Plastic surgery

Plastic surgery in England Ireland and AustraliaLILY PAYTYAN

ANDREY KUZNECOV

CHAPTER 1

PLASTIC SURGERY IN ENGLAND ANDIRELAND

ANDREY KUZNECOV

Aulus Cornelius Celsus, who lived in the first century AD, described plastic surgery of the face, using skin from other parts of the body.

Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC. Sushruta, the father of Indian surgery made important contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in 6th century BC. The medical works of both Sushruta and Charak originally in Sanskrit were translated into Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD. The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries.

The ancient Egyptians and Romans also performed plastic cosmetic surgery. The Romans were able to perform simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. For religious reasons, they did not dissect either human beings or animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which — for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton — are of special interest to plastic surgery.

History

Walter Yeo, a British soldier, is often cited as the first known person to have benefited from plastic surgery. The photograph shows him before the procedure (left) and after (right) receiving askin graft performed by Sir Harold Gillies in 1917.

In World War I, a New Zealand otolaryngologist working in London, Harold Gillies, developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for soldiers suffering from disfiguring facial injuries. His work was expanded upon during World War II by his cousin and former student Archibald McIndoe, who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, led to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club. In 1946, Gillies carried out the first female-to-male sex reassignment surgery.

20th century

Everybody considers that father of Plastic surgery was English surgeon (Harold Delf Gillies) who had been interested in Development of plastic surgery at the Queen Mary’s hospital Sidkep England ,

Kinds of plastic Surgery

reconstractive aesthetic

Reconstractive plastic operations help us to delete deformations defects of tissues and organs and restore their functions by the methods of plastic surgery. Such operations are made for people who getting corporal injuries as a result of illlness or something else or inherent defects

Reconstractive operations which was spent succesfullly can change peoples’ lives and return senses of full blown lives.

Aesthetic plastic operations are applications of methods of plastic surgery with aim for improvement of their appearanceOwing to such operations people can extend their youth and feel their beauty and so it allows you not to get an emotional crisis and improve the quality of your life in different ways.

• Rejuvenation of face (facelifting)• Plastique of eyes(blefaroplastique)• Plastique of nose(rinoplastique, septoplastique)• Plastique of auricles (otoplastique)• Plastique of lips (Heloplastique)• remoplantation of hair• Plastique of chin (mentoplastique, mentoplastique or  genioplastique)• Plastique of cheekbonne(maliroplastique)• Plastique of neck и underchin area (cervicoplastique)•Plastique of chest (mammoplastique)• Plastique of stomach (abdominoplastique,  lipocsation)• Plastique of buttocks(gluteroplastique)• Plastique of hands (brahiplastique)•Plastique of shin(cruroplastique and fermoplastique)• Plastique of neck(platismoplastique)•Tightenning of skin (panniculectomia, torsoplastique)•Complex plastique• Reconstractive plastique

Classification of aesthetic operations to the area of implementation :

Classification of aesthetic operations to the area of implementation :

For ladies

lipocsation;rinoplastique (correction of nose);mammoplastique blefaroplastiqe

(correction of eyes); Face lifting.

For men: remplantation of hair ortoplastique rinoplastique; Blefaroplastique; facelifting.

Growth of amount of Aesthetic Plastic operations

According to statistics from the American Society for Aesthetic PlasticSurgery (ASAPS), the number of basic procedures in 2009 amounted to nearly 10 million, including cosmetic procedures such as Botox injections. For comparison, in 2008 there were 10.3 million. Maximumnumber of transactions was recorded in 2007 - 11.7 million. In 2009, the aesthetic surgery market has been some decline. In 2010 thisnumber reached approximately 11.1 million (11% from 2009)

Growth of amount of Aesthetic Plastic operations (graphics)

2007 г.2008 г.

2009 г.2010 г.

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12Operations ml

operations, ml.

Top 4 of plastic operations in Great Britain

Women in the Uk are 85-90% of the visits to plastic surgeons. The most popular operations were named breast augmentation(28%), rhinoplasty (17%), blepharoplasty (11%), liposuction (15%).

