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PEnA-Buildings reference document ver. 17/09/2013

Platform for Environmental Assessment of Buildings,

(PEnA-Buildings) Reference document ver. 17/09/2013

Tarmo Räty

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3

PEnA-Buildings distribution .......................................................................................................................... 4

Credits ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

Distribution package ................................................................................................................................. 4

MySQL ....................................................................................................................................................... 5

PHP ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

PEnA-Buildings license .............................................................................................................................. 7

Sub-licencing, Yii ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Pena-Db ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

PEnA-Calc .................................................................................................................................................... 10

PEnA Home view ..................................................................................................................................... 10

Register & Login view.............................................................................................................................. 11

The register window ........................................................................................................................... 12

Login window ...................................................................................................................................... 12

Element Editor Views .............................................................................................................................. 13

New element ....................................................................................................................................... 15

Material layers ................................................................................................................................ 16

Layer impacts view .......................................................................................................................... 19

Sub-element layers ......................................................................................................................... 20

Network-element view ................................................................................................................... 20

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Pilot building ............................................................................................................................................... 21

Further development .................................................................................................................................. 24

Security ................................................................................................................................................... 24

Operating system & browser stability .................................................................................................. 25

PEnA-Db .................................................................................................................................................. 25

PEnA-Calc ................................................................................................................................................ 26

Interface issues ................................................................................................................................... 26

Stability issues ..................................................................................................................................... 26

Attachment: Construction elements and corresponding PEnA-Db materials of the Pilot building........... 27

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Introduction Platform for Environmental Assessment of Buildings, PEnA, is Metla’s initiative to develop open access data sets and tools for assessing the environmental performance of building materials, construction elements and buildings. The development of the initiative covers extensive research on the life cycle impacts of building materials, design, construction and uses of the buildings. Most of these issues are already studied independently, but a holistic approach to develop the environmental assessment of buildings has been missing thus far. Our research efforts are described in other documents. This document illustrates the development of an assessment tool, or the application. Even if the fully functional application is available only after a detailed study of the environmental data and its uses in construction, we have found it useful to develop this first draft of the application to illustrate problems and motivate development and research.

This document describes the use of the application called PEnA Buildings. It consists of two main elements, PEnA-DBband PEnA-Calc, as illustrated in Fig 1. PEnA-Db is an open access LCI database of construction materials and activities. It is an independent platform to get developed compatible with international LCI database specifications. In addition, it facilitates the conversion of dataset to get compatible with construction design tools like BIMs, cost accounting or other stand-alone applications that make use the environmental impacts of construction materials and activities.

Figure 1: Current elements of PEnA-Building. Abbreviations inside the arrows refer to software technology or the format used.

PEnA-Calc is a stand-alone application to assess the environmental impacts of building materials, construction elements or buildings. It makes use of PenA-Db. The application allows the user to create

PEnA-Calc

Construction Element editor

-PHP, with Yii library

-User interface to PEnA-Db and CEDb-Composes single elements or networks of elements-Environmental assessment from material to building level-EN 15978 compatibility (not full)

PEnA-DbOpen access environmental database -MySQL-EN15804 compatibility (not full)-support for national construction material classification

Construction Element Data Base, CEDb-MySQL-Network & lifecycle of the composed elements or buildings-Data linked to PEnA-Db

Independent applications of PEnA-Db PEnA-Calc-Pena Building’s 3-clause BSD license gives free access to source code and allows its usage in commercial software

PHP SQL

Okobau.dat

XML

CSV

SQL

PEnA-Buildings

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his/her own construction element database, where the elements are composed on construction materials or previously specified elements. The environmental performance can be evaluated at any level of such a network of elements and primary materials. In this terminology, a building is the highest level construction element, on the top of the hierarchy. The environmental impact calculations of the networks are automated, such that the user can easily simulate the impacts of alternative sub-designs of the building.

The design of the PEnA-Calc application supports the full life cycle assessment of the building, the current versions covers materials and construction process. Also the replacement cycles of elements and materials can be modeled.

PEnA-Buildings distribution

Credits PEnA is originally developed by Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) to promote the use of environmental data in construction. PEnA-Db &Calc platform architecture & application development: Tarmo Räty (Metla) PEnA-Db &Calc application development & code: Juha Ruokolainen and Simo Kunnari (Karelia University of Applied Sciences) PEnA-Db datasource: ökobau.dat

Financial support from Puumiesten ammattikasvatussäätiö and Forest Industry Future is greatly acknowledged

Distribution package The latest information on current developments is found in the PEnA distribution site www.metla.fi/pena . For now, there is no version numbering, but developments are labeled as the date of the release.

PEnA-Building is a www application. Usually, the users can use any web browser to login on a publicly available service. PEnA-Buildings distribution package is needed only when the service is to get installed on a public or private www server.

