p.lo3# - sardis secondary school 2 handouts.pdf · chapter 2: energy flow ... respiration 9....
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2: Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycles
DAY OUTLINE KEY TERMSGo over Ch. 1 Test 1. Decomposers2.1 Notes 2. Food ChainsRootbeer Demo and Worksheet 3. Food WebsAssignment: Do Energy Flow Vocabulary 4. Food Pyramid
Do Food chains, food webs, and food 5. Trophic Levelpyramids wksht
Do_p.67#_5,8,12,132 Video Clip: Biosphere II 6. Nutrients
2.2 Notes (Carbon & Nitrogen Cycles) 7. CarbonateAssignment: Do 2.2 Nitrogen Definitions wksht 8. Cellular
Respiration9. Photosynthesis
3 Activity: Nitrogen Cycle 10. NitrificationAssignment: Do “Nutrients” T/F wksht 11. Denitrification
4 2.2 Notes (Phosphorous Cycle)Assignment: Do 2.2 Nutrient Cycles wksht (use your data
book only)Do p.91# 4,6,7,11,14Study for 2.1/2.2_Quiz
5 Ch. 2.1/2.2 Quiz 12. Biodegradation2.3 Notes — fill in note outline 13. Heavy MetalsAssignment: Do “Bioaccumulation” wksht 14. PCB’s
Do “PCB’s and the orca 15. PesticidesDo p.lO3# 3, 9, 20 16. BioaccumulationDo Heavy metals wksht 17. Keystone Species
6 Activity: Bioaccumulation (Simulating Toxic Effects in anOcean)Chapter 2 Bingo ActivityCH.2 REVIEW: Do 2.1, 2.2 & 2.3 Assessment wkshts
Do p.104-105 #4,6,7,15,19,22,28Study for_Ch.2_Test
7 Ch. 2 Test 1. Adaptive radiationRead p. 108-12 1 and complete Reading Check p.111 2. Natural selection3.1 Notes
Chapter 2: Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycles Key Terms
Key Term Defin1ion Examp’e/GraphicDecomposers
2. Food Chains
3. Food Webs
4. Carbonate
Trophic Level
6. Food Pyramid
7. Nitrification
8. Denitrification
Key Term Definition Example/Graphic9. Cellular Respiration
10. Photosynthesis
11. Nutrients
12. Biodegradation
13. Heavy Metals
(;
14. PCB’s
15. Pesticides
16. Bioaccumulation
17. Keystone Species
2.1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems - Student Notes
__________________________is
the total mass of all living things in a given area. (measured ing/m2 or kg/m2)
• Organisms interact with the ecosystem by:
1. Obtaining
_____________
2. Contributing__________________
• Plants are called
___________________________ ________________________
during photosynthesis.
CO2 + H20 + sunlight —>C6H1206+02
•
_______________________
get their energy by feeding on producers or other consumers,
• breakdown wastes & dead organisms, through the process ofbiodegradation.
EnerEy Flow and Energy Loss in Ecosystems
• Methods to represent
________________________________________________
moving through ecosystems.
—
_______________________:
show the flow of energy in an ecosystem.
—
________________________:
represent interconnected food chains. They model thefeeding relationships in an ecosystem
—
_______________________:
show the changes in available energy from one trophiclevel to another in a food chain, They’re also called ecological pyramids
Food Chains
Each step is a trophic level
= 1St trophic level
= 2nd trophic level
—= 3rd trophic level
—= 4th trophic level
from the ecosystem
to the ecosystem
because they make
______________________
‘1fiarflrflC5
) \ç,Terreshal load chain Aquaticlood diain
Consumers in a food chain can be classified as:1.
__________________________________
- obtain energy & nutrients from deadorganisms & waste matter.
• they have their own, separate food chains & they feed on every trophic level.• Eg. small insects, earthworms, bacteria & fungi
2.
__________________________
- primary consumers• eat plants (producers) only• Ex. Horse eating hay
3.
_____________________________
- secondary or tertiary consumers
•
________________________
consumers eat non-producers (herbivores)Eg. Frog eating a grasshopper
_________________________
consumers eat secondary consumers- also called top predators, top carnivores or top consumersEg. Lions eating humans
4.
___________________________
- consumers that eat both plants & animalsEg. include humans and bears
Food Webs
Most organisms are part ofmany food chains.— Arrows in a
_____________________
represent the
_____________________
andnutrients.
— Following the arrows leads to the top carnivore(s),
Food PyramidsEnergy enters at the first tropic level(producers), where there is a largeamount of__________________ &therefore a lot of energy
• It takes large quantities of organisms in one tropic level to meet the energy needs of the nexttrophic level.
