plantwide control structures design for butane …paccon2014.kku.ac.th/docs/abstracts/11-ici-j.pdfan...

Pure and Applied Chemistry International Conference 2014 ICI-1

Industrial Chemistry and Innovations ICI-OR-01

Plantwide Control Structures Design for Butane

Isomerization Process

Kitt Kijnithikul, Montree Wongsri*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University,

Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*E-mail: [email protected]

The process of butane isomerization consists of two column followed by a shell & tube heat

exchanger, a Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) reactor, a flooded condenser and one recycle stream. First

column, deisobutanizer (DIB) column, product separated from the reactant. Second column, purge

column, impurity (n-C5) separated from the reactant. PFR reactor has an isomerization reaction.

This process is differed from other chemical processes because of mixture of product with feed

stream in a ratio exceed the reactor requirement. So, feed stream is introduced to DIB column

instead into PFR reactor. The plantwide control structure is an essential tool in order to achieve the

design objectives and plant safety. Thus, in this study control structure of butane isomerization is

presented that is designed by Wongsri’s plantwide control structure design procedure consists of

eight steps. In step fixture plant, one study at constant feed on supply control base and another

study the constant feed at reactor on demand control base. In step disturbance management, a

comparison of the ability of the various structures, such as reflux ratio, reflux flow, reflux to feed,

duel temperature. The proposed heuristic-based procedure emphasis on establishment of the fixture

plant by regulating process components at their quantifiers on their material pathways; disturbance

management; energy recovery through heat exchanger network; process optimization; and design

validation. Finally, the disturbances are handled. The control structure is carried out using Aspen

HYSYS simulator.

Keywords Plantwide control ; Butane isomerization



Curing Characteristics of Low Temperature Fast Cure Epoxy-

based Adhesive Using Diamine Curing Agents

Suporn Pitakthanangkul, Uraiwan Pongsa, Anongnat Somwangthanaroj*


Bangkok, 10330, Thailand


In electronic manufacturing process, low temperature fast cure adhesives have been developed to

reduce energy, time and costs. Diamine curing agent is one of the most popular curing agent used in

this application because of its high reactivity and good thermal properties. To select suitable curing

agent that provides low temperature fast cure epoxy resins system, curing characteristics of

cycloaliphatic diamine curing agents and aromatic diamine curing agent were determined. In this

work, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) used as polymer matrix was mixed with different

types of diamine curing agent at various concentrations. Dynamic and isothermal experiments of

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere. The curing

behavior including curing temperature and onset temperature of epoxy adhesives was evaluated by

using dynamic experiment. Curing time and degree of cure were obtained from isothermal

experiments. It was found that onset and curing temperature of epoxy system based on

cycloaliphatic diamine curing agents were lower than those of aromatic diamine curing agent.

Higher degree of cure and shorter curing time was also observed in DGEBA/cycloaliphatic diamine

curing agent system. Therefore DGEBA/cycloaliphatic diamine curing agent system provided high

performance rather than DGEBA/aromatic diamine curing agent system. The DSC data from both

experiments was used to provide the curing kinetics. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the reaction and the interaction between epoxy resin and

diamine curing agents in the curing process.

Keywords Epoxy adhesives; Diamine curing agent; Low temperature; Fast-cure; Differential

scanning calorimetry



Palladium-Cobalt Supported on Short and Long Cavities of

SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Nattawut Osakoo1,2

, Robert Henkel2, Sirinuch Loiha

3, Frank Roessner

2,

Jatuporn Wittayakun1*

1School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon

Ratchasima 30000, Thailand 2Technische Chemie II, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg

D-26111,Germany 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University,

Khon Kaen 40002,Thailand


Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a reaction of syngas (CO and H2) to produce hydrocarbons

fuels. The aim of this work was to investigate physicochemical properties of Pd-Co catalysts

supported on SBA-15 with short and long cavities (SBA-15(S) and SBA-15(L)), respectively. Both

