plasma membran potensial
TRANSCRIPT
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By
Khairun Nisa Berawi, dr
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THE FIELD OF PHYSIOLOGY
1. Vira Physi!!"y
#. Ba$%eria Physi!!"y
&. 'euar Physi!!"y
(. Pan% Physi!!"y
). Hu*an Physi!!"y
+!re $!*e-
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Characteristic of Life
1. Organization is %he $!ndi%i!n in whi$h %he ar% !an !r"anis* ha/e rea%i!nshi %! ea$h !%her and %he
ar%s in%era$% %! er!r* se$ii$ un$%i!ns.
2. Metabolism is a ! %he $he*i$a rea$%i!ns %a0in" a$e in an !r"anis*
3. Responsiveness is %he aii%y ! an !r"anis* %!sense $han"es in i%s e-%erna !r in%erna en/ir!n*en%and ad2us% %! %h!se $han"es
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4. Growth haens when $es in$rease in si3e !r nu*er whi$h r!du$es an !/era enar"e*en% ! a !r ar% ! %he !r"anis*
. !evelopment in$udes %he $han"es an !r"anis* under"!es%hr!u"h %i*e4 i% e"ins wi%h er%ii3a%i!n and ends a% dea%h.De/e!*en% usuay in/!/es "r!w%h, dieren%ia%i!n 5$han"ein $e s%ru$%ure and un$%i!n r!* "enerai3ed %! se$iai3ed6,and *!rh!"enesis 5$han"e in shae ! %issues, !r"ans, and %he
en%ire !r"anis*6.
7. 8er!du$%i!n is %he !r*a%i!n ! new $es !r new !r"anis*s
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References
1. Te-%!!0 ! +EDI'9L PHYSIOLOGY y 9r%hur '. Guy%!n
and :!hn E Ha. 1;%h Edi%i!n. <.B. S9=NDE8S
'O+P9NY
#. H=+9N PHYSIOLOGY. The *e$hanis* ! B!dy
Fun$%i!n. 9r%hur Vander4 :a*es Sher*an4 D!r!%hy Lu$ian!.
>%h Ed. #;;1. +$Graw?Hi
&. 9N9TO+Y @ PHYSIOLOGY y 8!d 8. Seeey, Tren% D.S%ehens, and Phii Ta%e. 7%h Edi%i!n. #;;&. +$Graw?Hi.
www.*hhe.$!*Aseeey7
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GENE89L INST8='TION9L OB:E'TIVE
9%er a%%endin" %he $!urse ! Physi!!"y, s%uden% w!ud e ae
%! ay %he rin$ie n!r*a /aue ! !dy !r"an un$%i!ns %!
e/aua%e %he disease
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"CO#$ O% #&'"(OLOG'
1. Characteristics of life
2. &omeostasis
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Characteristic of Life
1. Organization is %he $!ndi%i!n in whi$h %he ar% ! an!r"anis* ha/e rea%i!nshi %! ea$h !%her and %he ar%s in%era$%
%! er!r* se$ii$ un$%i!ns.
2. Metabolism is a ! %he $he*i$a rea$%i!ns %a0in" a$e in an
!r"anis*
3. Responsiveness is %he aii%y ! an !r"anis* %! sense
$han"es in i%s e-%erna !r in%erna en/ir!n*en% and ad2us% %!
%h!se $han"es
(. ..
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4. Growth haens when $es in$rease in si3e !r nu*er whi$h
r!du$es an !/era enar"e*en% ! a !r ar% ! %he !r"anis*
. !evelopment in$udes %he $han"es an !r"anis* under"!es
%hr!u"h %i*e4 i% e"ins wi%h er%ii3a%i!n and ends a% dea%h.De/e!*en% usuay in/!/es "r!w%h, dieren%ia%i!n 5$han"e
in $e s%ru$%ure and un$%i!n r!* "enerai3ed %! se$iai3ed6,
and *!rh!"enesis 5$han"e in shae ! %issues, !r"ans, and
%he en%ire !r"anis*6.7. 8er!du$%i!n is %he !r*a%i!n ! new $es !r new !r"anis*s.