The zipped distribution package is labeled as ToimitusDDMMYYY or DistributionDDMMYYY. The root directory of the package has the same name.

http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/oekobaudat/index.php

http://www.puumies.fi/?docId=8000

http://www.oske.net/fifcluster/en/

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MySQL The root directory of the distribution has a single file called pena_master_slave_dump.sql. This file contains all the necessary database structures and the environmental data set. The applications are tested on MySQL server version 5.5.29

This sql dump should be extracted to the designed MySQL server. The result should be:

Schema “pena_master_db” manages users, stores PEna-Db datasets and data transformation tables between alternative construction classification schemes. Schema pena_slave_db stores the user specific construction element data from PEnA-Calc.

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Licensing note: PEnA-Db makes use of MySQL software, but is not distributed with it. Being open source, Pena-Db and Pena-Calc honor GPL license of MySQL (http://www.mysql.com/about/legal/licensing/index.html).

PHP The PHP code should be installed on WWW-server running PHP release 5.2.2, or later

The folder” calculator” (and the subfolders) should be copied to the place where the www server can find it. For example, if you are running a local Apache server, the default place is under the folder “htdocs”:

PHP code needs to execute MySQL commands. The required connections are stored in the file main.php.

The critical code is (about line 70):

'db'=>array( 'connectionString' => 'mysql:host=MYSQLHOST;dbname=pena_master_db', 'emulatePrepare' => true, 'username' => 'USERNAME', 'password' => 'PASSWORD', 'charset' => 'utf8', ), 'db2'=>array( 'class' => 'CDbConnection', 'connectionString' => 'mysql:host= MYSQLHOST;dbname=pena_slave_db', 'emulatePrepare' => true,

http://www.mysql.com/about/legal/licensing/index.html

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'username' => 'USERNAME', 'password' => 'PASSWORD', 'charset' => 'utf8', ),

where the user should replace the address of the MySQL host (MYSQLHOST), username (USERNAME) and the password (PASSWORD) for their local settings.

Note that host, username and password should be given twice, even if both MySQL databases are located on the same server. The first case refers to PEnA-Db’s pena_master_db database, the second to pena_slave_db.

The PHP library from Yii Software LLc is also needed. It is not included in the distribution package. The details on how to get the Yii library and installation instructions are found from the distribution package

PEnA-Buildings license PEnA-Buildings license: Copyright (c) 2013, <Finnish Forest Research Institute> All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the Finnish Forest Research Institute nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Thus PEnA-Building software, including both PEnA-Db and PEnA-Calc, is an open source. The licensing condition is 3-clause BSD, allowing free access to the source code and unlimited use of software also for the commercial use.

The developers are encouraged to create their own applications based on PEnA-Db or PEnA-Calc.

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The texts and manuals are licensed to the public under GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL).

Sub-licencing, Yii The Yii framework is free software, but not distributed with PEnA. It is released under the terms of the similar BSD License as PEnA Buildings.

Copyright © 2008-2013 by Yii Software LLC All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

• Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

• Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

• Neither the name of Yii Software LLC nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Pena-Db The availability of open access LCI data is found necessary for the penetration of environmental assessment in construction industry. PEnA-Db is developed for an easy access data format for the developers of environmental assessment tools.

The current version supports Okobau.dat database, Ökobilanzsierte Umwelindikatoren in Bauwesen v. Ökobaudat_2011_v05 - 2012-09-20. It is available in XML –format from http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/oekobaudat/index.php . To facilitate better connectivity with PHP applications and spreadsheets, Okobau.dat database is converted to MySQL format. The converted data fields are listed in Table 1. It contains some fields that are not found in the original data, but used in PEnA-Db to facilitate synchronization with the other databases and the application development. The data attribute naming refers mainly to ILCD Format package (http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/developerPage.vm.), The impact naming convention refers to CEN EN 15804 standard.

http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html

http://www.yiisoft.com/

http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/oekobaudat/index.php

http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/developerPage.vm

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Table 1: PEnA-Db data fields. Data fields are divided in Data attributes and Impacts

Data attribute Impacts material_id effect_id (not in okobau) material_group_1_id effect_type material_group_2_id energy_nonrenewable_MJ material_group_3_id energy_renewable_MJ material_sub_id (not in okobau) secondary_fuels_MJ gabi_classification_1_name water_utilization_kg gabi_classification_2_name overburden_and_ore_residues_kg gabi_classification_3_name municipal_waste_kg gabi_classification_4_name hazardous_waste_kg basisname_de abiotic_depletion_potential_kg name_de eutrification_potential_kg name_fi (not in okobau) ozone_depletion_potential_kg name_en (not in okobau) photochem_ozone_creation_pot_kg geographical_representativeness global_warming_potential_kg reference_year acidification_potential_kg time_representativeness_description technology_description technological_applicability type_of_data_set functional_unit reference_flow data_set_valid_until date_of_last_revision Uuid reference_flow_amount functional_unit_flow_properties source (not in okobau)

Okobau.dat Db is organized according to LCI related Gabi classification. It is based partly on the physical property of the material, i.e. mineral, wood or plastic and intended use of material, i.e. insulation or coating. This is somewhat problematic, as the construction industries appear to classify goods according to the intended use or the function alone. PEnA-Db structure allows the use of transformation tables between different classifications. Tables to present Okobau data using Finnish construction industries Talo2000 product classification are distributed with pena_master_db. See Pena-Buildings technical manual for details.

