plasma assisted high pressure combustion; surface hp
TRANSCRIPT
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Plasma assisted high pressure combustion;
surface HP nanosecond DBD
Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas
Svetlana Starikovskaia
Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
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Our scientific team for PAI/PAC problem:
NeQ systems Laboratory, Moscow, 1998-2006
Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris: Sergey Stepanyan, Andrei Klochko, Sergey Shcherbanev, NikitaLepikhin, Yifei Zhu, Brian Baron, James Williams, Mhedine Alicherif,Tat Loon Chng, Georgy Pokrovskiy, Chenyang Ding
2
Tat Loon Chng, Georgy Pokrovskiy, Chenyang Ding
Moscow State University, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics:Nikolay Popov
PC2A, Lille: Mohamed Boumehdi, Guillaume Vanhove, Pascale Desgroux
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Plan of the presentation
Introduction: physics and chemistry of plasma-assistedcombustion
Shock tube experiments: 0D, low pressures, hightemperatures
3
temperatures
Rapid compression machine (RCM) experiments: 2D, highpressures, low temperatures
High pressure high temperature (HPHT) discharge cellexperiments: the discharge and the following combustion
High pressure discharge: streamer-to-filament transition
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I. Physics and chemistry of plasma assisted combustion
4
plasma assisted combustion
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Plasma assisted ignition/combustion: nonequilibrium plasma applications
• Lean mixtures H 2O 2 O 2H 2
5
• Fast flows (1998)
• High pressuresIgnitionpoint
Dieselengine
Petrolengine
HCCIengine
Multipleignitionpoints
Fuel and airmixture
Fuel and airmixture
Air
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Combustion: chain reactions
6
Initiation H + O = 2 + 78 kJ2 2 OH
BreakH HO2 + O + M = + M 203 kJ -2
H + wall
H OH O + O = + kJ+ 70 2Branching
Development: 2x
O OH H + H = + 8 kJ+ 2
OH H + H = H O + 62 kJ2 - 2
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Comparison of the reaction rates
7
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Fast gas heating: time less than VT-relaxation
M* + A = M + A + Q A * + M = 1 A + M + Q1
8
e + M = e + M*
k=B exp(-E /k )na T T
Q Q e + M = e + A * + A1 2
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First available experiments on plasma-assited combustion
100
150
0.5 A0.2 A
0 A
, To
rrSemenov N N (1958) Some problems of chemical kinetics and reactivity Pergamon Press
99
400 440 480 520 560 6000
50
5 A
2 A
1 A
Pre
ssu
re,
Temperature, oC
G.Gorchakov, F.Lavrov, Influence of electric discharge on the region of spontaneous
ignition in the mixture 2H2-O2. Acta Physicochim. URSS (1934), 1, 139-144
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Energy branching vsreduced electric field E/N
N2 vib
1,0
O2 vibr
Ene
rgy
bran
chin
g
10
0,1 1 100,0
0,5
O2 electr
N2 electr
O2, N
2 ion
elastic
O2, N
2 rot
Ene
rgy
bran
chin
g
E/N, 10 -16 V cm 2
N.L. Aleksandrov, E.E. Son, 1980, in: Plasma Chemistry, B.M.Smirnov, ed., Atomizdat Publ., Moscow, V.7, pp. 35-75
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Applied high voltage pulses
-10
-5
0
Vol
tage
, kV15
20
Vol
tage
, kV
Positive and negative polarity pulses
1111
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-20
-15
-10
Vol
tage
, kV
Time, ns0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
5
10
Vol
tage
, kV
Time, ns
Single pulse regime, 20 ns pulse duration, 2 ns front rise time
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Kinetic approach to description of a gas discharge
12
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Field of parameters where nanosecond PAI/PAC experiments are available
10
OSU LPP/PC2A MIPT 2002-2008 Princeton-ShT Princeton-AFRL Princeton - comb MIPT 2008-2014 Stanford Drexel
10.0
3.0
1.0
0.3
Pre
ssur
e, a
tm
Dashed lines: 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 n(atm)
13
500 1000 1500 20000.01
0.1
1
Drexel Delft USC LPP 2016
0.03Pre
ssur
e, a
tm
Temperature, K
0.1H2,CH4,C2H4,C3H8/O2/N2,ArCH4,C4H10,C7H16/O2/N2,ArH2,CnH(2n+2), n=(1-10)/O2,N2O/N2,Ar,HeC2H6/O2/N2,ArCH4,C2H4,C3H8/O2/N2,ArCH4,DME/O2/He,ArC2H2/O2/ArCH4/O2/N2CnH(2n+2), n=(1-5)/O2/N2C3H8/O2/N2C2H2,CH4/O2/N2
S M Starikovskaia, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 47 (2014) 353001 (34pp)
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All experiments were performed in a SINGLE-SHOT regime
1414
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II. Shock tube experiments: [relatively] low P and high T
15
[relatively] low P and high T
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Shock tube setup for plasma ignition
• Mixture composition
CH4/C2H6/C3H8/C4H10/C5H12
- O2 – Ar (90%)
• Temperature
1616
950-2000 K
• Pressure
0.2-1.0 atm
• T5, P5
• Tign
• E/N, I, W
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Dielectric section of a shock tube
171717
CH :O : Ar; T =1 K, P =0.5 atm
4 2
5 5
N :300
2 U=-110 kV
Starikovskaia S M, Kukaev E N, Kuksin A Yu, Nudnova M M and StarikovskiiComb. and Flame, 2004, 139, 177-87
2 cm
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The idea of the experiment
Auto-ignition
Ignition delay time (induction time)
181818
O, OH, H, CH3
Plasma assisted ignition
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Shift of the ignition delay time: (CH4:O2):Ar = 90:10 mixture
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
4
3
2
1
τ
Sig
nals
, a.u
.
