, making EVs an even more enticing proposition. The range of EVs in Australia is quickly catching up to the world leaders. In the United Kingdom there are already 47 models available, and in China over 80 models are already available.

Example of Current Model Availability

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CURRENT ELECTRIC VEHICLES AVAILABLE OR SOON TO BE RELEASED IN AUSTRALIA

Battery Electric Vehicles available or soon to be available in Australia

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles available or soon to be available in Australia

Model Availability RRP Range ($000) Range

Tesla Model X Available $130-150 430 km

Tesla Model S Available $130-150 461 km

Jaguar i-Pace Available $130-150 480 km

BMW i3 Available $60-80 285 km

Tesla Model 3 Late 2019 $50-60 560 km

Renault Kangoo Available $40-50 260 km

Renault Zoe Available $40-50 300 km

Nissan Leaf Used/Gen 3 2019 $40-60 272 km

Hyundia Ioniq Available $40-60 280 km

Hyundai Kona Mid 2019 $40-60 449 km

Kia Niro Mid 2019 $40-60 480 km

Model Availability RRP Range ($000) All-Electric Range

Mercedes Benz S-Class Available Over $250 29 km

BMW i8 Available Over $250 54 km

BMW 7 Series Available $200-220 43 km

Porsche Panamera Available $200-220 37 km

BMW X5 Available $110-120 31 km

Porsche Cayenne Available $110-120 36 km

BMW 5 e Series Available $100-$110 37 km

Volvo XC90 Available $100-110 26 km

Volvo XC-60 Available $90-100 56 km

Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class Available $90-100 19 km

Mercedes-Benz E-Class Available $90-100 28 km

BMW 3 Series Available $70-80 30 km

Mercedes-Benz C-Class Available $70-80 50 km

Audi A3 Available $60-70 34 km

Mitsubishi Outlander Available $30-45 45 km

Hyundai Ioniq Available $45-60 63 km

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

Information correct as of March 2019.

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CALCULATING THE COST OF OWNERSHIP FOR AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE

The price of an electric vehicle depends largely on the cost of the batteries that power them, and those expenses have been rapidly declining. This means that automakers are now able to ship an entirely electric drive train at a cost that’s on par with the auto industry’s most typical purchase price.

The running costs of electric vehicles are lower than for conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. As such, it is important to consider the lifetime costs of an electric vehicle rather than the up-front costs alone.

Electric vehicles have lower maintenance costs than a traditional vehicle with key components requiring little to no regular maintenance. Some of the benefits include having less fluids to change, less brake wear due to regenerative braking and less moving parts that can wear out.

The most expensive part of an electric vehicle is the battery, which is why vehicle manufacturers often provide a separate battery warranty for peace of mind.

EXAMPLE OF CALCULATING THE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN THE ACT

PURCHASE COST$44,990a

PURCHASE COST$31,780b

ELECTRIC VEHICLE (4 DOOR SEDAN)

ICE VEHICLE (EQUIVALENT SPECIFICATION)

RUNNING COSTS$.097 per km

RUNNING COSTS$.223 per km

AFTER 150,000 KMSTotal Running Costs: $15,000

AFTER 150,000 KMSTotal Running Costs: $33,000

10-YEAR RUNNING COST

SAVINGS ON AN EQUIVALENT

ELECTRIC VEHICLE OF

AROUND $18,000

*Based on 2019 Hyundai Electric Elite vs 2019 Hyundai Elantra 2.0 Petrol. [a] Price excludes dealer delivery cost ($1,500 approx.) and on road cost ($732.48). [b] Price includes dealer delivery and on road costs.

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LIFECYCLE IMPACTS

With the ACT set to source 100% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, electric vehicles could reduce carbon emissions from passenger vehicles by as much as 85% on a lifecycle basis.2

The ACT Government is committed to minimising the overall environmental impact of electric vehicles. For example, batteries can be repurposed or recycled at the end of their useful life. The ACT Government will work with other jurisdictions and vehicle manufacturers to encourage continual improvement in battery reuse and recycling technologies and systems to recover materials and minimise the whole-of-life impacts of zero emissions vehicles.

BATTERY RECYCLING

At the end of an electric vehicle battery’s life, it still has around 75% of its original capacity to store energy. Second life battery use is a viable industry and most batteries will find second life applications at a home or grid storage level.

Battery recycling is also a viable industry and reduces the impact of producing primary materials which can be a toxic and energy intensive process.3

75%

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NEXT STEPS

WANT MORE INFORMATION?

Do your part to help the ACT reduce carbon emissions by considering electric vehicles next time you’re making a vehicle purchase or leasing decision. If you have any questions about whether electric vehicles are suitable for your travel needs, or recommendations for the ACT Government relating to electric vehicle use, please contact the ACT Government Climate Change team.

If you are looking for more information about electric vehicles in the ACT email climatechange@act.gov.au or go to www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/zero-emissions-vehicles.

1‘Recharging the economy, the economic impact of accelerating electric vehicle adoption’ Electric Vehicle Council, PWC et al 2018

2 ‘Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave: How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline Cars on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions’, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2015, https://www.ucsusa.org

3 ‘Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability’, European Federation for Transport and Environment, October 2017, https://www.transportenvironment.org

REFERENCES

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