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PEnA-Calc PEnA-Calc is the user’s tool to manage the construction element database (CEDb). CEDb keeps track on the network of materials and the construction elements the user has created and Pena-Calc integrates the network with PEnA-Db. Like PEnA-Db also CEDb is a MySQL database.

CEDb allows construction elements to be used as sub elements of the other elements. In Figure 1, the bolded text refers to user defined construction elements and the boxed text to the material selections from PEnA-Db. The element Base floor consists of three elements, of which one is primary element (concrete slab), whose environmental impacts are found in PEnA-Db. The user has created two sub-elements, Bedding insulation and Bedding course. In this example they consist of primary materials alone. Construction elements and primary materials can be nested within computing capacity of the server application. E.g. in this example the Base floor is obviously designed to be used as a sub-element of a house. The elements can share the same primary material or the sub element with the others, see “Filter cloth” in the figure. However, to prevent looping, the sub element can’t re-enter the same path in the network.

Figure 1: A network of construction elements and primary materials

Once the user has given the structure of an element, as well as necessary information on the designed life time and replacement cycles of the layers, PEnA-Calc reads the environmental impacts from PEnA-Db and calculates summary figures over the network (a three) recursively.

PEnA Home view PEnA-Buildings Home view is:

Drainage gravel

Bedding course

Insulation (EPS)

Bedding insulationConcrete slab

Base floor

Filter cloth Crushed stone

Gravel

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The green toolbar gives two options, either Login (already registered user) or Register (a new user).

The support for other languages is taken account in the code, but not yet implemented.

Register & Login view The users of Pena-Buildings have to create an account on the MySQL server running pena_master_db. The account gives access to PEnA-Db, but most importantly, the user specific Construction Element Data base (CEDb) is created. A user may create an infinite number of accounts, but each account has their own CEDb.

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The register window

A valid Email address, that is be used as the user name of the account and the password are obligatory. Submitting the name and occupation is optional.

Also CAPTCHA verification to prevent automated account creation is required.

After successful registration, a welcome window will open.

Note: Any other view after the registration indicates problems in your registration

Login window Username is the email address that you have registered on the server.

Note: If you have registered several user names (accounts), the current version of PEnA-Calc does not support sharing any data between the accounts.

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After the successful login, PEnA Buildings home-view re-opens, but the toolbar has new options; Contact, Element Editor and Logout. The Logout tab shows also your active username.

Contact tab is not working properly.

Element Editor is used to modify CEDb and calculate environmental impacts.

You can always safely logout. No memory is allocated for your working area, i.e. all the changes you have made to CEDb are stored permanently to the server during the session.

Element Editor Views The Element editor is the main view that opens new windows according to the user’s request. In the home view you can browse the structure and impacts of your current CEDb using the “show element” drag-down menu.

A procedure to create a new element is launched from the create new element -link

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create new element -link opens a window, where you can choose to start from scratch, i.e “compile a new element” –tab or “modify an existing element” -tab:

Note: For the time being “Modify an existing element” –tab is poorly tested.

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New element When a new element is created from scratch, the user has to give element description and specify all the materials and/or sub-elements.

The element description is given as:

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The required fields are:

• Name – a unique name to identify the element

• Service life – intended time after which the element is considered to get replaced as a whole. Note that some material layers or sub elements may have shorter service life. It is a layer/sub-element attribute.

• Unit – any unit used to measure the element, i.e. functional unit.

The Optional fields are:

• Description – Free form description of the element. Filed and shown in the Element editor -view.

• Structural identification – in the current version the element can be classified either according the Talo 80 or Talo 2000. This information is stored for the user’s interest only. The current version of PEnA-Calc will not use it.

Material layers The lower end of the New element -window is used to compile element layers. For the material layers, the user can browse PEnA-Db rows either by using Talo 2000 product categories or Gabi classification.

The list of available material rows is updated automatically to cover all the materials from the selected material classification. Mapping between Talo 2000 product categories and Okobau.dat is implemented, but experimental; for now, the materials are best found using Gabi classification.

In this example the insulating material for the Bedding insulation is looked for. The user has ticked the material row: EPS PS 25.

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On the material row three important row specific parameters are given:

• functional unit – The measure in which environmental impacts are given

• reference flow unit – The reference amount of material (in functional units) for the reported impacts.