T5=1770 K; P
5=0.5 bar
103
104
105
I'
II'
tim
e,
µs
191919
-400 -200 0 200-80
-60(a)
Time, µµµµs
-400 -200 0 200-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
3
2
1
(b)τ
Sig
nal
, a. u
.
Time, ms
T5=1400 K; P
5=0.5 bar
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
100
101
102
10
III
autoignition
Ign
itio
n d
ela
y t
1000/T5, KI N Kosarev, N L Aleksandrov, S V Kindysheva,
S M Starikovskaia, A Yu Starikovskii, Comb Flame, 154 (2008) 569-586
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Dissociation in a nanosecond discharge (C2H6:O2):Ar, Hayashi (C2H6), Braginsky (O2), Tachibana (Ar)
15
20T
5=1300 K, P
5 = 0.65 bar, , w=23.1 mJ/cm3
H
OC
2H
6
cm-3
202020
10 100
0
5
10
C2H
3
C2H
4
C2H
5
H
Den
sity
, 10
15cm
E/n, TdI N Kosarev, N L Aleksandrov, S V Kindysheva, S M Starikovskaia, A Yu Starikovskii, Comb Flame, 156 (2009) 221-233
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Decrease of ignition delay time:moderate gas densities; uniform ns discharge
103
104
105
CH4, auto, 0.4-0.7 atm
CH , auto, 2 atm
Ig
nitio
n de
lay
time,
µµ µµ s
Auto Exp, C2H6 Auto Calc, C2H6 PAI Exp, C2H6 PAI Calc, C2H6, , , C3H8, , , C4H10, , , C5H12
21
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
100
101
102
10
CH4-C
5H
12,
PAI, 0.2-0.7 atm
C2H
6-C
5H
12,
auto, 0.2-0.7 atm
CH4, auto, 2 atm
Igni
tion
dela
y tim
e,
1000/T, K-1
N L Aleksandrov, S V Kindysheva, I N Kosarev, S M Starikovskaia, A Yu Starikovskii, Proc. of Combustion Institute, 32 (2009) 205-212
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Kinetics of the ignition: kinetic curves (T5=1530 K, n5=5x1018 cm-3)
1x10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
OH,H,CO2,O
Tem
pera
ture
, K
CH3,H
2O,H
2,CO
CH4
O2
Mol
e fra
ctio
n
2000
2500
Autoignition
1x10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
Plasma Assisted Ignition
CH2O
H2O
CO2
COH
2O
CH3
H
OH
O
CH4
O2
Mol
e fra
ctio
n
2000
2500
Tem
pera
ture
, K
222222
10-1 100 101 102 103 10410-6
1x10-5
1x10
Tem
pera
ture
, K
CH3,H
2O,H
2,COM
ole
fract
ion
Time, µµµµs
1500
10-1 100 101 102 103 10410-6
1x10-5
1x10-4
CO2
H2
OHMol
e fra
ctio
nTime, µµµµs
1500
Tem
pera
ture
, K
Plasma assisted ignition is characterized by:
– slow increase of gas temperature – developed kinetics of intermediates– partial fuel conversion during induction time
N L Aleksandrov, S V Kindysheva, I N Kosarev, S M Starikovskaia, A Yu Starikovskii, Proc. of Combustion Institute, 32 (2009) 205-212
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II. Rapid compression machine (RCM) experiments:
23
machine (RCM) experiments: high P and [relatively] low T
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Rapid compression machine (RCM)
24
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Nanosecond surface dielectric barrier discharge (nSDBD, for flow control)
-
25Y Zhu, S Shcherbanev, B.Baron and S. StarikovskaiaPSST, 26 (2017) 125004
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Cylindrical electrode system (for PAC)
Electrode configuration Cubic HP chamber
HV electrode,
2 cm in diameter
26
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Rapid compression machine (RCM), Lille
27