SBA-15 were synthesized by hydrothermal method and loaded with PdCl2 and Co(NO3)2 by co-

impregnation to produce catalysts with 0.2 wt% Pd and 10 wt% Co notated as 0.2Pd-10Co-SBA-

15(S) and 0.2Pd-10Co-SBA-15(L). Their physicochemical properties were compared to

monometallic 10Co-SBA-15(S) and 10Co-SBA-15(L). The characterization results from X-Ray

Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) showed that particle size

of cobalt oxide in all catalysts was in order of 10Co-SBA-15(S) > 10Co-SBA-15(L) > 0.2Pd-10Co-

SBA-15(S) > 0.2Pd-10Co-SBA-15(L). Results at low angle from XRD indicated that the cobalt

oxide species in bimetallic catalysts mainly located on external surface of SBA-15 while cobalt

species in mono-metallic catalysts dispersed into the cavities of SBA-15. Reduction behavior of

cobalt species was studied by hydrogen Temperature-Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR). The

cobalt oxide species inside the channels had stronger metal-support interaction than that at the

external surface. The addition of Pd resulted to lower reduction temperature of Co. The reactivity

on the FTS reaction was tested at 230 ˚C, 5 bar with H2/CO = 2:1. The FTS activity was in order of

10Co-SBA-15(S) > 10Co-SBA-15(L) > 0.2Pd-10Co-SBA-15(S) > 0.2Pd-10Co-SBA-15(L); the

order seemed to depend on the cobalt dispersion because the higher dispersion produced more Co0

density sites for CO adsorption. The addition of Pd resulted to lower CO conversion and olefin

content but increased the yield of oxygenated product (methanol and ethanol).

Keywords Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis; Cobalt; Palladium; SBA-15; Co-impregnation



Production of Biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata Oil Using Solid

Catalyst for Environmental Friendly Process

Sasikarn Panpraneecharoen1, Vittaya Punsuvon

1, 2*, Chanakan Puemchalad

3

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

2Center of Excellence-Oil Palm, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

3Energy Technology Department, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR),

Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand


Environmental friendly process for biodiesel production has been a recent topic of interest. Solid

base catalyst becomes more attractive in this topic due to the economics and environmental

concern. So, in this research we focused on the synthesis of calcium methoxide as a solid base

catalyst from quick lime. The physical and chemical properties of synthesized catalyst were

characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and BET surface area to evaluate its performance. SEM illustrated

surface topology with good porosity. XRD showed calcium methoxide characteristic peak at 2value of 11˚. FT-IR spectra confirmed functional groups on calcium methoxide. BET showed high

surface area and suggested that the synthesized calcium methoxide had mesoporous structure. The

transesterification of Pongamia pinnata (P. pinnata) oil with low content of free fatty acid (FFA)

using calcium methoxide as a solid base catalyst and the parameters effecting the yield of fatty acid

methyl ester (FAME) such as catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio and the reaction

time were investigated in detail. The results showed that the yield of FAME at 94 % was achieved

within 3 h using 3 %wt basic catalyst loading, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction

temperature. The FAME (%) was compared with biodiesel that was prepared from potassium

hydroxide (KOH) catalyst. The result showed that both FAME (%) were nearly value (94 % for

solid catalyst and 97 % for KOH catalyst). So, the result of FAME suggested that calcium

methoxide was the promising solid catalyst in replacing conventional liquid catalyst.

Keywords Biodiesel; Calcium methoxide; Solid catalyst; Transesterification



Performance Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Oxyfuel

Combustion Integrated System

Chanon Mahisanan, Amornchai Arpornwichanop*




A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a promising technology which has high electrical efficiency.