• flow property - additional specification of the material measure, e.g. density.

In this example where Expanded polystyrene is used. It is measured in m3 (Functional unit) Impacts are given with respect one m3 and the material density is 25 kg/m3.

The given insulation layer is 150 mm, so quantity needed element’s functional unit (m2) is 0,15 m3. The reference service life is here equal to element’s service life, but if the material layer is to get replaced before the element, it can be specified here. PEnA-Calc will relate this field to element’s service life automatically.

“Save material” tab saves the current choices for this element layer and a new layer can be specified. For the Bedding insulations, the final material list is

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Material parameters are not always that easily interpreted. For example, for the wall tiles a material is given:

The functional unit of the tiles is kg. The impacts are given per 31 units (kg) of the tiles, which happen to be the material need for a square meter.

The given functional unit is not always compatible with construction plans. In our example functional unit for the filter cloth is kg, instead of more natural m2. For the time being PEnA-Calc has no tools to make appropriate transformations, but they are left for the users. We have assumed that filter cloth weights about 200 g per m2.

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Tab “File this element” saves the element description as well as material and sub element layers and returns to Element editor –view.

Layer impacts view

If “Automatic calculation” box is not ticked, you have to use “Calculate impacts” tab to show the impacts.

Columns are:

• Sub element – the name of the material or sub-element layer • Reference service life – An integer showing how many times the impact of one functional unit of

the layer are allocated to Service life of the element. E.g. value 1 means no replacements, 4 would indicate that the material is replaced four times over the service life of that element.

• Functional unit – A measure used for the layer’s impacts • Quantity – The quantity of material in terms of functional units. • Allocation – a layer can be considered as a part of several elements. The share of impacts

allocated to this element. Not implemented, assumed always equal to 1.

13 independent environmental impacts are extracted from Okobau.dat. The columns do not fit on the screen, but they slide left and right with the mouse. The column abbreviations are explained on the lower left corner. The first column is the Global Warming Potential, measured as kg CO2 equivalence.

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The last row gives the impact summary of the element per given functional unit. E.g. one m2 of the Bedding insulation is associated with climate warming potential equal to 12,75 kg of CO2.

The element can be modified by choosing Modify –tab. The choices are inherently similar to creation of a new element.

Sub-element layers After creating another element, here the Bedding course (not illustrated here), we are ready to create the Base floor -element by attaching the insulation and course layers to concrete slab by:

There is no programmed upper limit for the number of material and/or sub-element layers. The server capacity is the limiting factor.

Network-element view Finally we can assess the environmental impacts of the Base floor element as:

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Sub-element layers are listed first, followed by the material layers. Currently there is no way to manipulate the order, other than deleting/adding rows.

In this example GWP of Base floor is equivalent to 86,85 kg CO2 equiv. per m2, mostly due to the concrete slab with GWP 58,46 kg CO2 equiv. per m2

Pilot building In this section we illustrate how to use PEnA-Calc to evaluate the environmental impacts of a multi store house over 100 year service life. The figures will account for impacts from material use and their designed replacements over the service life. The data comes from two modern multi-store buildings, such that the pilot building element layers and element amounts are a combination of the original ones.

The detailed building element data is listed in the appendix. The main elements and their amounts (m2) are:

Element m2 Element m2

AP1 Base floor, regular 245 US2 Exterior wall, timber framing, non-load bearing

34

AP2 Base floor, shelter 47 US3 Exterior wall, concrete sandwich structure, load bearing

100

AP3 Base floor, drying room 37 US4 Exterior wall, concrete sandwich structure with timber frame, load bearing

34

AP4 Base floor, sanitary cabin regular

40 US5 Exterior wall, shelter envelope element, load bearing

85

VP1 Intermediate floor, regular 1495 US6 Exterior wall, Timber frame for sauna, non-load bearing,

15

VP2 Intermediate floor, staircase 123 VS1 Dividing wall , concrete between apartments load bearing

484

VP3 Intermediate floor, shelter 47 VS2 Dividing wall, concrete, interior load bearing 535

VP4 Intermediate floor, sanitary cabin regular

197 VS3 Dividing wall, masonry for sanitary cabin non-load bearing

63

VP5 Intermediate floor, sanitary cabin, sauna

20 VS4 Dividing wall, shelter load bearing 120

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YP1 Roof, regular 310 VS5 Dividing wall, steel frame non-load bearing 310

US1 Exterior wall, masonry envelope, load bearing

1257 VS6 Dividing wall, masonry for sauna, non-load bearing

31

The environmental assessment of a house is rather straightforward after the construction elements layers and the amounts are known as in the appendix.