39%

24%

15%

21%

Amount of operation%

chest rinoplastiqueplastique of eyes Lipocsation

Geographical trends of plastic surgery

The international society of aesthetic plastic surgery (ISAPS) published the global statistical report "ISAPS Biennial Global Survey (TM)".

The study was attended by leading world countries and regions. This is the first study to provide independent and reliable data on the plastic surgery at the international level.

The report provides a list of countries in which there is the greatest number of plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures. The United States continues to head the list of leaders. It is also interesting to note, countries that had almost not been associated in the world community with plastic surgery, however, now ingrained position in the traditional centers of beauty.

Geographical trends of plastic surgery (TABLE)

1 USA 13 ITALY2 CHIINA 14 FRANCE

3 BRASILIA 15 CANADA

4 INDIA 16 TAIWAN

5 MEXIQUE 17 GREAT BRITAIN

6 JAPAN 18 COLUMBIA

7 SOUTH COREA 19 GREECE

8 GERMAN 20 THAILAND

9 TURKEY 21 AUSTRALIA

10 SPAIN 22 VENESUEL

11 ARGENTIN 23 SAUD ARABIA

12 RUSSIA 24 HOLLAND

Geographical trends of plastic surgery

As can be seen from the table, the united kingdom is not a leader in the production of plastic operations. This type of surgery is developed here in the least degree. In all England there is only 800 doctors-dermatologists! Plastic surgeons say that "the british are not ashamed of their wrinkles. They call it "grow old with dignity. "In englishwomen, traded to the plastic surgeon is not the last place is the question of cost of operation. So 40% of the respondents admitted that gladly have turned to plastic surgery abroad in case, if there would be its price was cheaper. The Representative of the Association James Murphy commented on these results: "Although the patient and recognized that the security for them is a priority, for some reason they still subject to undue influence of price figures procedure. But that is exactly the case, when the miser pays twice - to save on quality of the clinic and skill of the surgeon is not"

However, nine-tenths of the total number of patients british plastic surgeons still are women, and the most demanded among them surgery - breast augmentation. In the past year, its popularity has increased by 10%,

to 9418 cases.

Plastic surgery in Great Britain

Despite the economic crisis, the number of operations on removal of gynecomastia (i.e. excessive increase mammary glands of men) in the past year has grown by more than a quarter (28%) and amounted to a total of 741 case, compared to 581 in 2009-m and 323 in 2008-мгодах, say representatives of the British Association of aesthetic plastic surgeons (BAAPS).

These operations are on the second place on popularity among men after rhinoplasty (993 operations in 2010). All these operations represent approximately one-half of the total number of aesthetic surgical interventions, conducted among men, - 3861.

2008 г. 2009 г. 2010 г.0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800operations

Plastic Operations 2010 г

ginecomas-tia

rinoplastic

others

The british research medical tourism

The national institute for research in the field of health in the Uk finances a new study on the medical tourism.

Scientists from the University of York will try to objectively assess the potential advantages and disadvantages of treatment abroad.

Investigators will question the travelers who are going to cross the state border for the sake of aesthetic procedures - it dentistry, plastic surgery, cosmetology services. In addition, the study will include details on infertility treatment abroad. The researchers will examine how patients take the decision on operations abroad, what kind of information they use, what web sites to visit, whether listen to the opinion of friends, are involved in the discussions on Internet forums, how well they have been informed before the selection. Patients will also be asked about that, how much successfully passed treatment abroad.

How many earn plastic surgeons (of the total number of registered)

Country (region)

Profit >250 тыс.$

Profit250-500 тыс.$

Profit500-750 тыс.$

Profit750-1000 тыс.$

Profit< 1000 тыс.$

USA 30,6% 17,3%

Western Europe

30,8% 27,4% 20,1%

Brasilia 56% 32,2% -

Australia 20,3%

Japan 35,7%

Corea 33,3%

China 55,6%

10 of the most popular aesthetic surgery (according to Forbes)

1 - breast augmentationThe number in 2009: 311 957 Difference in% compared to 2008.: −12,3% Average price: 3 860 $ -3 $ 541 Duration of the procedure: 1-2 hours