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&omeostasis
H!*e!s%asis is %he $!ndi%i!n in whi$h !dy un$%i!n, uids, and !%her
a$%!rs ! %he in%erna en/ir!n*en% are *ain%ained a% e/es sui%ae
%! su!r% ! ie
)egative fee*bac+
a. Ne"a%i/e?eeda$0 *e$hanis*s !era%e %! *ain%ain h!*e!s%asis
. +any ne"a%i/e?eeda$0 *e$hanis* $!nsis% ! a re$e%!r, $!n%r!
$en%er, and ee$%!r
#ositive %ee*bac+
a. P!si%i/e?eeda$0 *e$hanis*s usuay in$rease de/ia%i!n r!*
n!r*a
. 9%h!u"h a ew !si%i/e?eeda$0 *e$hanis*s n!r*ay e-is% in %he
!dy, !dy !si%i/e?eeda$0 *e$hanis* are har*u
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a. Component of anegative feedbackcontrol
b. Negative feedback control ofbody temp.
a.Deviation in controlled variable
.Fall in body temp.bellow set point
a.Sensor
b.Temp.-monitoring nerve cells
a.Integratorb.Temp.control center
a.Eector!s"b.Skeletal m#scles
!and ot$er eectors"
a.Compensatory responseb.%p $eat prodc.t$ro#g$ s$ivering
&t$er means
a.Controll variable restored to norb.Increase in body temp.to set poi
a.Feed'ack
b.Neg.F'
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T$e depicted interdependent relations$ip sewrves as t$efo#ndation for modern-day p$ysiology( homneostasis isessential for the survival of cells, body system maintainhomeostasis, and cells make up body system
maintain
Is essential for
)ake #p s#rvival of
'ody systems *omeostasis
Cells
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"pecific (nstr,ctional Ob-ective
9%er a%%endin" %he $e dis$ussi!n, s%uden% w!ud e ae %!
e-ain %he *!e$uar a$%!rs %ha% res!nsie !r %he rin$ie
un$%i!n ! %he $es as %he s*aes% asi$ uni%s ! ie
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he main f,nction of the cell
1. Basi$ uni% ! ie. The $e is %he s*aes% ar%4 re%ain %he
$hara$%eris%i$ ! ie
#. Pr!%e$%i!n and su!r%. 'es r!du$e and se$re%e /ari!us
*!e$ues %ha% r!/ide r!%e$%i!n and su!r% ! %he !dy
&. +!/e*en%. 9 %he *!/e*en%s ! %he !dy !$$ur e$ause !
*!e$ues !$a%ed wi%hin %he se$ii$ $es.
(. '!**uni$a%i!n. 'es r!du$e and re$ei/e $he*i$a and
ee$%ri$a si"na %ha% a!w %he* %! $!**uni$a%e wi%h !ne
an!%her
). 'e *e%a!is* and ener"y reease. The $he*i$a rea$%i!ns %ha%
!$$ur wi%hin %he $es are reerred %! $!e$%i/ey as $e
*e%a!is*. Ener"y reeased durin" *e%a!is* is used !r %he
$e a$%i/i%ies. Su %!i$ ..
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S=BTOPI'S
1. Pas*a *e*rane
#. +!/e*en% %hr!u"h %he as*a *e*rane
&. O/er/iew ! $e *e%a!is*
(. 'euar ase$%s ! a"in"
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1. All organisms are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure andfunction in organism
3. All cells come from preeexiting cells
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+evels of &rgani,ation in body
- C$emical level
- Cell#lar level
- Tiss#e level
- &rgan level
- 'ody system level
- &rganism level
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The $e
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!Fig.C"
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GENERAL FUNCTION : MANUFACTURE•
Nucleus : DNA synthesis; RNA synthesis; assembly o !ibosomalsubunits "in nucleus#
• Ribosomes : $oli$e$ti%e "$!otein# synthesis
• Rou&h ER : 'ynthesis o memb!ane $!oteins( sec!eto!y $!oteins(an% hy%!olytic en)ymes; o!mation o t!ans$o!t *esicles