In the following screen shot the element called “Koko rakennus” (or Whole building) is modeled using 22 main construction elements above. The environmental impacts of the whole house do all not fit on one screen; here are the last rows of the environmental impacts of the pilot house:

The total GWP of the building is equivalent to 671 533 kg of CO2.The figures do not cover painting, or wall papers as the layers were not specified in our dataset.

Analysis of the complicated element structures is more convenient using the csv dump. Tab “Save csv dump” creates a file of the current element that it is easily imported to any spreadsheet application.

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Note that impact columns of the csv dump are not in the same order as presented in PEnA-Calc. Using basic drawing facilities, it is easy to illustrate the distribution of the environmental impacts.

The main portions of the CO2 emissions are connected to the interior floor (VP1) and the exterior wall (US1) structures. However the impacts of load bearing interior walls and bathroom interior floors should also give rise to discussion on alternatives.

One of the gains of using the international LCI database compared with carbon calculators is that a wider range of environmental impacts can be taken studied. For our pilot building, a completely different picture is given if generated hazardous waste is the interest:

AP1; 21,3 AP2; 3,1 AP3; 3,2

AP4; 17,3

VP1; 182,4

VP2; 22,3

VP3; 15,0 VP4; 56,4

VP5; 8,3 YP1; 0,0

US1; 152,7 US2; 0,5

US3; 19,0 US4; 6,5

US5; 14,7

US6; 0,0

VS1; 33,5

VS2; 55,5 VS3; 20,1

VS4; 12,4

VS5; 37,1

VS6; 1,6

Global warming potential (tonnes)

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Given the uncertainty concerning the materials and their comparability with the ones used in Finland, it is not reasonable to present any further analysis of the environmental impacts of this pilot building.

Further development The current versions of PEnA-Buildings elements are still under development. The question is not only on the stability of the code or improvements of the user interface, but also the selected software technology can still be questioned.

The main idea of the PEnA project is to develop a system of environmental assessment with low entrance level for interested construction professionals. The selected software technologies, MySQL and PHP, are industry standards for web based software engineering, but the software tools used is construction are usually not web-based. The open access and compatibility with the industry standards of PEnA-Db leave the door open for the better-integrated applications.

Security The web-based approach presumes some sort of user management, where user names and passwords are stored on the server. Also CEDb saves user defined data on the server. This is no doubt a security risk; both can get hacked. The problem is not only in the confidentiality of the data sets but insufficient concern of security can endanger the stability of the server. This concern is currently the main reason why the applications are not yet released for public testing. One way to circumvent the security issues is to give up the user management and move CEDb to the user’s computer. However, this will increase data transfers on both directions, giving to arise to possible firewall problems. Also in this case, user given data should be calculated and temporarily stored on the server.

AP1; 8,5 AP2; 1,7

AP3; 1,3

AP4; 83,5

VP1; 53,8

VP2; 56,0

VP3; 2,7

VP4; 207,1

VP5; 42,0 YP1; 11,0 US1;

34,6 US2; 1,2 US3; 4,7 US4; 1,6

US5; 3,7

US6; 5,2

VS1; 5,9

VS2; 9,8

VS3; 419,1

VS4; 2,2

VS5; 10,1 VS6; 162,1

Hazardous waste (kg)

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Security issue needs to get solved before other major developments can be made. However, this is an issue only when a publicly available service is desired. The current program technology can be safely used when the service is run on local servers for local users only.

Operating system & browser stability The current version appears sensitive to the operating system of a server. The first development was done under Windows XP. Installing the applications on Linux servers have faced serious problems, not all of them yet solved.

Currently, the application runs smoothly on Windows XP and Windows 7. The tested environments are:

MySQL (PEnA-Db) PHP (PEnA-Calc) Stability

Windows Windows Stable

Linux Windows Stable

Linux Linux Unstable

The problem seems to be in the primary PHP code or in the Yii library.

In our current experiences, the browser choice is not critical. PEnA Buildings runs through IE, FireFox, Chrome and Safari. There are some problems with IE 9, where “compatibility view” is suggested if problems appear.

PEnA-Db PEnA-Db structure serves the current use and data well. However not all the intended functionality is yet implemented. The list of future developments is infinite, but contains among others:

- The software to import standardized ILCD compatible databases. The current version is developed to import Okobau.dat, compatibility with other ILCD databases is not assured.

-A simplified, and generic, procedures to implement alternative mappings between product classifications. The current mapping between Talo2000 and Gabi classifications is ad hoc.

-Multilingual support. The product names should not be translated, unless the data producer issues translations. However, to facilitate the international use of data, product categories should be made available in relevant languages.

-The interface to BIMs should be studied and implemented appropriately.

-User specific data. As no database is complete, a user should have a possibility to use and save material rows for their own use. This can be also a property of PEnA-Calc.

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PEnA-Calc Unlike PEnA-Db, PEnA-Calc still suffers some stability problems.

Interface issues -User can’t change the order of the element layers on the screen. The order has no impacts on calculations.