SOFC is regarded as a clean technology as it utilizes hydrogen as a fuel and releases only steam as

a product. However, a hydrogen production process involves a processing of hydrocarbon fuels

and generates carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes a greenhouse effect. As a result, a CO2-

seperation unit should be considered in designing the SOFC system. Regarding the CO2 removal

processes, amine absorption and metal oxide adsorption processes require very high thermal

energy input, whereas the problem of using a membrane separation is the leakage of methane and

hydrogen. Oxyfuel combustion is another potential approach because in this process, pure oxygen

is employed to combust all remaining fuels and thus, only CO2 and water are the products. Pure

carbon dioxide can be easily separated from the product stream and the oxyfuel combustion can

achieve the total CO2-capture. In this study, the SOFC system integrated with an oxyfuel

combustion process is studied. There is a possible way for performance improvement of the SOFC

system by rearrangement of recycle streams. Here, a recycling of the gas product of the oxyfuel

combustion process is proposed. Steam separated from the CO2 removal unit is recycled to a

methane steam reforming process to produce a hydrogen-rich gas for SOFC. The performance of

the SOFC and oxyfuel combustion integrated process with the proposed steam recirculation

scheme is analyzed and compared a conventional SOFC system with an anode recycling method.

Effects of key operating parameters such as SOFC operating pressure and temperature, reformer

operating temperature, air inlet temperature of SOFC and steam to carbon ratio on the SOFC

system performance in terms of electrical efficiency, useful heat and oxygen consumption are

presented and their optimal values are also identified.

Keywords SOFCs; Carbon dioxide capture; Oxyfuel combustion; Process design


Industrial Chemistry and Innovations ICI-P-001

Development of Heat Treatment under a Reducing

Atmosphere using Electric Furnace: A Gemstone Enhancement

Anchoen Saleesai, Supakit Achiwawanich*

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand


Natural sapphires from Phrae province, Thailand, have been heat-treated under a reducing

atmosphere induced by briquette, green-charcoal powder and nitrogen gas at 1000-1600 °C using

an electric furnace with heating rate of 550 ° C / h and holding time of 2 hours. Visual appearances

of the as-mined sapphires were significantly improved after heat treatment at 1500- 1600 °C

resulting in colour enhancement changing from grey to sapphire blue colour. Furthermore, the heat

treatment under the reducing atmosphere induced by nitrogen gas produced better gem-qualities

including intense blue colour with greater transparency than those of the atmosphere induced by

charcoal. The heat-treated sapphires exhibited increasing absorption intensities at 550-570 nm

corresponding to Fe2+

/Ti4+

charge transfer and at 850 nm corresponding to Fe2+

/Fe3+

charge

transfer, attributing to the observed blue colour.

Keywords Blue sapphire; Heat treatment; Reducing atmosphere; Nitrogen; Charcoal.



Separation of Rare Earths from Nitrate Medium by

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Palakorn Satusinprasert1, Unchalee Suwanmanee

1, Dussadee Rattanaphra

2*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University,

Nakhon Nayok, 26120, Thailand 2Research and Development Division, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology,

Phathumtani, 12120, Thailand


Separation of rare earths from nitrate medium has been studied by using liquid-liquid extraction

(LLE) technique. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) diluted in kerosene was used as an extractant. The

extraction was carried out at organic: aqueous phase ratio of 1:1. The aqueous phase before and

after extraction were determined by ICP-AES. Parameters affecting the extraction conditions such

as concentration of TBP, contact time and shaking speed were investigated. The optimum

conditions were concentration of TBP of 50% v/v, contact time of 5 min and shaking speed of 200

rpm. Under these conditions, the group of middle and heavy rare earth such as Sm, Gd, Y were

successfully separated from other elements. The extraction efficiency of Sm, Gd and Y was 79.49,

87.49 and 90.93%, respectively.