•
'mooth ER : Li$i% synthesis; ca!bohy%!ate metabolism in li*e!cells; %eto+i,cation in li*e! cells; calsium ion sto!a&e
• Gol&i a$$a!atus : Mo%i,cation( tem$o!a!y sto!a&e( an% t!ans$o!to mac!omolecules; o!mation o lysosomes an% t!ans$o!t *esicles
GENERAL FUNCTION: -REA.DO/N• Lysosomes : Di&estion o nut!ients( bacte!ia( an% %ama&e%o!&anelles; %est!uction o ce!tain cells %u!in& emb!yonic%e*elo$ment
• 0e!o+isomes ; Di*e!se metabolic $!ocesses( 1ith b!ea2%o1n o34O4 by $!o%uct
• 5acuoles : Di&estion "li2e lysosomes# ; sto!a&e o chemicals; cellsenla!&ement; 1ate! balance
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/ENE01+ F%NCTI&N ENE0/2 30&CESSIN/• C$loroplasts !in plants and some protists"
Conversion of lig$t energy to c$emical of s#gars
• )itoc$ondria conversion of c$emical energy of
1T3
/ENE01+ F%NCTI&NS S%33&0T4 )&5E)ENT4 1NDC&))%NIC1TI&N 'ET6EEN CE++S
• Cytoskeleton !incl#ding cillia4 7agella4 centriols
in animal cells"• Cell walls• E8tracell#lar matri8 !in animal"• Cell 9#nction
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9ssi"n*en%
C Deine $y%!as* and $y%!s!C <ha% are %he %w! "enera un$%i!ns ! %he $y%!s0ee%!n
C Des$rie and is% %he un$%i!n ! *i$r!%uues, a$%in ia*en%s, and
in%er*edia%e ia*en%s
C Deine and "i/e e-a*es ! $y%!as*i$ in$usi!ns. <ha% arei!$hr!*es
C Deine !r"anees
C Des$rie and is% %he un$%i!ns ! $hr!*!s!*es. E-ain %he s%ru$%ure !
$en%ri!es
C <ha% are sinde iers E-ain %he rea%i!nshi e%ween $en%r!s!*es,
sinde iers, and 0ine%!$h!res ! $hr!*!s!*es durin" $e di/isi!n
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>. '!n%ras% %he s%ru$%ure an un$%i!n ! $iia and a"ea
. Des$rie %he s%ru$%ure and un$%i!n ! *i$r!/ii. H!w are *i$r!/ii
dieren% r!* $iia
1;. <ha% 0inds ! *!e$ues are in ri!s!*es <here are %he ri!s!*a
suuni%s !r*ed and asse*ed
11. '!*are %he un$%i!ns ! ree ri!s!*es and end!as*i$ re%i$uu*
ri!s!*es
1#. H!w is %he end!as*i$ re%i$uu* rea%ed %! %he nu$ear en/e!e H!w
are %he $is%ernae ! %he end!as*i$ re%i$uu* rea%ed %! %he res% ! %he
$y%!as*
1&. <ha% are %he un$%i!ns ! s*!!%h end!as*i$ re%i$uu*
1(. Des$rie %he s%ru$%ure and un$%i!n ! %he G!"i aara%us
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1). Des$rie %he r!du$%i!n ! a r!%ein a% %he end!as*i$ re%i$uu* and i%s
dis%riu%i!n %! %he G!"i aara%us. Na*e %hree ways in whi$h r!%eins
are dis%riu%ed r!* %he G!"i aara%us
17. Deine se$re%!ry /esi$es
1. Des$rie %he r!$ess y whi$h ys!s!*a en3y*es di"es% ha"!$y%i3ed
*a%erias. Deine au%!ha"ia
1>. <ha% is %he un$%i!n ! er!-is!*es H!w d!es $a%aase r!%e$% $es1. Des$rie %he s%ru$%ure and un$%i!n ! r!%eas!*es
#;. <ha% is %he un$%i!n ! *i%!$h!ndria <ha% en3y*e are !und !n %he
$ris%ae and in %he *a%ri- H!w $an %he nu*er ! *i%!$h!ndria in a $e
in$rease
#1. H!w *i"h% a $euar $!$0, dea%h "enes, DN9 da*a"e, ree radi$as, !r
*i%!$h!ndria da*a"e $!n%riu%e %! $euar a"in"
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#. Pas*a *e*rane
1. The !u%er*!s% $!*!nen% ! a $e
#. '!nsis%s () ); iids, () ); r!%eins, ( > $ar!hydra%e
&. .
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#. Pas*a *e*rane #
&. 'ar!hydra%es $!*ine wi%h iid %! !r* "y$!iids, and wi%h r!%ein %! !r*
"y$!r!%eins. Gy$!$ay- is %he $!e$%i!n ! $ar!hydra%es, "y$!iids, and
"y$!r!%eins !n %he !u%er sura$e ! %he as*a *e*rane
(. .