-Tabs, links, and buttons are not always consistent. Extended user testing should take place.

-Horizontal scrolling of the impact screen is clumsy. The screen/scrolling method needs to get revised.

- The csv dump is saved in the default directory of the browser. The user might find It hard to find.

-More informative csv dumps, or views should be developed. For instance, the full view of all the sub elements and their structures, down to the bottom of the element network. Also the material–wise balance of an element (a house or a sub element) should be extracted.

Stability issues -The same material can exist only once as a primary material in the element. Users have to write repeated material layers using sub elements or the result will be an error.

-The crash following the repeated layers will corrupt all CEDb, such that the error creating material rows in all the elements in CEDb are cleared. There is no way to fix CEDb, other that editing the pena_slave_db tables directly.

-Program execution gets slow. It is not yet clear why this is the case but the capacity of Web or MySQL servers is likely not the limiting factor. Low performance is username specific; the user can login, but the opening of the Element editor -view gets gradually slower and slower, and finally completely fails. Parallel accounts running PEnA-Calc are not affected. The reason can be in the initialization of the Element editor, or the corrupted CEDb.

- Creating a new element by modifying an existing element fails. Adding a new material row will write the previously existed material rows two times. This will end up with an error if the user tries to delete the unwanted material rows or saves the element.

-Negative impacts are shown as zeros on the impact screen and csv dump, but are calculated correctly. This is especially true for the GWP of wood products. Okobau.dat accounts maintained carbon as a negative impact.

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Attachment: Construction elements and corresponding PEnA-Db materials of the Pilot building The building element data is listed on the following table. The bolded rows are the titles of the main construction elements. On the first column, the title indicates if the layer belongs to a sub element, the second column is the thickness of the layer, third is the description of the layer and the last column is the name of the material from PEnA-Db.

Rakennusosa / apuosa Määrä Selite Materiaali AP1 Alapohja yleensä, 245 m2 Pintamateriaali tai – käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan 100 mm Teräsbetonilaatta BY 45 luokka A-4-30 Betonfertigteil Decke 20cm * Alapohjan eritys Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan eritys 200 mm Lämmöneriste, EPS Lattia 100 EPS PS 25 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty salaojasora Splitt 2/15 Alapohjan täyttö 900 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty routimaton sora Kies 2/32 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Sepeli, 16/32 Schotter 16/32 Alapohjan täyttö Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan täyttö Perusmaa - AP2 Alapohja väestönsuoja , 47 m2 40 mm Tasausbetoni, BY 45, luokka A-4-30 Transportbeton C20/25 150 mm Teräsbetonilaatta Betonfertigteil Decke 20cm* Alapohjan eritys Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan eritys 200 mm Lämmöneriste, EPS Lattia 100 EPS PS 25 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty salaojasora Splitt 2/15 Alapohjan täyttö 900 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty routimaton sora Kies 2/32 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Sepeli, 16/32 Schotter 16/32 Alapohjan täyttö Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan täyttö Perusmaa - AP3 Alapohja Kuivaushuone, 37 m2 100 mm Teräsbetonilaatta BY 45 luokka A-4-30 Betonfertigteil Decke 20cm * Alapohjan eritys Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan eritys 200 mm Lämmöneriste, EPS Lattia 100 EPS PS 25 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty salaojasora Splitt 2/15 Alapohjan täyttö 900 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty routimaton sora Kies 2/32 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Sepeli, 16/32 Schotter 16/32 Alapohjan täyttö Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan täyttö Perusmaa - AP4 Alapohja märkätilat yleensä, 40 m2 Keraamiset lattialaatat Keramische Fassadenplatte -

NBK Ceramic

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Rakennusosa / apuosa Määrä Selite Materiaali Kiinnityslaasti, laattavalmistajan ohjeen mukaisesti Mukana laatoissa AP täyttö Tyyppihyväksytty vedeneristysjärjestelmä. - 100 mm Teräsbetonilaatta BY 45 luokka A-4-30 Betonfertigteil Decke 20cm * Alapohjan eritys Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan eritys 200 mm Lämmöneriste, EPS Lattia 100 50+50+50mm EPS PS 25 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty salaojasora Splitt 2/15 Alapohjan täyttö 900 mm Koneellisesti tiivistetty routimaton sora Kies 2/32 Alapohjan täyttö 300 mm Sepeli, 16/32 Schotter 16/32 Alapohjan täyttö Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies Alapohjan täyttö Perusmaa - VP1 Välipohja yleensä, 1495 m2 15 mm Lautaparketti + Tuplex tai vastaava. Mehrschichtparkett 5 mm Mattotasoite, Vetonit 3000 tai vastaava Calciumsulfatestrich IWM VP_Teräsbetonilaatta 240mm