• 80% - 90% of energy taken in by consumers is used in chemical reactions in the body, or is lostas heat energy.
• The amount of life an ecosystem can sustain is based on the bottom level of the ecologicalpyramid, where producers capture energy from the sun.
• have much larger populations than
______________________
•This shows the hnpartance of maintaining large,
___________________populations
at thelowest levels of the food pyramid.
E’sbstasheat
Roo
tbee
rA
ctiv
ity:
Ene
rgy
Tra
nsf
erin
Eco
syst
ems
I.C
reat
ea
food
chai
nus
ing
the
follo
win
gor
gani
sms.
Be
sure
toin
clud
ear
row
sto
show
the
dire
ctio
nof
ener
gyfl
ow.
sun,
haw
k,ba
cter
ia,p
lant
,spa
rrow
,cat
erpi
llar
Use
term
sin
the
voca
bula
rybo
xto
fill
Inth
ebl
anks
.U
seea
chte
rni
only
once
.
2.L
abel
the
follo
win
gon
your
food
chai
n.-
prød
ucer
,pri
mar
yco
nsum
er,
seco
ndar
yco
nsum
er,
tert
iary
cons
umer
,de
com
pose
i,he
rbiv
ore,
omni
vore
,car
nivo
re,
top
carn
ivor
e,fi
rstt
roph
icle
vel,
seco
ndtr
ophi
cle
vel,
thir
dtr
ophi
cle
vel,
four
thtr
ophi
cle
vel
Ques
tions:
1.W
hich
trop
hic
leve
lrec
eive
dth
em
ost
ener
gy?
2.W
hich
trop
hic
leve
lrec
eive
dth
ele
ast“
ener
gy”?
3.W
hath
appe
ned
toth
e18
0m
illili
ters
from
the
plan
tsth
atth
eca
terp
illar
didn
’tab
sorb
?
4.H
owm
uch
“ene
rgy”
was
USE
Dby
the
inse
ct?
Wha
twas
this
ener
gyus
edfo
r?
5.W
hat
cons
umer
has
toea
tthe
mos
tfoo
dto
mee
tits
ener
gyne
eds?
6.W
hyca
nt
afo
odch
ain
have
anin
fini
tenu
mbe
rof
links
?
1.
__________________
refe
rsto
the
tota
lm
ass
ofliv
ing
plan
ts,
anim
als,
fung
i,an
dba
cter
iain
agi
ven
area
.
2.T
heflo
wof
ener
gyfr
oman
ecos
yste
mto
anor
gani
sman
dfr
omon
e.or
gani
smto
an
oth
er
is
called
_____
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
3.Pl
ants
are
calle
dpr
oduc
ers
beca
use
they
“pro
duce
”fo
odin
the
form
ofca
rboh
ydra
tes
duri
ng
4.A
nin
sect
,su
chas
abe
e,th
atfe
eds
ona
plan
tis
calle
da
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
5.
________________
isth
ebr
eaki
ngdo
wn
ofor
gani
cw
aste
san
dde
ador
gani
sms.
6.T
heac
tion
ofliv
ing
orga
nism
s,su
chas
bact
eria
,to
brea
kdo
wn
orga
nic
mat
ter
iscall
ed_____
____
7.ch
ange
was
tean
dde
ador
gani
sms
into
usab
lenu
trie
nts.
8.
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
are
mod
els
that
show
the
flow
ofen
ergy
from
plan
tto
anim
alan
dfr
oman
imal
toan
imal
.E
ach
step
isca
lled
a
___________________
leve
l.
9.Pl
ants
and
phyt
opla
nkto
n,su
chas
alga
e,ar
eat
the
firs
ttro
phic
leve
land
are
refe
rred
toas
_______________
10._
________________
obta
inth
eir
ener
gyfr
ompr
imar
ypr
oduc
ers.
____
____
____
____
__ob
tain
thei
ren
ergy
byea
ting
prim
ary
cons
umer
s..
11.I
nth
efo
urth
trop
hic
leve
lar
e
_________________
that
feed
onse
cond
ary
cons
umer
sto
obta
inen
ergy
.
12._
________________
are
mod
els
ofth
efe
edin
gre
latio
nshi
psw
ithin
anec
osys
tem
.
_____________
sho
w
the
loss
ofen
ergy
from
one
trop
hic
leve
l to
anot
her.
Use
with
text
book
page
s56
-64.
Ene
rgy
flow
Voc
abul
ary
biod
egra
datim
ito
adw
ebs
biom
aos
ph
oto
da
cons
umer
prim
aiyco
tisur
ners
deco
tose
rsnay
pm&
ers
deco
mpo
sitio
nse
cond
ayco
nsum
ers
ener
gy1k
mte
ay
cons
umer
sfo
odch
aiis
food
pyra
mid
s
16M
HR
•Se
ctio
n2.