2 LiposuctionThe number in 2009: 283 735The difference in% compared to 2008.: −16,8%Average cost: 2 803 $ -3 $095Duration of the procedure: from 45 minutes to 2 hours

3 - BlepharoplastyThe number in 2009: 149 943The difference in% compared to 2008.: −23.1%OFAverage cost: 2 717 $Duration of the procedure: 1-3 hours

4 - RhinoplastyThe number in 2009: 138 258The difference in% compared to 2008.: −9,3%Average cost: 4 493 $Duration of the procedure: 1-2 hours

5 - AbdominoplastyThe number in 2009: 923 127 Difference in% compared to 2008.: −13.2% of the Average cost of: 5 381 $ Duration of the procedure: 2-5 hours6 - breast Reduction (for women)The number in 2009: 113 511 Difference in% compared to 2008.: −18.9% of the Average price: 5 637 $ Duration of the procedure: 2-4 hours

7 -a breast LiftThe number in 2009: 98 279 Difference in% compared to 2008.: −15.1% of the Average value: 4 414 $ Duration of the procedure: 1,5-3,5 hours8 - Lifting personsThe number in 2009: 94 247 Difference in% compared to 2008.: −28.9% of the Average value: 6 881 $ Duration: 2-3 hours9 - the forehead LiftThe number in 2009: 30 789 Difference in% compared to 2008.: −30.7% of the Average value: 3 276 $ Duration of the procedure: 1-2 hours10 - Otoplasty (plastic ears)The number in 2009: 21 817 Difference in% compared to 2008.: −12% Average cost: 3 104 $

Techniques and procedures

Further refinement of the techniques of skin grafts after the second world war, in the 50-ies of the XX century, a new quality of anaesthesia (the possibility to conduct operations under local anesthesia) did plastic surgery safer, and, therefore, more common.

However, some researchers are convinced that, over time, the plastic surgery, which now is the prerogative of mostly very wealthy citizens, will be available to all and will become as commonplace thing, as a visit to the hair salon. On this evidence and recent statistical data: during the last six months the number of people wishing to improve their appearance surgically has increased in the Uk by 25 per cent, the number of those who wish to increase bust - by 33 per cent, down by 18 percent. The number of those, who wants to correct his face, in particular, the shape of the nose, rose by 11%and 20%

CHAPTER 2

Plastic Surgery In AustraliaLILY PAYTYAN

Beginings of Plastic Surgery in AustraliaAustralia Plastic Surgery is one of the pre-eminent plastic surgery facilities in Sydney. At Australia Plastic Surgery, the focus is on quality advanced cosmetic plastic surgery. With this in mind, Dr Barnouti and Dr Kohout emphasize pre-operative education, intra-operative technique, and post-operative comfort. Central to this idea is the treatment of the patient as an individual, tailoring care to the patient's particular needs. Dr Kohout and Dr Barnouti are Australian trained Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons with FRACS (Plast); a key credential indicating their complete, extensive training and ongoing educational and ethical standards.Each patient will experience careful consideration by the surgeon and staff at Australia Plastic Surgery. Thorough examination, including a medical history, is utilized to optimize the patient's outcome. Realistic expectations are discussed, with in depth conversation about options, risks, and benefits for each procedure considered. It is important that patients do not feel pressured in the decision making process. Careful time and thought is encouraged before deciding about any surgical procedures.The author of this articleLili Paytyan

Australian Plastic SurgeryObjective Setting and Participants

AbstractOBJECTIVE:To explore, among middle-aged women, the relationship between having ever had cosmetic surgery and the frequency of use of other health services.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTSA nationally representative sample of the "mid-aged" (45-50 years) cohort of women who participated in the 1996 WHA baseline postal survey. Responses were received from 14 100 women (a response rate of 54%).

