pltw cea: unit i, lesson 1 - principles and elements of design applied to architecture
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CEA Lesson 1.1 History of Civil EngineeringTRANSCRIPT
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Principles and Elements of Design
Applied to Architecture
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Six integral components used in the creation of a design:
Line
Color
Form and Shape
Space
Texture
Value
Visual Design Elements
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Types
Vertical – Represents dignity, formality, stability, and strength
Horizontal – Represents calm, peace, and relaxation
Diagonal – Represents action, activity, excitement, and movement
Curved – Represents freedom, the natural, having the appearance of softness, and creates a soothing feeling or mood
Line
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Vertical Lines
Skyscraper Madrid, SpainMicrosoft Office clipart
Brandenburg Gate Berlin
The Empire State BuildingArchitect: Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon
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Horizontal LinesMicrosoft Office clipart
Community Christian ChurchKansas City, MOArchitect: Frank Lloyd Wright, 1940
Wikimedia.org
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Diagonal Lines
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
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Curved Lines
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart
Sydney Opera HouseJorn Utzon
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Color has an immediate and profound effect on a design.
Color
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Saint Basil’s CathedralMoscow
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Warm Colors
Reds, oranges, yellows
Cool Colors
Blues, purples, greens
Color©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
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Color
Colors can affect how humans feel and act
©iStockphoto.com
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Form: (3D)The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material.
Shape: (2D)The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area.
Form and Shape
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Form and Shape©iStockphoto.com
Oriental Pearl Tower ShanghaiArchitect: Jiang Huan Cheng, Shanghai Modern Architectural Design, Co.
Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-HausBerlin, Germany
Microsoft Office clipart
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By incorporating the use of spacein your design, you can enlarge or reduce the visual space.
Types
•Open, uncluttered spaces
•Cramped, busy spaces
•Unused vs. good use of space
Space
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
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The surface look or feel of something
Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and therefore is a more intense color.
Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and therefore appears darker.
Texture
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Smooth Texture
©iStockphoto.com
Exterior metal façade of Disney Concert HallLos Angeles
Glass façade of a high rise office building
Microsoft Office clipart
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Rough Texture
©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
Park Guell – Barcelona, Spain Architect: Antonio Gaudí
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The relative lightness or darkness of a color
Methods
Shade – Degree of darkness of a color
Tint – A pale or faint variation of a color
Value
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Value©iStockphoto.com
Downtown buildings in Bangalore, India
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Seven principles encompass an interesting design.
•Balance
•Rhythm
•Emphasis
•Proportion and scale
•Movement
•Contrast
•Unity
Visual Design Principles
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Parts of the design are equally distributed to create a sense of stability. Both physical and visual balance exist.
Types•Symmetrical or formal balance•Asymmetrical or informal balance•Radial balance•Vertical balance•Horizontal balance
Balance
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The elements within the design are identical in relation to a centerline or axis.
Balance
The Taj Mahal MausoleumAgra, Uttar Pradesh, India
©iStockphoto.com
Symmetrical or Formal Balance
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Asymmetrical or Informal Balance
Parts of the design are not identical but are equal in visual weight.
Balance
Chateau de ChaumontSaone-et-Loire, France
Wikipedia.org
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Radial Balance
Design elements radiate outward from the center.
Balance
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele IIMilan, ItalyArchitect: Giuseppe Mengoni
Dresden FrauenkircheDeresden, Germay
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Vertical Balance
The top and bottom parts are equal.
Balance
Microsoft Office clipart
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The parts on the left and right sides are equal.
Balance
Chi Lin Buddhist Temple and NunneryKowloon City, Hong Kong
Building façadeLimberg, Germany
Microsoft Office clipart
©iStockphoto.com Hearst CastleSan Simeon, CAArchitect: Julia Morgan
©istockphoto.com
Horizontal Balance
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Balance
Wikipendia.org
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Repeated use of line, shape, color, texture or pattern
Types
•Regular rhythm
•Graduated rhythm
•Random rhythm
•Gradated rhythm
Rhythm
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Regular Rhythm
An element is repeated at the same repetition/interval each time.
Rhythm
Microsoft Office clipart Microsoft Office clipart
Cube house designRotterdam, Netherlands
Microsoft Office clipart
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Random Rhythm
The beats of the element are random or are at irregular intervals.
Rhythm
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Gradated Rhythm
The repeated element is identical with the exception of one detail increasing or decreasing gradually with each repetition.
Rhythm
www.wikimedia.org
Left: Stack of rocks used as focal point in landscaping
Microsoft Office clipart
Right: The Chinese Tower English GardensMunich, Germany
Microsoft Office clipart
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The feature in a design that attracts one’s eye – the focal point
• Emphasis can be achieved through size, placement, shape, color, and/or use of lines
Emphasis
Ceiling mosaic in Park Gruell
Microsoft Office clipart
Mosque - EgyptMicrosoft Office clipart
Wikipedia.org
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Comparative relationships between elements in a design with respect to size
3:5 ratio is known as the Golden Mean
Proportion and ScaleMicrosoft Office clipart
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Flow or feeling of action
Movement
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
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ContrastNoticeably different
Can be created with
•Color
•Proportion and scale
•Shape
•Texture
•Etc.
©iStockphoto.com
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Unity is achieved by the consistent use of lines, color, material, and/or texture within a design.
Unity
©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
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Microsoft Office clipart
©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
Unity
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Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip art. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://office. microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx
Wikipedia. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org
iStockphoto. Retrieved January 7, 2009 from http://www.istockphoto.com/index.php
Image Resources
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References
The Empire State Building Official Internet Site (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://www.esbnyc.com/
Great Buildings. (2009). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from www.greatbuildings.com.
Heart Castle – Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument. (2009). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from www.hearstcastle.org