1E
nerg
yH
owin
Ecos
yste
ms
•20
08M
cGra
w4
Rye
sen
Uni
lted
Scie
ntifi
cm
odel
Que
stio
ns
food
ctai
nI.
Wha
tpla
nts
oran
imal
sare
the
prim
ary
prod
ucer
sin
iNs
food
chai
n?
‘1I_
ZZ
.J,e
d4at
edha
wk
2.W
hatt
roph
iclev
eldo
the
htsg
san
dcr
abs
belo
ngto
?
73.
Wha
t.do
teilt
ary
cons
umer
sfe
edon
toob
tain
ener
gQ
EZ
..E
1gr
oper
erg
...+
...zJ
._]
=Js.°
Ton
est,t
oifo
odch
ata
Aq0
05rC
food
drah
i
food
web
4.W
hette
rmis
ussd
tads
scri
beac
hipr
nunk
that
eats
seed
sor
tritt?
5.W
hatk
ind
ofco
nsum
ers
doom
nlvo
rese
at?
6.G
obtw
oem
rnip
lasat
defri
nore
s.
Use
muf
ffex
Urs
okpa
ges
60-6
4.
Food
chai
ns,
food
web
s,an
dfo
odpy
ram
ids
Use
he
diag
ram
sto
help
you
answ
erth
equ
estio
ns.
food
pyra
mid
7.W
hati
safo
odpy
ram
id?
grea
t hom
ed
,,‘
long
.taiio
d
gras
sos
8.W
hich
level
ofa
food
pyra
mid
store
sth
em
oat
9.W
itch
level
ofa
iotd
pyra
mid
slant
sth
ele
ast a
mou
nt&
ener
gy?
200$
MoG
rew
-H5
nyer
eon
Secl
ion
21E
nerg
yFl
owIn
Ece
syst
emo
•M
HR
1718
MH
R•
Sec
tion
2.1
Ene
rgy
Flow
inE
oesy
stem
e
2.2
Nut
rien
tC
ycle
sin
Eco
syst
ems
-S
tude
ntN
otes
—th
efl
owof
nutr
ient
s__
__
_____
and_
____
____
ofth
ela
nd,
•T
hehe
1th
ofou
rec
osys
tem
sde
pend
son
the
bala
nce
of:
Car
bon,
Nitr
ogen
, Pho
spho
rous
, Hyd
roge
nan
dO
xyge
n
Car
bon
Cyc
le:
A.
Car
bon
Pac
ts:
•
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
___
__
isfo
und
inal
lliv
ing
mat
ter.
•Pl
aces
that
carb
onis
foun
dar
eca
lled__
____
____
____
____
_or
__________________
Sho
rt-t
erm
Stor
esL
one-
term
Stor
es-
livin
gth
ings
inw
ater
&on
land
-und
ergr
ound
(oil,
gas,
natu
ral
gasa
ndco
al)
•ro
tting
tiss
mof
plan
ts/a
nim
als
-se
dim
enta
ryro
ck(l
imes
tone
)-
atm
osjlh
ere
(air
)-
ocea
nfl
oor
(old
thel
ls)
-oc
ean
(dis
solv
edin
the
wat
er)
B. f
low
Car
bon
Cha
nges
For
m:
I._____
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
(in
plan
tsal
gae
and
cyan
obac
teri
a)
__
__
_______+
______
_____
+su
nlig
lt—*_
__________
_+
_________
2.
___________________
__
__
__
__
_
(in
cells
ofal
lliv
ing
thin
gs)
__
__
__
__
__
_+
-+÷
+E
NE
RG
Y
(ene
rgy
isus
edfo
rgro
wth
, rep
air
etc.
)
3.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_—
done
byba
ctoi
a/fl
mgi
cellu
lose
4
4.O
cean
Proc
esse
s:
-___
____
____
____
____
____
____
_m
oves__
____
____
___a
roun
d
the
wor
ld
-C
O2
sink
sin
cold
ocea
nw
ater
s-1
flow
sto
the
war
meq
uato
ran
dev
apor
ates
into
the
air.
5.
____________________________:
(bur
ning
, eng
ines
, vol
cano
es,
fore
stfi
res)
foss
ilfi2
els
+-*
__
__
__
__
__
_+
__
__
__
__
__
__
_+
EN
ER
GY
(oil,
gas,
natu
ral g
as, c
oal)
Hum
anA
ctiv
ities
&çQ
1.B
urni
ngFo
ssil
Fuel
s•
__
__
__
__
_
inat
mos
pher
eha
sin
crea
sed
30%
inpa
st16
0ye
ars.