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Mixtures used in experiments:
1) CH4/O2/Ar, φ=1, 0.5, 0.3, 70-75 % of Ar
2) n-C H /O /Ar/N , φ=1, 38 % of N 38 % of Ar
2828
3) n-C4H10/O2/Ar, φ=1, 76 % of Ar
4) n-C4H10/O2/N2, φ=1, 76 % of N2
2) n-C4H10/O2/Ar/N2, φ=1, 38 % of N2, 38 % of Ar
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P-T diagram for RCM experiments
CH4
n-C4H10
10
12
14
16 (CH4:O2, φφφφ=1) + 72% Ar
(n-C4H
10:O
2, φφφφ=1) + 77% Ar
φφφφ
(CH4:O2, φφφφ=0.3) + 77% Ar
(CH4:O2, φφφφ=0.5) + 75% Ar
TD
C /
bar
292929
n-C7H16(cool flame
modification)600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
2
4
6
8
10
(n-C7H
16:O
2, φφφφ=1) + 79% N
2
No autoignition
4 10 2
(n-C4H
10:O
2, φφφφ=1) + 77% N
2
No autoignition
Pre
ssur
e P
TD
C
Temperature Tc / K
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Autoignition vs plasma ignition in RCM at PTDC=15 bar and TC=970 K, (CH4:O2)+76%Ar
30
40
Plasma assisted ignition, U=-24 kVPTDC=14.7 atm
TC=972 K
Pre
ssur
e, a
tm
30
40PTDC=14.7 atm
TC=972 K
Pre
ssur
e, a
tm
Autoignition
3030
0 50 100 150 2000
10
20
discharge initiation
(blue step)P
ress
ure,
atm
Time, ms
0 50 100 150 2000
10
20
Pre
ssur
e, a
tm
Time, ms
S.A. Stepanyan, M.A. Boumehdi, G. Vanhove, P. Desgroux, S.M. Starikovskaia, N.A. Popov,
Comb. Flame, 162 (2015) 1336-1349
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Pressure trace and corresponding fast imaging of flame propagation
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
discharge
Pre
ssio
n / b
ar
S.A. Stepanyan, M.A. Boumehdi, G. Vanhove, P. Desgroux, S.M. Starikovskaia, N.A. Popov,
Comb. Flame, 162 (2015) 1336-1349
313131
200 205 210 215 2200
5discharge initiation
Time / ms
0.8 ms 1 ms 1.2 ms 1.4 ms
1.6 ms 1.8 ms 2 ms
31
Pressure detector
CH4:O2, ER=1 + 70% Ar,
TC=947 K, PTDC=15.4 bar
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Ignition threshold and polarity of the high-voltage pulse
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
5
10
15
20
Vol
tage
, kV
Time, ns40
50
Thr
esho
ld v
olta
ge, k
V
limit of filamentation in air
n-C4H10/O2/N2, U>0
3232323232
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Vol
tage
, kV
Time, ns
0.009 0.010 0.01120
30 n-C4H10/O2/N2, U<0
n-C4H10/O2/Ar, U<0
n-C4H10/O2/Ar, U>0
Thr
esho
ld v
olta
ge, k
V
P/T, bar/K
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III. High pressure high temperature (HPHT) chamber
experiments:
33
experiments: high P and low T [T=300 K]
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High-Pressure and High-Temperature (HPHT)discharge/combustion chamber
Electrode configuration General view of the HPHT setup
34
Discharge/combustion chamber
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Experimental setup
The scheme of experimental setup. SR – Spectrograph, ICCD – camera, PC – computer,
BCS – back current shunt,
35
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nSDBD and Flame Initiation, P=3 bar, U=-50 kV
Discharge (ns) and combustion (ms) emission pattern s
H2:Air, ER=0.6
36
time
ns discharge Intermediate chemistry Flame propagation, Combustion
N2(v), N2(A,B,C,…), H, O(1D), O2(a1∆g), etc.
O, OH, H, HO2, H2O2, H2O, etc.
