plastics dutch merchant ships english banking and insurance tar & pitch coal tar and coal gas...
TRANSCRIPT
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Plastics• Dutch merchant ships
• English banking and insurance
• Tar & pitch
• Coal tar and coal gas
• Malaria/artificial dyes
• Chemical industry
• Polymers
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1595- Dutch Fluyt
• Designed by merchants for trade.
• Longer, fatter with lots of block/ & tackle
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17th - Britain Goes Dutch
• Sharing costs and risks to better compete with the Dutch.
• Coffeehouse banking
• Established Bill of credit in 1683.
• Nag’s head tavern in 1684 became the Bank of England.
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Lloyd’s Of London
• 1688 Edward Lloyd opened his coffeehouse where insurance could be bought and sold.
• In 1700 he began publishing a list of ships, rating their seaworthiness.
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Tar & Pitch for boat hulls
• Most came from Scandinavian and Baltic pine. Anaerobic heating to produce Tar and Turpentine.
• Necessary to protect boat hulls and for better insurance rating.
• Baltic war disrupted supply so went to American colony until 1776.
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Tar & Pitch from Pine Trees
Anaerobic decomposition of pine yielding charcoal, tar/pitch, oils, and turpentine
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Coal Tar
• Archibald Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, extracted coal tar and coal gas via anaerobic decomposition of coal.
• His coal tar was intended to replace wood tar from the colonies. Except the navy went to copper bottoms.
Coal + heat coal gas + coal tar + water + coke
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Coal Decomposition Products
gases
Coal
Coke; 70% by mass
Coal gas; 17%
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Lighting The Factories
• Murdock, an associate of James Watt received patent for coal gas lighting.
• He introduced gas lamps, which were brighter, safer and cheaper than candles.
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Lighting The Streets
• Winsor, promoted municipal coal gas.
• Soon cities began piping coal gas throughout the town and lighting the streets.
• Night time streets became safer thus evening activities increased.
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What To Do With All That Coal Tar Waste
• Macintosh sought coal tar waste as a cheap source of ammonia mordant for natural dyes.
• He subsequently extracted naphtha to clean his dyeing machines and dissolve rubber to make waterproof fabrics.
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Today’s Fractional Distillation
At the RefineryIn the Laboratory
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Trilaminates
• Macintosh made a waterproof trilaminate by dissolving rubber in naphtha, spreading it on a layer of fabric and gluing another fabrics to it.
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Malaria A Problem In British Far Eastern
Colonies• Cinchona plant extract called quinine was treatment for malaria.
• Cinchona, native to S. America would not survive a transplant in Asia.
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W.H. Perkins Discovers Artificial Aniline Dyes
• 1856 he accidentally made first synthetic dye while trying to isolate Quinine from coal tar and began production in England.
• He closed his British factory in 1870.
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Britain Lost Its Lead
• Investors and banks saw investing in color chemistry to be too risky.
• Going to college to get a job in England was considered “lower class” to aristocrats. They were too embarrassed to profit from their education.
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Germany’s University/Industry
Reciprocity• In 1870, Germany began the first large-scale chemical companies: BASF, Hoechst, Bayer, etc.
• The German economic boom caused a wheat crises.
• Shortage in Sodium Nitrate fertilizer led to Haber/Bosch process
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N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
Reactants Products
Nitrogen + Hydrogen Ammonia
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Making Synthetic Diamonds
• Henri Moissan accidentally discovered Calcium carbide:
• CaC2 (s)+ 2H2O C2H2 (g)+ Ca(OH)2(aq)
• Because acetylene lamps were brighter by 1899 acetylene gas jets were throughout Germany.
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Gas Mantle and Cheap Electricity
• 1905 gas mantle & cheap electricity replaced acetylene.
• BASF using cheap CaC2 to fix nitrogen for fertilizer. Containing 20% nitrogen.
• War shortage of NaNO3 led back to Haber/Bosch for explosives.