•In
the
160,
000
year
sbe
fore
that
, ito
nly
incr
ease
dl-
3°/.
•
_______________________
isre
mov
edfr
omlo
ng-t
erm
stor
age
asw
em
ine
coal
&dr
illfb
roi
land
gas.
•C
O2
isal
soa
,(tr
aps
heat
inat
mos
pher
e)
2.R
emov
ing
Tre
es•
Tre
esab
sorb
_____________.
soth
enth
eyar
ecu
t dow
n,
______________
isre
leas
edin
toth
eai
r.•
Oth
ercr
ops
don’
t rem
ove
asm
uch
CO2
A. N
itrog
enFa
cts
Nit
rog
enC
ycle
:
•M
akes
up__
____
____
____
____
____
____
(mus
cle
fim
ctio
n).
•H
elp
plan
tsgr
mv
Whe
reN
itrog
enis
Foun
dA
tmos
pher
e(7
8%is_
______
•O
cean
s•
Org
anic
mat
ter
inso
il•
Lak
es, m
arsh
es, o
rgan
ism
s
B.H
owN
itrog
enC
hang
esFo
rm:
-___________
isno
tusa
ble
bypl
ants
oran
imal
s,so
itha
sto
heco
nver
ted
toot
her
form
s.
-Pl
ants
can
use
and______________________
1.N
itrog
enFi
xatio
n
•L
ightning
dian
ges_
__________________
4_________________
•R
ain
was
hes__
____
____
____
____
_int
o
soil.
(sm
alla
mou
nt)
•
__
__
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
inso
il(t
hizo
bium
)&__
____
____
____
____
inw
ater
chan
ge(m
ore)
ocea
n,un
osph
ere
and
deep
rock
.
2.N
itrif
icat
ion
(don
eby
nitr
ifvi
nba
cter
ia’:
4
3.U
ptak
e;
___________
issu
cked
into
plan
ts&
used
forg
row
th.
Her
bivo
res
eatp
lant
s&
use
__
__
__
_
for
mak
ing
prot
áns
&
_____________
4.D
enit
rfic
atio
n(d
one
by
____
____
____
____
____
_bac
teri
a
&
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
___________
->
__________
1.
____
____
____
____
____
____
(bre
akin
g
dow
nro
ckin
tosm
alle
r pie
ces)
.a)
Che
mic
alw
eath
erin
g:•
acid
rain
orlic
hens
rele
ases
__________________________
b)Ph
ysic
alw
eath
erin
g:•
win
d,w
ater
and
free
zing
rele
ase
the_
____
____
____
____
____
__
2.
__________________:
plan
tsai
ckup
P043
-,th
enar
eea
ten
byan
imal
s.
3.
______________
_______________:
Bac
teria
brea
kdo
wn
orga
nicm
atte
r&
phos
phor
ous
isru
rned
toso
il.4.
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
:
whe
nro
cks
unde
rthe
grou
ndar
e
Phosp
horu
sC
ycle
tPh
osph
orot
afa
cts
•
__
__
__
__
__
__
___________
isa
part
ofth
em
olec
ule
that
cani
es
____
____
____
____
__in
cels
_____
__
__
•Ph
psph
orou
she
lps
____
____
___g
row
th,
stem
_____________an
d
seed
•In
anim
als,
phos
phor
ous
isim
port
antf
or
__
__
__
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Whe
reP
hosp
lom
usis
Foun
d:•
Not
inat
mos
pher
e,bu
tin
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
anls
edim
ents
onth
eoc
ean
floo
r.
B.
How
lhos
phor
ous
Cha
nges
Form
.
C.
Hum
anac
tiviti
esaf
fect
the
nitr
ogen
cycl
e.Th
eam
ount
ofni
trog
enin
the
ecos
yste
mha
sdo
uble
din
50y.
due
to:
I.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
&se
wag
etr
eatm
ent.
NO
&ar
eby
prod
ucts
2.
2.
____
____
____
____
____
___b
y
burn
ing.
.ac
idra
inis
fr,rm
edw
hich
cont
ains
nri
cac
id(H
NO
3).
3.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
•
__________
_
&
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
leac
hin
toso
il&
wat
erw
ays.
__
__
__
__
_
•hu
gegr
owth
inaq
uatic
alga
e
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
•T
hese
__
__
_______________________
use
upal
l___
____
_&
,blo
cksu
nlig
ht&
prod
uce
neur
otox
ins
whi
chpo
isct
land
kill
man
yaq
uatic
orga
nism
s.
C.
Hum
anac
tiviti
esaf
fect
the
Phos
phor
ous
Cyc
le.
I.
__________:
irE
rease
s_
________________
inec
osys
tem
squ
ickl
y.