. Keywords Separation; Rare Earth; Liquid-Liquid Extraction



Development of Palm Kernel Oil Extraction by Organic Solvent

for Community Scale Production

Mallika Tapanwong1, Rayakorn Nokkaew

1, Vittaya Punsuvon

1,2*

1Centre of Excellence- Oil Palm, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand


Palm kernel oil is not only the important raw material for oleochemical industry but also the palm

kernel meal obtained after oil extraction can be used as animal feed. Thailand, small oil extraction

plants have been limited because it do not use steam for palm fruit drying. These plants separate

only the mesocarp for oil squeezing and the leaving palm nuts are not use for marking value added

products. In this research, we study to increase the value added of palm nuts by extraction the oil

from palm kernels with appropriate organic solvents after the separation from the palm nuts. The

research started with the invention of solvent extraction machine with the capacity of 30-50

kg/batch. The efficiency of solvent extraction machine was studied by extracting palm kernel meal

obtained after palm kernel oil (by pressing). The extracted palm kernel oil was further determined

the percentage of palm kernel oil yield and its property was also investigated. The result showed

that our machine had high efficiency in oil extraction when the oil content in palm kernel meal did

not exceed 20% (w/w). In addition, the optimum conditions for oil extraction were 1:3 (w/v) of

meal to hexane ratio for 2 h of extraction time at boiling point temperature of hexane. This

condition gave 90% of palm kernel oil yield and it had the same properties as the oil obtained from

soxhlet extraction.

Keywords Palm kernel; Solvent extraction; Community; Palm nuts



The Study of Curing Behavior of Epoxy Adhesive used in

Hard Disk Drive’s Head Gimbal Assembly Process

Tossapol Boonlert-uthai, Anongnat Somwangthanaroj*


Bangkok, 10330, Thailand


Curing behavior of epoxy adhesive which was used for holding slider on suspension played an

important role in hard disk drive’s head gimbal assembly (HGA) process. There were some cases of

incomplete cure of epoxy adhesive. Therefore, kinetics of epoxy adhesive has to be investigated in

order to know actual cure behavior by considering conversion (α) by time and kinetic parameters

via DSC technique. The onset temperature and peak temperature of cure were 90C and 125C,

respectively. The peak temperature was used to perform isothermal curing test. It was found that it

took 19 minutes for complete cure. In addition, the residual of cleanser on slider’s surface may act

as an inhibitor in curing process because exothermic peak which is an indicator of curing reaction

cannot be observed on DSC profile when only 0.05 wt% of a cleanser was added into epoxy system.

Keywords Epoxy; Curing; HGA



Chemical Equilibrium of Oxidative Coupling of Methane

Kritchart Wongwailikhit*, Deacha Chatsiriwech




Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) for production of ethane is now being interested in many

research works. It is one of the great challenges for conversion of methane to more useful

chemicals and fuels. In this process, methane is oxidized directly by oxygen and coupled up to

form ethane and ethylene. In addition, OCM is operated at high temperature (600-1000oC) and

formed many side reactions, mainly combustion competing with OCM reaction, making OCM

system very complex. Many kinetic studies have been published and described the rate of reaction

of OCM which required very short residence time to complete conversion of oxygen. In this work,

since the process get in the equilibrium within the milliseconds which suggests that not only

kinetic but also chemical equilibrium theory could be explained these complex reactions. With

computer simulation at the equilibrium time for parameters of temperature, pressure, gas feed rate

and type of catalysts, OCM could be modeled with two continuous steps. The first step was the

oxidative reaction which methane was oxidized in both heterogeneous (solid fraction) and

homogeneous (gas fraction) phases. The prior mixture products such as ethylene, ethane, CO and

water were then reacted further by the non-oxidative reaction such as the hydrocracking and water

gas shift. Comparing the production results with the kinetic simulation, the small deviation of

methane conversion (±11.49%), ethane selectivity (±11.57%), and ethylene selectivity (±15.66%),

were obtained. Therefore, chemical equilibria can be used to predict the product distribution of

multiple reaction system.

Keywords Chemical equilibrium; Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM); Modeling



Effect of Grog, Wood ash and Red clay on Physical –

Mechanical Properties for Clay bricks Production.