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Initiation of Combustion with nSDBD
-2
-1
0
1
Pre-flame
H2/Air mixture, P=3 bar, T
0=300 K, ER=0.6
PM
sig
nal,
V
U=-50 kV
8
10
12
14
Pressure, bar
Ignition delay?
50 µs
100 µs
ICCD gate: 50 µsDelay:
37
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-6
-5
-4
-3
Ignition
PM
sig
nal,
V
Time, ms
Discharge
0
2
4
6
8
Pressure, bar
- Yes, for combustion!
- No, for plasma chemistry
100 µs
200 µs
400 µs
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Flame Initiation in H2/Air ER=0.5, P=6 bar
Polarity: U>0Energy deposition W= 3 mJ
First regime of ignition:Ignition kernels
38
Ignition with a few ignition kernels near HV electrode. Streamer discharge.
Pressure 6 bar, Temperature 300 K.
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Flame Initiation in H2/Air ER=0.5, P=6 bar
Polarity: U>0Energy deposition W= 4.8 mJ
Second regime of ignition:Ignition along the perimeter of HV electrode
39
Quasiuniform ignition around HV electrode. Streamer discharge.
Pressure 6 bar, Temperature 300 K.
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Flame Initiation in H2/Air ER=0.5, P=6 bar
Polarity: U>0Energy deposition W= 12 mJ
Third regime of ignition:Ignition along the discharge channels
40
Ignition along the channels. Filamentary discharge.
Pressure 6 bar, Temperature 300 K.
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Discharges in different gas mixtures
φ=0 φ=0.3 φ=0.6 φ=1.2
Discharge in methane/O 2/Ar
Discharge in n-heptane/O 2/Ar
41
Discharges in CH4/O2/Ar (ER=0.6) and
n-C7H16/O2/Ar (ER=1) mixtures,
P0=3 bar, T0=300 K, voltage on the electrode U=+38 kV
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IV. High pressure surface DBD discharge: streamer-to-filament
42
discharge: streamer-to-filament transition
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Two modes of nSDBD (velocity is a few mm/ns)
Filamentary mode, V=-46 kV, 4 bar, Air
Electrode system
43
Camera gate is 0.5 ns
HV electrode
D=2 cm HV electrode
Cylindrical electrode configuration
Outer diameter 50 mm;HV electrode diameter 20 mm
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Analysis of emission intensity (Streamer vs filamentary mode)
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Radial distribution of the frontal discharge emission; P=4 bar, U=-47 kV.
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Spatial distribution of emission
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How to get the filament spectra
46
Single filament is aligned with the entrance slit of the spectrometer
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Continuous spectra in filamentary discharge
4747
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Broadening of Hα
line
Discharge starts
Filamentsstart
Filamentary discharge in N 2:H2 (7:1) mixture P=8 bar. Electron density measurements with H
αline (656 nm)
broadening. Camera gate 5 ns
4
30
35
19
630 635 640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680
-5 ns
0 ns
5 ns
7 ns
10 ns
4848
0 20 40 60
-1
0
1
2
3
Hig
h vo
ltage
, a.u
.
Discharge time, ns
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
FW
HM
, nm
1017
1018
1019
ne, c
m-3
630 635 640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680
10 ns
15 ns
20 ns
25 ns
30 ns
35 ns
Wavelength, nm
40 ns
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Recombination emission in the filament
Electron density from recombination emission
SPS (337.1 nm) is a reference radiation
N2(C)=kC(E/N)·ne·N2/ νq
QC=N2(C)·FFK·A00
QC=3·1021quantum/cm3/s.
49
210 10)25.1()( ⋅−=
⋅⋅⋅= ω
ωω d
T
nnCQ
e
ioneCW η
At λ = 337 nm and ∆λ = 3 nm, dω = 5·1013 s-1
In the discharge Te~2-4 eV → ne~3·1018 cm-3
In the afterglow Te~0.5 eV → ne~1018 cm-3
quantum/cm3/s
QC=3·10 quantum/cm /s.
QC(t=0 ns)/QCW(t=5 ns)~(1.5-2)
1
1021
1022
543
Ne = 1*1018 cm -3
ne = 3*1018 cm -3
Q, q
uant
um /
cm3 /
sT
e, eV
2
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Conclusions
Nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge (nSDBD) providesignition of different fuels in a wide range of stoichiometries
At high gas densities, nSDBD simultaneously provides
50
At high gas densities, nSDBD simultaneously provideshundreds of ignition sites distributed in space. The geometry ofthe ignition and following combustion can be adapted toprovide the highest possible efficiency of the system
Physics of filamentation in high pressure nSDBD is understudy now (ne=1019 cm-3 is achieves during a fewnanoseconds in a single-shot mode)