____________
turn
s
____
___i
rto
ash,
whi
chru
nsin
toi’m
terw
ays.
How
Cha
naes
inN
utri
ent C
ycle
sA
ffec
t Bio
dive
rsity
ToR
evie
w:
Any
sign
ific
antc
hang
esto
any
ofth
ese
nutr
ient
s(
,H,0,_
__
__
__
orP
)ca
ngr
eatly
impa
ct
1.
_______________
__
__
__
4cl
imat
ech
ange
&gl
obal
wan
ning
.
2.T
oom
uch_
____
____
____
____
___
can
allo
wce
rtai
npl
ants
peci
esto
out-
com
pete
othe
rsp
ecie
s.
3.D
ecre
ased
leve
lso
f__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
4sl
owgr
owth
ofal
gae
(im
port
antp
rodt
Eer
s).
Mat
chth
efo
llow
ing
word
sw
ith
thei
rde
fini
tion
s:
Nit
roge
nfi
xati
on,
deni
trif
icat
lon,
nitr
ifyi
ngba
cter
ia,
nitr
ate,
nitr
ogen
upta
ke,
nitr
ific
atio
n,am
mon
ium
,de
nitr
ifyi
ngbac
teri
a,ni
trit
e,ni
trog
en-f
ixin
gba
cter
ia,
nitr
ogen
Ter
mD
efin
ftio
nT
hepro
cess
ofm
akin
gnit
rate
s
Pro
vide
for
the
ho
stpl
ant
and
inre
turn
obta
insu
gar
s
Cer
tain
bact
eria
that
conv
ert
nitr
ate
back
into
nitr
ogen
gas
Nit
roge
ng
asis
conv
erte
din
toni
trat
eus
ing
elec
tric
alen
ergy
from
ligh
tnin
g
The
pro
cess
whe
reni
trat
esar
eco
nver
ted
into
nitr
ogen
gas
The
pro
cess
whe
reni
trat
esen
ter
plan
tro
ots
Cer
tain
bac
teri
ath
atco
nver
tam
mon
ium
into
nitr
ite
or
nitr
ite
Into
nitr
ate
NO
3- NO
2- N2 NH
4
DA
1t
Ni,M
t,C
lASS
ru
tIt
Tru
eor
Fal
se
Goa
l‘
Use
this
page
toch
eck
your
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
nutr
ient
s.
Bes
ide
each
stat
emen
tbe
low
, wri
teth
ele
tter T
ifyo
uth
ink
the
sta
tem
ent
istr
ueor
Fif
you
thin
kit
isui
dse.
Ifyo
uth
ink
the
stat
emen
t is
fals
e,w
rite
the
corr
ects
ente
nce
inth
esp
ace
prov
ided
.
1.—
Gre
enpl
ants
add
carb
ondi
oxid
eto
our
atm
osph
ere
thro
ugh
apr
oces
sof
phot
osyn
thes
is.
2.—
Dec
ompo
sers
are
ave
ryim
port
ant
part
ofev
ery
nutr
ient
cycl
e.
3.G
reen
plan
tsoc
cupy
the
seco
ndtr
ophi
cle
vel i
nfo
odch
ains
.
4.T
here
isa
loss
ofen
ergy
atea
chtr
ophi
cle
vel.
5.C
arry
ing
capa
city
isth
ela
rges
tnu
mbe
rof
orga
nism
sth
atca
nsu
rviv
ein
anar
ea.
6.—
Ina
food
chai
n,a
deer
feed
ing
offl
eave
sw
ould
bea
seco
ndar
yco
nsum
er.
7.C
arni
vore
sar
eor
gani
sms
that
eatp
lant
mat
eria
l.
8.T
hepr
oces
sof
nitr
ogen
fixa
tion
uses
oxyg
ento
prod
uce
carb
ondi
oxid
e.
Use
wit
hte
xtbo
okp
ages
78-8
3
Nitr
ogen
9.—
‘vV
hlIc
apy
ram
idof
num
bers
orbi
orna
ssca
nbe
inve
rted
,apy
ram
idof
ener
gyca
nnot
.
Name: Block:_______ Date:
Science 10 2.2 Nutrient Cycles Assignment(20 marks)
Use the nutrient cycle pages of your data booklet to answer the following questions:
1. Name the process that cycles carbon from an abiotic source in the atmosphere to a biotic source in
plants
_________________________________
2. Name 3 ways that humans affect the nitrogen cycle.
a,
_____________________________________
b.
______________________________
C.
_____________________________________
3. What is the greatest store of carbon?
______________________________
4. How much carbon is put into the atmosphere each year by fossil fuel combustion?
5. Overall, is carbon being added or taken away from the atmosphere by the processes of plant
growth and decay?