Soravich Mulinta*

Department of Technology ceramics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University,

Lampang,52100 Thailand


The objectives of this work were to study the physical – mechanical properties of clay bricks made

by Small and Micro Community Enterprise clay brick making group in San Bun Reung village,

Lampang province. The component ratio of clay brick as an addition red clay50–100 %, grog

material 10–50% and wood ash (5,10,15,20%). The characterization of raw materials were

analyzed by particle analyzer, X-ray fluorescence(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD)and differential

thermal analyses(DTA/TG). The shrinkage volume, loss on ignition, microstructure, fractural

strength and compressive strength of clay brick were tested. The results showed that physical and

mechanical properties of clay bricks after firing temperature at 900°C. In clay brick consisting of

60% red clay, 40% grog and 10% wood ash had a shrinkage volume of 5.75%, loss on ignition of

20.8% and water adsorption of 22.91%. The clay brick resistant of bending 33.7 kg/cm2 and

compressive strength at 116 kg/cm2. The clay brick produced by the community fulfilled the

requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545).

Keyword Clay Brick; Wood ash; Grog; Red clay



Effect of Tricalcium Phosphate, Lampang Kaolinite and

Potassium Feldspar Addition on Physical – Mechanical

Properties for Bone China Body.

Somporn Paengud*, Soravich Mulinta, Adul Saitan, Kanokkanya Ruammaitree

Department of Technology ceramic, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University,

Lampang,52100 Thailand.


The aim of this work was to study the effects of tricalcium phosphate, Lampang kaolinite and

potassium feldspar on physical and mechanical properties of bone china bodies. The mixing ratios

of bone china clay used in this study were 50-70% tricalcium phosphate, 10-35% Lampang

kaolinite clay, 5-20% potassium feldspar. The raw materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction

(XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and particle analyzer. The shrinkage, density, water absorption,

mechanical properties and microstructure of bone china bodies were investigated. The result

showed that physical-mechanical properties were improved by the addition of tricalcium

phosphate. The bone chinaware consisting of 50% tricalcium phosphate, 20% Lampang kaolinite

clay and 30% potassium feldspar had a shrinkage of 5%, a density of 0.09%, water adsorption of

0.25% and fractural strength of 130 kg/cm2.

Keyword Lampang Kaolinite; Tricalcium phosphate; Potassium feldspar; Bone china body



Separation of Y from Sr using Resin Impregnated with

D2EHPA/Dodecane

Uthaiwan Injarean1, Pipat Pichestapong

1*, Ponchanok Suwattanchai

2, Onwalan Chaemchansri

2,

Boonnak Sukhummek2

1 Research and Development Division, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi,

Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

*E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Radioisotope yttrium-90 (Y-90) is widely used for cancer treatment which can be generated by

radioactive decay of strontium-90 (Sr-90). It is important to obtain Y-90 with high purity and free

from Sr-90. In this work, the separation of yttrium from strontium in nitric acid solution by

extraction chromatography using resin impregnated with solvent of di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric

acid (D2EHPA) in dodecane was studied. Feed solutions used in the study were a mixture of Y and

Sr at concentration of 2 mg/L and 700 mg/L, respectively, which were dissolved in 0.3 - 1.0 M

HNO3. Solvent impregnated resins were prepared by using Amberlite XAD16 resin impregnated

with 0.1 - 0.5 M D2EHPA in dodecane. A 3-mL column packed with the solvent impregnated resin

prepared from 0.3 g dried resin was used for 10.0 mL of feed solution. The adsorbed species on the

resins were rinsed and eluted with 10.0 mL 0.3 M HNO3 and 20.0 mL 7.0 M HNO3, respectively.