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NH3 + 2O2 HNO3 + H2O Ammonia + Oxygen Nitric acid + Water
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Fritz Klatte
• Working with the cheap acetylene, HCl and Hg made a useless milky sludge later refined to PVC.
• HCl + C2H2 C2H3Cl PVC
• Actually Henri Victor Regnault made PVC first around 1835.
acetyleneVinyl chloridepolyvinylchlorideHydro-chloric acid
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1846 Christian Schoenbein
• Accidentally discovered nitrocellulose (guncotton) which found immediate use as an explosive and later the first thermoplastic.
• Later in 1906 Leo Baekeland discovered the first thermoset, phenol formaldehyde resins.
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Cellulose & Nitrocellulose
Nitrocellulose
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Natural or Biopolymers
• DNA• Protein
– Wool, Silk, Leather
• Cellulose– Wood, Cotton, Hemp
• Terpenoids– Rubber (polyisoprene)
DNA
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Guncotton
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Polymers• “Many units”• Condensation polymers are monomers A and B combined in a head and tail fashion making a continuous chain ABABABABABAB…… Such as nylon or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
• Addition or homopolymers usually come from one monomer A reacting with itself, like AAAAAAA….. Such as PVC, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyisoprene.
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Plastics From Coal and Petroleum
• Petroleum and coal is the raw material for most all synthetic polymers (plastics).
• Monomers are chemically modified derivatives from extracts of these sources.
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Thermoplastics• These polymers are thermally moldable. That is, when warmed, they soften or flow like fresh spaghetti so they can be extruded or molded into shape.
• These types of materials are inherently recyclable.
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Thermoplastics & UsesThermoplastic UsesPolyethylene (PE) Bags, milk
containers
Polystyrene (PS) Disposable eating utensil
Acrylic (PMMA) Optics, coatings
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Plumbing, flooring
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Beverage containers
Polypropylene (PP)
Rope, composites
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Thermosets
• These materials are not thermally moldable, instead they are thermally “set” & not recyclable.
• They typically can not be unset. These are highly cross-linked polymers such as epoxies or urea-formaldyehydes, unsaturated polyester resins or highly cross-linked thermoplastics like PE.
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Cross-lined Polymers
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Polymer Structures
HDPE LDPE Epoxy
Crystalline“Opaque”
Noncrystalline“Clear”
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Composite Materials
• There are mixtures of different materials engineered for specific functions. Such as fiber reinforced plastics (FRP)
• Filled plastics contain a filler such as calcium carbonate to make such materials as synthetic marble or onyx.
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What you should know
• Differentiate Dutch Fluyt & Galleon
• Bill of credit• Coffeehouse banking
• Connection between insurance and boat hulls
• How tar and pitch was produced
• Slide #2 & B191• #4 & B193• #4-5• #5-6 & B194-195
• #6-7 & B195
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What you should know
• What is “soho stink.” • How did coal gas change life in Europe
• How Macintosh made waterproof fabric.
• Why, the British let slip their lead in color chemistry to Germany
• Where natural sodium nitrate came from.
• Ammonia from coal tar #10 & B198
• #11-12 & B200• #14-15
• #16-18 & B206
• Chile
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What you should know• What triggered Germany to synthesis Sodium nitrate, NaNO3
(s) and how was it made?
• Connection between wheat crises, artificial diamonds and fertilizer.
• How was acetylene made and why did it have a short life as a lamp fuel.
• #19 & #22 for fertilizer
• #20-22 & B209
• #20-21 & B209-210
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What you should know
• What triggered Germany to synthesis Sodium nitrate, NaNO3 (s) and how was it made?
• Connection between wheat crises, artificial diamonds and fertilizer.
• How was acetylene made and why did it have a short life as a lamp fuel.
• #19 & #22 for fertilizer
• #20-22 & B209
• #22 & B209-210
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What you should know
• What is a polymer?• Differentiate between natural and synthetic polymers
• Differentiate between thermoplastics and thermoset plastics
• A long chain of molecules
• Natural polymers come from living things, ie. Silk, wool, cotton, leather
• #31-35 thermosets are highly cross-linked