____________________
6. How much phosphorous flows through the cycle from fertilizer use?
______________________
7. Name 2 ways phosphorous is released from rocks.
b.
_____________________________
8. What do we call the process by which nutrients enter waterways?
______________
9. What organism has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria?
______
10. Which molecule is the product ofnitrogen fixation?
_________________
11. Which molecule is the product of denitrification?
_________________
12. Name 2 ways that nitrogen fixation occur.
a.
______________________________
b.
___________________________
13. Which process do all plants and animals do that returns carbon to the atmosphere?
14. What is the primary form of nitrogen in the atmosphere?
15. What are the two forms of nitrogen that plants can use?
a.
_______________
b.
2.3 Effect of Bioaccumulation on Ecosystems — Student Notes
> Amphibians are valuable
_________________________________
of environmental health because
they’re sensitive to chemical changes.
> Since the 80s the world amphibian population has
________________________
& birth deformities
have
______________________
> This may be due to:
____________________,
increased UV rays,
__________________________
habitat loss,
__________________________________________________________
/
: a slow build up of chemicals in the bodies of
organisms. -
• If bioaccumulation occurs in a
________________________________,
it can affect every other
organism in its far reaching
____________________
Eg. Bioaccumulation of PCBs in the B.C. Orcas.• PCBs will affect the reproductive cycles of Orcas until at least 2030, even though they were
banned in ‘77.
> Chemicals like
_________________
and
________________&
other insecticides are called
________________contain _____________________,
& remain in water & soil for many years(like all organic comp)
________________
even at low levels (5
______________)
causes nervous, immune &reproductive system disorders in animals. [ppm = parts per millionj
__________________________________
also
________________________________
• Lead, cadmium & mercury are the most dangerous.•
______________________
is not considered safe at any level, it can cause anemia, nervous& reproductive system damage.
•
_______________________
is toxic to earthworms & causes many health problems infish.
• Cadmium causes
_____________________ ______________________ ________________________________________________damage
in humans (exposure to cigarette smoke),
>
_________________________
enters ecosystems through burning of fossil fuels, waste incineration,
mining & the manufacture ofbatteries.• Coal burning adds
____________
of the mercury released.• Mercury__________________________ in the brain, heart & kidneys ofmany animals
(Fish
____________________________
mercury, adding risk for any organisms eating fish).
> Reducing the effects of chemical pollution• If chemicals are trapped in the soil, they cannot enter the
_______________________
aseasily.
________________________________
micro-organisms or plants are used to help clean up,and are then removed from the ecosystem.
Eg. The oil industry will often use bacteria to “eat” oil spills.
>
________________________________:
the consumers in each
_______________________
receive larger
doses of accumulated chemicals than the one before it.
The bioaccumulation of PCBs begins with the absorption of the chemicals by microscopic plants and algae.
Use
wttlr
text
book
page
s92
-99
Dio
accu
muj
afio
n
rem
ain
nw
ate
rand
soil
for
man
yyears
.
8.
Chem
iqal
accu
mu
lati
on
ism
easu
red
in
9.__
__________________________________
are
meta
llic
ele
ments
wit
ha
hig
hd
en
sit
y
thatar
toxic
toorg
anis
ms
at
low
concentr
ati
ons.
10
.T
hre
epoll
uti
ng
heavy
meta
lsam
_____________
11.___
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
ith
eu
se
of
liv
ing
org
anis
ms
tocle
an
up
chem
ical
poll
uti
on
natu
rall
y,
on
lyfa
ste
r,th
rough
bio
degra
dati
on.
Use
with
text
book
page
95.
PCO
san
dth
eor
ca1
.W
hat
are
PC
Bs?
Wh
at
isth
eir
full
chem
ical
nam
e?
2.
Wh
at
were
PC
Bs
used
for
inth
e1970s?
Voca
bu
lary
bloa
ccum
ulat
len
lead
biom
agnh
uica
tion
mer
cury
bia-en
ieciia
tloØ
par
tsper
milt
on
cadm
ium
PCBs
halt-
liepe
rsis
tent
orga
nic
pollu
tant
s
heav
ym
etals
prod
ucer
ske
ysto
nesp
eole
s
Use
the
teta
nsin
the
vo
cab
ula
rybox
tofi
llIn
the
bla
nk
s.
Use
each
tern
ion
iyon
ce.
1.____________________________________
isth
eg
rad
ual
bu
ild
-up
of
synth
eti
cand
org
an
icchem
icals
inli
vin
gorg
anis
ms.
2._
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
are
species
that
can
gre
atl
yaf
fect
populaton
num
bers
and
th
eh
eafth
of
an
ecosyste
m.