The effluent was continuously collected in 1-mL liquid fractions and then analysed the

concentration of Y and Sr in each fraction by using ICP-AES. It was found that D2EHPA/dodecane

impregnated resins selectively adsorbed most of Y and few of Sr. The total 40 fractions were

separated into 2 sets. The first set of 1 - 18 fractions, strontium was mainly eluted, whereas yttrium

was mainly eluted in the rest fractions of 19 - 40. The purity of Y in the eluted solution determined

from the concentration ratio of Y to the total concentration of Y and Sr was in the range of 77.46 -

94.35% and the Y recovery was obtained in the range of 33.17 - 98.81%. The results indicated that

the extraction recovery of Y increased with increasing of D2EHPA concentration, increasing

amount of adsorbed resin and with decreasing of HNO3 concentration. However, the obtained Y

eluted solution still requires for further purification before being used for radiopharmaceuticals.

Keywords Solvent impregnated resin; Yttrium; Strontium; D2EHPA; Dodecane

mailto:[email protected]



Plantwide Control Structure Design for Glycerol Tertiary Butyl

Ethers Process

Pennapa Paengbuddee, Montree Wongsri*


Bangkok 10330 Thailand


The process of glycerol tertiary butyl ethers (GTBEs) consists of one CSTR reactor followed by an

extraction column, a stripping column, a rectifying column and three recycle streams. A key unit of

this etherification plant is the extraction column, where the limiting reactant (Glycerol) is used as

an extraction solvent. That is might be complex. The plantwide control structure is an essential tool

in order to achieve the design objectives and plant safety. Thus, in this study the control structure

of glycerol tertiary butyl ethers is presented that is designed by Wongsri’s plantwide control

structure design procedure consists of eight steps. The proposed heuristic-based procedure

emphasis on establishment of the fixture plant by regulating process components at their

quantifiers on their material pathways; disturbance management; energy recovery through heat

exchanger network; process optimization; and design validation. Finally, the disturbances are

handled. The control structure is carried out using Aspen HYSYS simulator.

Keywords Plantwide control; Process control; Glycerol tertiary butyl ethers



Nanoencapsulation of Active Compound from Plant using

β-cyclodextrin and Microwave for Fabric Application

Shunya Rodpothong, Napassorn Chamchoi, Benjaporn Prasitpan, Pisanu Toochinda*

Department of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, SirindhornInternational

Institute of Technology, ThammasatUniversity, Pathum Thani,12121Thailand

*Email: [email protected]

Thai herbal plants were widely used in many applications including pharmaceutical, food,

cosmetics, and spa products. However, herbal products are limited to their short shelf life due to

the degradation of the products from sunlight and oxidizing agents. In order to overcome

degradation problems, the active compound from plants were preserved using β-cyclodextrin in a

form of the nanocapsule inclusion complex. The nanocapsules were immobilized within the fabric

via grafting technique. The host of nanocapsule used in this study is β-cyclodextrin, which is a

cyclic oligosaccharides composing of seven units of glucose. Eugenol from Sweet Basil essential

oil and Citronella grass oil from Citronella grass were used as a guest molecule. Use of short

wavelength based from microwave technique which was suggested from molecular modeling

simulation was used to enhance the percentage of nanoencapsulation. Inclusion complex formation

is analyzed by DSC and FTIR and the percentage of encapsulation was analyzed via GC. The

comparison of inclusion complex formation with microwave enhancement among other

conventional methods will be discussed. The effectiveness of active compound from plants

duration on fabric will be extended leading to a better value and quality of Thai fabric.

Keywords: Encapsulation; Grafting; β-cyclodextrin; Citronella grass oil; Cotton



Temmoku Glaze by Using Laterite instead of Iron Oxide

Artit Supina, Thitima Khunyotying*

Ceramics Technology Senior project, Program of Ceramics Technology. Faculty of Industrial

Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang 52100, Thailand


The experiment compared the occurrence of oil spots in Temmoku glazing using laterite and iron

oxide. The ingredient ratio was 38.25% potash feldspar, 19.78% calcium carbonate, 3.95% barium

carbonate, 5.92% Ranong kaolin, 7.84% bentonite, 24.25 silica, 2% chromic oxide,1% cobalt oxide

and 2% manganese dioxide. Laterite and iron oxide were added to the glaze at 11 ratios: 0, 3, 6, 9,

12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30% of the total. The Temmoku glaze was fired at 1250 degree Celsius

and at a stabilized temperature at 1200 degrees Celsius for an hour in atmospheric oxidation. The

results show that the size and number of oil spots were better in the glazing with laterite composites

than with iron oxide when inspected over one square inch. The laterite was found to be 67.69%

Fe2O3. Laterite at 30% was found to be most suitable for creating oil spots in Temmoku glaze and

thus the results show that laterite can be used instead of iron oxide in Temmoku glaze.