RESULTS OF PLASTIC SURGERY IN AUSTRALIA

RESULTSSeven per cent of women reported ever having had cosmetic surgery. After adjusting for demographic variables, multivariate analysis confirmed that women who had had cosmetic surgery were significantly more likely to use health services more frequently (eg, surgical procedures, consultations with specialists and alternative healthcare providers). Cosmetic surgery was also associated with a greater number of chronic illnesses and use of medication for anxiety and sleep problems.

visit surgeons7%

do not visit93%

visits to surgeons

CHAPTER 3

PLASTIC SURGERY IN USAANDREY KUZNECOV

LILY PAYTYAN

ANCESTOR OF PLASTIC SURGERY IN USA

• Johns Hopkins was also home to Dr. John Staige Davis, who was considered by most to be the first American to dedicate his practice solely to plastic surgery. He spent many years of his life working to establish specialized divisions within the practice of plastic surgery, and in 1916 he contributed a landmark paper to Journal of the American Medical Association which described the role of plastic surgery within the medical establishment, again emphasizing the importance of specialization within the field.

THE 1940S AND 50S• In 1946, the time had clearly come for the publishing of a scientific

journal targeted specifically for plastic surgeons. In July of that year, the first issue of the Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery became a reality. Since then, the journal has continually served as a forum for the dissemination of knowledge and important discoveries among plastic surgeons and their medical colleagues, all aimed at providing benefit to patients.

• With board certification in place and the birth of plastic surgery’s own medical journal, plastic surgery became fully integrated into the medical establishment by 1950, where it began to make its move into the consciousness of the public. Out of the field hospitals of the Korean War came even more advances in reconstructive surgery, including internal wiring techniques to deal with facial fractures, and the use of rotation flaps to correct massive skin injuries and deformities.

MODERN PLASTIC SURGERY IN USA1960S-80S

• The modern history of plastic surgery really started to take shape in the 1960s and the 1970s. Plastic surgeons were moving to the forefront of the medical establishment, including one plastic surgeon who was appointed Surgeon General in 1969, and another who won a Nobel Prize.

• There were also many significant scientific developments during this time. Silicone was a newly created substance which was growing in popularity as a staple of certain plastic surgery procedures. Initially, it was used to treat skin imperfections. Then, in 1962, Dr. Thomas Cronin created and unveiled a new breast implant device which was made from silicone. Over the next decade or so, silicone implants were developed for use in just about every imaginable part of the face and body.

• In the 1980s, plastic surgeons and plastic surgery advocates made a big push to expand public awareness and improve public perception of plastic surgery. This increase in both the quantity and quality of information available to consumers, together with the economic boom of the 1980s, began to make plastic surgery more accessible to mainstream America.

PLASTIC SURGERY IN USATODAY

• In the 2000s, cosmetic surgery has enjoyed an explosion in popularity, and medical advances have made possible reconstructive feats that were once only a dream of what might one day be. In this age of accelerated communication, the internet and television have gotten in on the game, and we can now view just about any kind of plastic surgery procedure from the comfort of our own homes.

• Currently, the most important trend in plastic surgery is a move toward less invasive procedures designed to stave off the visible signs of aging. In fact, the most popular procedures at this time entail the use of injectable substances, such as facial wrinkle fillersand, most notably, Botox. It is estimated that there are over 1.1 million botox injections administered in the U.S. every year, and that number is steadily growing.

• Even among plastic surgeons themselves, there has been a considerable ethical debate afoot concerning the advent of “Plastic Surgery Reality TV” The television show “Extreme Makeover”, while popular, has been the subject of some controversy. How much is too much, and what sort of values are we teaching through programming like this?

• Of course, several other shows with plastic surgery themes have followed in the footsteps of "Extreme Makeover". Despite the ongoing debates about their merits, there is no doubt that people are thinking and talking about plastic surgery more than ever before in its history. We are all better educated as consumers about the potential risks and rewards of plastic surgery, and the stigma that was once attached to cosmetic surgery is falling by the wayside.

CONCLUSION

• We think that plastic operations have some pluses such a minuses

On the one hand you can see that • You have to suffer in the name of fashionBut everybody want to have beautiful appearance in this worldBut not everybody allow to themselves spend a huge amount of money for their beauty (pretty appearance)

THE END

PRESENTED BY LILY PAYTYAN

ANDREY KUZNECOV