3,
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
isth
epr
oces
sin
wh
ich
chem
icals
no
tonly
accu
mu
late
but
beco
me
mo
re
co
ncen
trated
at
each
tro
pic
lev
el
ina
food
pyra
mid
.
4.E
ven
sm
all
concen
trati
on
sof
chem
icals
in
an
dp
rim
ary
an
dseco
nd
ary
co
nsu
mers
can
bu
ild
up
tocau
se
proble
ms
inhig
her
trophic
lev
els
.
5.____________________________________
are
synth
eti
cch
em
icals
that
were
wid
ely
used
frpm
the
1930
sto
the
1970
sin
indu
stri
alpr
oduc
ts.
6._________________
___________________
isth
eti
me
itta
kes
for
the
am
ou
nt
of
a
ch
em
ical
tod
ecre
ase
by
half.
7.__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
are
carb
on-c
on
tain
ing
com
pounds
that
3.In
Nor
thA
mot
ica,
PCB
sw
ere
bann
edin
1977
.E
xpla
inw
hyth
eyar
est
illha
ving
anef
fect
onor
gani
sms
toda
y.
4.Ex
plai
nw
hath
appe
nsto
PC8s
whe
nth
eyen
ter
anor
ca’s
body
.
5.H
ow
dooro
as
surv
ive
when
salm
on
sto
ck
sare
low
?W
hat
effe
ctdo
esth
ish
av
eo
n
thei
r sur
viva
l?
and
6.D
raw
adi
agra
mto
illus
trat
eh
ow
bio
magnif
icati
on
occu
rsin
,orc
as.
02008
McG
raW
-Hill
Ryo
rson
Lim
ited
Sec
tion
2.3
Eff
ects
ofB
icac
cum
ulat
ion
onE
cosy
stem
sM
HR
36M
HR
•Se
ctIo
n2.
3E
ffec
tsof
Bio
aocu
mul
atio
non
Eco
syst
ems
02
00
8M
cGre
w.H
01R
yors
onU
nite
d
10.
Wha
tpro
duct
ofph
otos
ynth
esis
supp
lies
ener
gyfo
rlif
efo
rms?
A.ca
rboh
ydra
ics
B.ca
rbon
diox
ide
C.ox
ygen
D.w
ater
11.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gor
gani
sms
are
likel
yto
befo
und
inth
eth
ird
trop
hic
leve
l
ofa
food
chai
n?
A.al
gae
B.fr
og
12.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gde
scri
bes
the
proc
ess
ofbi
odeg
rada
tion
?
A.pl
ants
usin
gph
otos
ynth
esis
tocr
eate
food
B.pr
imar
yco
nsum
ers
eatin
gpl
ants
C.ba
cter
iabr
eaki
ngdo
wn
orga
nic
mat
ter
•0.
omni
vore
sea
ting
plan
tsan
dan
imal
s
•13
.tn
afo
odpy
ram
id,
how
muc
hen
ergy
islo
st
from
trop
hic
leve
lto
trop
hic
leve
l?
A.2
0%C
.70%
8.5
0%
0.90
%
14.
Ina
food
pyra
mid
:
A.as
the
trop
hic
leve
lde
crea
ses,
the
num
ber
ofor
gani
sms
supp
orte
dby
the
ecos
yste
mde
crea
ses
B.as
(he
Irop
hic
leve
lin
crea
ses,
the
num
ber
ofor
gani
sms
supp
orte
dby
the
ecos
yste
m
incr
ease
s
C.as
the
tropl
licle
vel
incr
ease
s,th
enu
mbe
r
ofor
gani
sms
supp
orte
dby
the
ecos
yste
m
decr
ease
s
0.as
the
trop
hic
leve
lde
crea
ses,
the
num
ber
ofor
gani
sms
supp
orte
dby
the
ecos
yste
min
crea
ses
Hea
vy
Met
als
clas
aN
ame
Ass
essm
ent
Date
_____________
Use
wfth
text
book
page
s5644.
Ent
rgy
flow
inec
osy
sttm
sM
atch
each
Term
onth
eM
twith
the
best
Des
crip
toro
nth
erig
ht.E
ach
Des
crip
tor
may
only
beus
edon
ce.
I.bi
odeg
rada
tion
2._
consu
mers
3._dec
om
pose
rs
4._
_fo
odch
ain
5.fo
odpy
ram
id
6.fo
odw
eb7._
pro
ducers
8.tro
phlc
leve
ls
Goal
•U
seth
ispa
geto
reco
rdw
haty
oule
arn
abou
thea
vym
etal
s.
What
toD
o
Com
plet
eth
ete
mpl
ate
asyo
ure
adpa
ges
97—
98oF
the
stud
ent
book
.