Keywords Temmoku glaze; Oil spot; Laterite; Iron oxide



Effect of Zirconia Doped Alumina Support to Nickel Catalysts

for Ammonia Decomposition

Suparoek Henpraserttae, Varisara Vacharanurak, Thienprapath Leelabanyong, Panithan Hunhaboon and

Pisanu Toochinda*

School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology,

Thammasat University, P.O. Box 22, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand


Ammonia decomposition is one of the interesting reaction for hydrogen production due to free

carbon process which is no carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide emission from the reaction. The

development of Ni-based catalysts over various supports were studied to obtain the catalyst with

high activity and selectivity of hydrogen production. The supports used in this study were α-

Al2O3, γ- Al2O3 and 10% ZrO2 – 90% Al2O3, which were loaded with 20wt% Ni loading. The 10%

ZrO2 – 90% Al2O3 supports were prepared by sol-gel method with different calcination

temperatures in order to study the temperature effect toward the morphology of supports. The

catalytic activity of these catalysts for ammonia decomposition were conducted in the tubular

reactor at 573 – 873 K and the product composition was determined via gas chromatography

coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The catalysts were characterized using SEM, XRD and

BET in order to study the surface morphology, phase of compound in the catalysts and surface area

of the catalyst respectively. The comparison of catalytic activities of these catalysts along with the

physical properties will be discussed.

Keywords Impregnation; Ammonia decomposition; Hydrogen production, Ni-based catalysts

mailto:[email protected]



Synthesis of Silica-Modified Titanate Nanotubes and Their

Applications as Pd Catalyst Supports

Jittrakorn Jeasadakom, JoongjaiPanpranot*

Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand


Silica-modified titanate nanotubes with various Ti/Si molar ratios 95:5, 90:10, 80:20 and 50:50

were prepared via a hydrothermal treatment of titanium dioxide powder in an aqueous NaOH

solution containing different amounts of tetraethyl orthosilicate at 150oC for 24. The silica-

modified titanate nanotubes were used for preparation of supported Pd catalysts by the incipient

wetness impregnation method. The catalysts were tested in the gas-phase selective acetylene and

characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron

microscopy, and nitrogen physisorption. The presence of silica in the titanate nanotubes supports

brought about higher BET surface area and resulted in an improved catalytic performance. The

Ti/Si molar ratio 90:10 gave the highest hydrogenation rates with high ethylene selectivity.

Keywords Titanate nanotubes; Hydrothermal; Acetylene hydrogenation



CO2 Reduction From Solid Sorbent Using Fly Ash And Bottom

Ash From Coal Fire Power Plant

Pumiwat Vacharapong, Tanapoom Phuncharon, Malinee nontikansak, Porntip Chen,

Somnuk Tangtermsirikul and Pisanu Toochinda*

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology,

Thammasat University, P.O. Box 22, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand


The CO2 capture using fly ash and bottom ash which are solid sorbent material wastes from coal

fire power plants could provide a low cost in reduction of CO2 emission from the power plants. In

order to enhance the performance of CO2 capture, the solid sorbents were treated by NaOH and

Ca(OH)2 with various concentration. The performances of solid sorbents with and without base

treatment were studied in a tubular reactor at different temperatures and pressures (30-120 °C and

1-1.5 atm). Gas chromatography and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration ware used

to determine the CO2 capture capacity from physical adsorption of solid sorbents and chemical

carbonation reaction of free lime. Based from the results, both fly ash and bottom ash could

exhibite high performance CO2 capture. The fly ash can capture CO2 up to 318.7 µmol/g sorbent

while the bottom ash can capture CO2 up to 353.9 µmol/g sorbent at the same condition with

enhancements of NaOH. The effects of pressure, temperature, moisture, and base treatment in CO2

capture performance of fly ash and bottom ash will be discussed. The adsorbed solid sorbent are

planned to use in cementiceous material; therefore, the properties of cementing material made from

the adsorbed solid sorbents will be further investigated.