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#. Pas*a *e*rane #>
(. Sus%an$es inside %he as*a *e*rane are in%ra$euar, and !u%side are
e-%ra$euar s!*e%i*es $aed in%er$euar
). En$!ses and su!r%s %he $e $!n%en%s
7.
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#. Pas*a *e*rane #
7. 9%%a$hes $es %! %he e-%ra$euar en/ir!n*en% !r !%her $es
. T! ae %he $e %! re$!"ni3e and %! $!**uni$a%e wi%h ea$h !%her
>. ..
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#. Pas*a *e*rane &;
>. De%er*ines wha% *!/e in%! and !u% ! $es dieren% %he e-%ra @ in%ra?
$euar en/ir!n*en%
. 8e"ua%es %he *!/e*en% ! i!ns as a resu% ! %he e-is%en$e ! *e*rane
!%en%ia 5!u%side is !si%i/ey and inside is ne"a%i/ey $har"ed6
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+e*rane iids
1. Pred!*inan%y h!sh!iids and $h!es%er!
#. Ph!sh!iids readiy asse*e %! !r* a lipi* bila/er %ha% ha/e a !ar
5$har"ed6 head and a n!n!ar 5un$har"ed6 head. The !ar is hydr!hii$
whi$h e-!sed %! wa%er inside and !u%side %he $e. The n!n!ar is
hydr!h!i$ %ais whi$h a$e !ne an!%her in %he in%eri!r ! %he as*a
*e*rane
'!*!si%i!n ! %he as*a *e*rane
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+e*rane iids
(. 'h!es%er! a$$!un%s !r a!u% !ne %hird ! %he %!%a iids whi$h is
in%ersersed a*!n" %he h!sh!iids
). The a*!un% ! $h!es%er! de%er*ines %he uid na%ure ! %he *e*rane.
'!*!si%i!n ! %he as*a *e*rane
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The r!%eins
1. De%er*ine %he un$%i!n ! %he as*a *e*rane
#. Gi/e s%ru$%ure ! uid *!sai$ *!de
&. .
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The r!%eins
& The !si%i!n are in%e"ra 5in%rinsi$6 %ha% ene%ra%e deey in%! %he iid iayer
and e-%end r!* !ne sura$e %! %he !%her, $!nsis% ! hydr!hii$ and
hydr!h!i$ 8 "r!us4 and erihera 5e-%rinsi$6 %ha% are a%%a$hed ei%her %he
inner !r !u%er sura$e and usuay !und %! in%e"ra r!%ein
(
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The r!%eins
(. Fun$%i!n as *ar0ers, a%%a$h*en% si%es, $hannes, re$e%!rs, en3y*es, !r
$arriers.
). The un$%i!ns deend !n %heir %hree di*ensi!na shaes and %heir $he*i$a
$hara$%eris%i$s.
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+e*rane Pr!%ein
G!uar r!%eins in %he
as*a *e*rane
'e sura$e *ar0er
Gy$!r!%eins !n %he sura$e a!w $es %!
iden%iy !ne an!%her
+e*rane r!%ein ..
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+e*rane Pr!%ein
9%%a$h*en% si%e
Pr!%eins 5in%e"rins6 in %he as*a *e*rane a%%a$h %! e-%ra$euar *!e$ues
+e*rane r!%ein ..
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8e$e%!r r!%ein
+e*rane r!%ein ..
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THE 'H9NNEL P8OTEINS
1. S!*e re"i!n ! %he r!%ein are hei$a. Ea$hhei$a re"i!n $an e dei$%ed as $yinder
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#. In s!*e *e*rane r!%eins, %he hei$a re"i!n!r* $ir$e wi%h a $hanne in %he $en%er
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&. The rin" ! $yinders $an e dei$%ed as a &?D
"!uar s%ru$%ure wi%h a $hanne in %he $en%er.
This is $aed a $hanne r!%ein
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(. The $hanne r!%ein $an e dei$%ed $u% in ha
%! sh!w %he $hanne
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). The $u% $hanne r!%ein is dei$%ed wi%hin %he
as*a *e*rane
+e*rane r!%eins ..