240 mm Tb-laatta rakennesuunnitelmien mukaan Betonfertigteil Decke 40cm

Pintakäsittely tai alakatto huoneselityksen mukaisesti - VP2 Välipohja porrashuoneessa, 123 m2 10 mm Pintamateriaali huoneselostuksen mukaan PVC-Bodenbelag mit einer

Schaumstoffschicht EN 651 10 mm Tasoite Calciumsulfatestrich IWM 240 mm Massiivilaattaelementti Betonfertigteil Decke 40cm Pintamateriaali huoneselostuksen mukaan - VP3 Välipohja väestönsuojan kohdalla, 47 m2 15 mm Pintamateriaali tai -käsittely huoneselostuksen

mukaisesti -

100 mm Teräsbetonilaatta BY 45 luokka A-4-30 Betonfertigteil Decke 20cm Suodatinkangas KL2 PE/PP Vlies 300 mm Kevytsora KS820 Blähton Körnung VP_Teräsbetonilaatta 240mm

400 mm Tb-laatta rakennesuunnitelmien mukaan Betonfertigteil Decke 40cm

Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - VP4 Välipohja märkätilat yleensä, 197 m2 15 mm Laatoitus huoneselostuksen mukaan. Keramische Fassadenplatte -

NBK Ceramic 5...30

mm Sementtipohjainen lämpölattiatasoite. Zementestrich - IWM

VP_Teräsbetonilaatta 240mm

210...230 mm

Tb-laatta rakennesuunnitelmien mukaan, Betonfertigteil Decke 40cm

Pintakäsittely tai alakatto huoneselityksen mukaisesti - VP5 Välipohja märkätilat saunan kohdalla, 20 m2

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Rakennusosa / apuosa Määrä Selite Materiaali 15 mm Laatoitus huoneselostuksen mukaan. Keramische Fassadenplatte -

NBK Ceramic 5...30

mm Sementtipohjainen lämpölattiatasoite. Zementestrich - IWM

VP_Teräsbetonilaatta 240mm

210...230 mm

Tb-laatta rakennesuunnitelmien mukaan Betonfertigteil Decke 40cm

Tuuletettu alakattotila VP_Koolaus 50x100 k600

100 mm Koolaus 50x100 k600 Schnittholz Kiefer (12% Feuchte/10,7% H2O)

100mm Mineraalivilla Mineralwolle (Boden-Dämmung)

Alumiini tiivistyspaperi - VP_Ristikoolaus 22+22xx50 k400

44 mm Ristikoolaus 22+22x50 k400 Schnittholz Kiefer (12% Feuchte/10,7% H2O)

Verhouslauta ja pintakäsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan

Schnittholz Fichte (12% Feuchte/10,7% H2O)

YP1 Yläpohja yleensä, 310 m2 Vesieristys, luokka VE40 - 23 mm Raakaponttilaudoitus 23*95 Schnittholz Kiefer (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) Kattokannattajat Kattokannattajat Balkenschichtholz Nadelholz Tuuletettu ullakkotila Lämmöneristys. Rakennetyypin le2 mukaan Zellulosefaser Einblas-

Dämmstoff Höyrynsulku. Kumibitumikermi, luokka tl2, k-ms

170/3000 Bitumenbahnen G 200 S4

240 mm Tb-laatta rakennesuunnitelmien mukaan, Betonfertigteil Decke 20cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - US1 Ulkoseinä, muurattu julkisivutiili, kantava 1257 m2 130 mm Julkisivutiili NT60 270x130x60. Vormauerziegel 40 mm Tuuletusväli 220 mm Tuulensuojamineraalivilla Mineralwolle (Fassaden-

Dämmung) 160 mm Teräsbetoniseinä (elementti) Betonfertigteil Wand 40cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - US2 Ulkoseinä, puuranka, ei-kantava 34 m2 Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - US_vaakaverhous 28 mm Vaakaverhous Schnittholz Fichte (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) US_pystykoolaus 32 mm Pystykoolaus 32*100 k600 Schnittholz Kiefer (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O)

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Rakennusosa / apuosa Määrä Selite Materiaali 30 mm Tuulensuojamineraalivillaeristelevy 30mm, k600 Mineralwolle (Fassaden-

Dämmung) US_vaakakoolaus 50 mm Vaakakoolaus 50*50 k600 Schnittholz Kiefer (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) 50mm Mineraalivilla 50 mm Mineralwolle (Fassaden-

Dämmung) US_puurunko 150 mm Puurunko 50*150 k600 Schnittholz Fichte (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) US_puurunko 150 mm Mineraalivilla 150 mm Mineralwolle (Fassaden-

Dämmung) 0,2 mm Höyrynsulkumuovi (polyeteenikalvo, SFS4225 luokka E) Dampfbremse PE 50 mm Vaakakoolaus 50*50 k600 Schnittholz Kiefer (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) Mineraalivilla 50mm Mineralwolle (Fassaden-