Met
alE
nvir
onm
enta
lS
ourc
esE
ffec
tson
Org
anis
ms
Eff
ects
onH
uman
s
Lea
d
Cad
miu
m
Mer
cury
C.gr
assh
oppe
r
0.ha
wk
A.a
mod
elth
atsh
ows
the
flow
ofen
ergy
from
plan
tID
anim
alan
d
from
anim
alto
anim
al
8.or
gani
smst
hatp
ro
duce
food
Inth
efo
rm
ofca
rboh
ydra
tes
dur
ing
phot
osyn
thes
is
C.th
ebr
eaki
ngdo
wnof
dead
orga
nic
mat
ter
byor
gani
sms,
such
as
bact
eria
0.st
eps
Ina
food
chai
n
that
show
feed
ing
and
nich
ere
latio
nshi
ps
amon
gor
gani
sms
E.a
mod
elth
atsh
owst
hela
ssof
ener
gyfro
mon
e
troph
iclev
elto
anot
her
F.an
orga
nism
that
eats
othe
rorg
anism
s
6.a
mod
elof
the
feed
ing
rela
ltons
liips
with
Inan
emH.
orga
nism
sth
atbr
eak
dow
nw
aste
san
dde
ad
orga
nism
san
dch
ange
them
into
usab
lenu
tri
ents
Cir
cle
the
lett
erof
the
bes
tan
swer
.
9.In
afo
odch
ain,
prim
ary
prod
ucer
sar
e
usua
lly:
A.am
phib
ians
C.m
amm
als
B.ba
cter
ia0.
plan
ts
20M
HR
•S
ecti
on2.
1En
ergy
Flow
InE
cosy
stem
so
zoos
McG
rev-
HW
Rye
rson
Lim
itsd
Ass
essm
ent
Dat
e
__
__
__
_
Cir
cle
the
lett
ero
fth
ebes
tan
swer
.
8.In
the
carb
oncy
cle,
whe
rear
eth
ehi
ghes
tst
ores
ofca
rbon
foun
d?
A.te
rres
tria
lve
geta
tion
B.m
arin
ese
dim
ents
and
sedi
men
tary
rock
s
C.oi
lan
dga
sde
posi
ts
D.so
ilan
dor
gani
cm
atte
r
9.ca
lcIu
mca
rbon
ate
isa
slru
ctri
ral
com
pone
ntof
:
A.m
arin
eor
gani
sms
B.te
rres
tria
lor
gani
sms
C.al
gae
V.vo
lcan
icas
h
10.
Whi
chof
the
foll
owin
gis
nots
tore
din
the
atm
osph
ere
asa
gas?
A.ca
rbon
B.ox
ygen
C.ni
trog
en
D.ph
osph
orus
11.
Nitr
ogen
fixa
tion
resu
ltsin
:
A.am
mon
iuni
bein
gco
nver
ted
into
nitr
ates
B.ni
trat
esbe
ing
cons
umed
byba
cter
ia
C.ni
trog
enga
sbe
ing
conv
erte
din
toni
trat
eor
amm
oniu
mit
V.am
mon
iabe
ing
conv
erte
din
toca
rboh
ydra
tes
iaL
ight
ning
prov
ides
ener
gyth
at:
A.ab
sorb
sen
ergy
into
land
mas
ses
B.fi
xes
nitr
ogen
inth
eat
mos
pher
e
C.fi
xes
carb
ondi
oxid
ein
the
atm
osph
ere
D.re
leas
esni
trog
enin
toth
eso
il
Nam
eD
ate
Eff
ects
ofb
iaac
cum
ula
tion
onec
osy
stem
sU
sew
ithte
xtbo
okpa
ges
92—
99.
Cir
cle
the
lett
erof
the
best
answ
er.
7.O
ver
the
last
cent
ury,
whi
chhu
man
activ
ityha
sca
used
the
grea
test
chan
geto
the
envi
ronm
ent?
A.re
cycl
ing
B.fo
rest
fire
s
C.in
trod
uctio
nof
synt
hetic
chem
ical
s
0.bu
ildIn
gof
hydr
opl
ants
Ass
essm
ent
8.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
wou
ldbe
iden
tifie
dps
ake
ysto
nesp
ecie
sin
the
BC
fore
stec
osys
tem
?
A.
bact
eria
B.fu
ngi
C.pi
netr
ees
0.sa
lmon
9.PO
Ps.
orpe
rsis
tent
orga
nic
pollu
tant
s,ar
eco
mpo
unds
that
cont
ain:
A.ox
ygen
B.ca
rbon
C.ph
osph
orus
0.ni
trog
en
10.
For
hum
ans,
the
mos
tse
riou
sso
urce
ofca
dmiu
mpo
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