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S!*e r!%ein are i"and "a%ed i!n $hanne. <hen i"ands ind %! %he re$e%!r
si%es, %his $!*ina%i!n a%ers %he %he %hree?di*ensi!na s%ru$%ure $ausin" %he
$hannes ei%her %! !en !r %! $!se $han"e %he er*eaii%y ! %he as*a
*e*rane.
8e$e%!rs in0ed %! $hanne r!%eins
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The !unded i"and !en %he $hanne
+e*rane r!%eins ..
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8e$e%!rs in0ed %! G r!%eins
S!*e *e*rane?!und *!e$ues
un$%i!n y a%erin" %he a$%i/i%y ! a G
r!%ein $!*e- %ha% $!nsis%ed ! %hree
r!%eins $aed aha, e%a, and "a**a,!$a%ed !n %he inner sura$e ! %he
as*a *e*rane. <hen a i"and
a%%a$hes %he re$e%!r %he G?r!%ein is
a$%i/a%ed and s%i*ua%e a $e res!nse.
+e*rane r!%eins ..
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En3y*e in %he as*a
*e*rane
This en3y*e in %he as*a *e*rane rea0s %he e%ide !und ! die%ide
%! r!du$e %w! a*in! a$ids.
S!*e *e*rane r!%eins
un$%i!n as en3y*e
+e*rane r!%eins ..
' i i
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'arrier r!%eins
'arrier r!%eins are in%e"ra
r!%eins %ha% *!/e i!ns !r
*!e$ues r!* !ne side ! %he
as*a *e*rane %! %he !%her. The
$arrier r!%eins ha/e se$ii$ indin" si%es %! whi$h i!ns !r
*!e$ues a%%a$h !n !ne side ! %he
as*a *e*rane. The $arrier
r!%ein $han"e i%s $!n!r*a%i!n %!
*!/e %he i!ns !r *!e$ues %! %he
!%her side ! %he as*a *e*rane.
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9ssi"n*en%J
1. <ha% are %he *a2!r un$%i!n ! %he $e#. <ha% are %he dieren$e e%ween i"h% and ee$%r!n *i$r!s$!e
&. Deine "y$!iid and "y$!r!%ein. Des$rie %he dieren$e e%ween
in%e"ra and erihera r!%eins in %he as*a *e*rane
(. Lis% %w! un$%i!ns ! *ar0er *!e$ues
). Des$rie and "i/e %he un$%i!n ! in%e"rins
7. Deine n!n"a%ed i!n $hanne, i"and?"a%ed i!n $hanne, and /!%a"e?"a%ed
i!n $hanne. <ha% de%er*ines %he un$%i!n ! a $hanne r!%ein
. T! wha% ar% ! a re$e%!r *!e$ue d!es a i"and a%%a$h Gi/e %w!e-a*es ! h!w a i"and $an ind %! a re$e%!r in %he as*a *e*rane
and $ause a res!nse in %he $e
>. Gi/e an e-a*e ! %he a$%i!n ! an en3y*e in %he as*a *e*rane
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3. Movement thro,gh the selectivel/ permeable
plasma membrane
O2e$%i/esJ
a. Des$rie %he !ur ways y whi$h sus%an$es $an *!/e %hr!u"h %he as*a
*e*rane
. Des$rie %he a$%!rs %ha% ae$% %he ra%e and %he dire$%i!n ! diusi!n ! %he
s!u%e in a s!/en%
$. Des$rie diusi!n and !s*!sis
d. Des$rie %he r!$esses ! a$ii%a%ed diusi!n, a$%i/e %rans!r%, andse$!ndary a$%i/e %rans!r%
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+!/e*en% Thr!u"h %he Pas*a +e*rane
1. Liid?s!ue *!e$ues ass %hr!u"h %he as*a *e*rane readiy y
diss!/in" in %he iid iayer
#. S*a *!e$ues ass %hr!u"h *e*rane $hanne. +!s% $hanne are !si%i/ey $har"ed, a!win" ne"a%i/ey $har"ed i!ns and neu%ra
*!e$ues %! ass %hr!u"h *!re readiy %han !si%i/e $har"ed i!ns
&. Lar"e !ar sus%an$es 5e."., "u$!se and a*in! a$ids6 are %rans!r%ed
%hr!u"h %he *e*rane y $arrier *!e$ues
(. Lar"er ie$es ! *a%erias en%er $es in /esi$es