Dämmung) 13 mm Erikoiskova kipsilevy Gipskartonplatte

(Feuerschutz) Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - US3 Ulkoseinä, betoni sandwich, kantava, 100 m2 Tiivistetty routimaton soratäyttö Suodatinkangas kl2 PE/PP Vlies 200 mm Tiivistetty salaojasora Splitt 2/15 Vedeneristys, tyyppi ve3 - US_Sandwich rakenne 135 mm Teräsbetoni, rasitusluokka XC3,4 (BY50) Betonfertigteil Wand 12cm US_Sandwich rakenne 240 mm EPS 100S bet uritettu, urasuojattu EPS PS 20 US_Sandwich rakenne 160 mm Teräsbetoni, rasitusluokka XC1 (BY50) Betonfertigteil Wand 40cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - US4 Ulkoseinä,betoni sandwich, kantava, puuseinän kohdalla, 34 m2 Tiivistetty routimaton soratäytto Suodatinkangas kl2 PE/PP Vlies 200 mm Tiivistetty salaojasora Splitt 2/15 Vedeneristys, tyyppi ve3 - US_Sandwich rakenne 80/135

mm Teräsbetoni, rasitusluokka XC3,4 (BY50) Betonfertigteil Wand 12cm

US_Sandwich rakenne 240 mm EPS 100S betoni uritettu, urasuojattu EPS PS 20 US_Sandwich rakenne 160 mm Teräsbetoni, rasitusluokka XC1 (BY50) Betonfertigteil Wand 40cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - US5 Ulkoseinä, vss: n kohdalla kuorielementti, kantava, 85 m2 Tiivistetty routimaton soratäyttö Suodatinkangas kl2 PE/PP Vlies 200 mm Tiivistetty salaojasora Splitt 2/15

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Rakennusosa / apuosa Määrä Selite Materiaali Vedeneristys, tyyppi ve3 - 135 mm Teräsbetoni, rasitusluokka XC3,4 (BY50) Betonfertigteil Wand 12cm 40 mm Tuuletusväli 200 mm EPS 100S bet EPS PS 20 300 mm Teräsbetoni, rasitusluokka XC1 (BY50) Betonfertigteil Wand 40cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan US6 Ulkoseinä, puuranka, ei kantava, saunan kohdalla, 15 m2 US2_puuranka Kuin US2 Puuranka Al-pintainen polyuretaanilevy PU-Dämmplatte (Alu WLS

024, 12 cm) - IVPU 22mm Kiinnitysrimat 22x50 k600 Schnittholz Kiefer (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) Vaakapanelointi Schnittholz Fichte (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) VS1 Väliseinä, kantava, betoni, huoneistojen välinen, 484 m2 Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - 200 mm Teräsbetoniseinä rakennesuunnitelman mukaan Betonfertigteil Wand 40cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - VS2 Väliseinä, kantava, betoni, huoneiston sisäinen, 535 m2 Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - 150 mm Teräsbetoniseinä rakennesuunnitelman mukaan Betonfertigteil Wand 40cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan - VS3 Väliseinä, ei-kantava, muurattu, märkätila, 63 m2 Kiinnityslaasti, laatoitus huoneselityksen mukaan Keramische Fassadenplatte -

NBK Ceramic Tyyppihyväksytty vedeneristysjärjestelmä Kuuluu edelliseen 88 mm Kevytsoraharkko tai -väliseinäpontti Blähton LB Planstein

Innenwand Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselityksen mukaan VS4 Väliseinä, kantava, väestönsuojan seinä, 120 m2 Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan 300 mm Teräsbetoniseinä, rasitusluokka XC1 (BY50) Betonfertigteil Wand 40cm Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselostuksen mukaan VS5 Väliseinä, ei-kantava/kevyt, teräsrunko, 310 m2 Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselityksen mukaan - 12,5 mm Erikoiskovakipsilevy EK Gipskartonplatte

(Feuerschutz) 66/95

mm Teräsranka 66 tai 95 mm k600 Stahlprofil

12,5 mm Erikoiskovakipsilevy EK Gipskartonplatte (Feuerschutz)

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Rakennusosa / apuosa Määrä Selite Materiaali Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselityksen mukaan - VS6 Väliseinä, ei-kantava, muurattu, saunan kohdalla, 31 m2 Pintamateriaali ja -käsittely huoneselityksen mukaan - 88 mm Kevytsoraharkko tai -väliseinäpontti Blähton LB Planstein

Innenwand 30 mm Al-pintainen polyuretaanilevy PU-Dämmplatte (Alu WLS

024, 12 cm) - IVPU 22 mm Kiinnitysrimat 22x50 k600 Schnittholz Fichte (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O) Vaakapanelointi Schnittholz Kiefer (12%

Feuchte/10,7% H2O)

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