Keywords CO2 capture; Fly ash; Bottom ash, Adsorption



Effect of Extraction Solvents on the Quantity and Quality of

Rubber Seed Oil Extracted as Renewable Inedible Oil

Nattika Kumkrai, Boonruen Sunpetch*

Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology

Srivijaya, Nakorn Sri Thammarat Saiyai Campus, Nakorn Sri Thammarat 80110, Thailand


Rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) by-product of the rubber plantation contain oil which can

extracted by solvents. Vary extraction solvents can give different quantity and quality of prepared

crude oil. In this work the rubber seed oil was extracted, and its chemical characteristics were also

determined. After drying at 100 °C for 15 hr, the weight of rubber seed kernel was constant at

about 70% of the fresh kernel. Then the rubber seed crude oil was extracted from dried seed kernel

with different solvents including hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol. It was

found that, hexane gave the highest crude oil yield, followed by acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and

methanol. The crude seed kernel oil extracted by hexane showed the lowest free fatty acid

(as oleic) content (1.5 % wt). The oil extracted by alcohol showed the highest free fatty acid

content of 6.5 and 8.8 %wt for ethanol and methanol, respectively. The results showed a good

characteristics of rubber seed oil extracted by hexane as biodiesel feedstock. The peroxide values

and iodine values of the prepared crude rubber seed oil were also analyzed and discussed.

Keywords Rubber seed oil, Plant oil, Free fatty acid



Recycling Epoxy Resin from Waste Printed Circuit Board

via Chemical Process

Chaisiri Kitpaosong1, SamitthichaiSeeyangnok

1, Rapeephun Dangtungee

2,3,*

1 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology

North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand 2 Research Center of Nano Industries and Bio-plastic, King Mongkut's University of Technology North

Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand 3Materials and Production Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering The

Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS) King Mongkut’s University

of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand


Expired electronics and electrical equipment have been increased every year due to the increasing

of consumption rate resulting to many waste printed circuit boards (WPCB). Normally all metal

parts of WPCB made from copper, iron, gold and other noble metal are recycled, while non-

metal parts (e.g. epoxy resin, fiberglass and flame retardant) are eliminated by landfill or

combustion method. This research is emphasized on recycling epoxy resin via chemical process

and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) are used to separate epoxy resin from

ground WPCB using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst at 145oC for 1, 3 and 5 h under

nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction of ground WPCB with DMSO at 1 h yielded about 3.99% but

ground WPCB with DMSO/NaOH catalytic system at 1, 3 and 5 h yielded approximately 19.13,

39.06 and 42.97% respectively. The obtained products are characterized by Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) technique. Decreasing of absorption intensity at 2960-2850cm-1

indicates that the organic hydrocarbon are recovered by this chemical process.

KeywordsChemical recycling; Waste printed circuit board; Epoxy resin



Cell-based Models of Heat Exchangers with Bypasses

Arpaporn Somsuk, Veerayut Lersbamrungsuk*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial technology, Silpakorn

University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand

E-mail: [email protected]

Heat exchangers are major equipments used for heat recovery in chemical industries. Most of them

usually require a control scheme to maintain outlet temperatures on one-side of outlet streams.

Bypassing is one method widely used when flow rates of hot and cold streams are set by upstream

or downstream process objective. However, in design of the system of heat exchangers with

bypasses, dynamic models that can capture control properties of the system are needed. Heat

exchanger is a distributed system in which the dynamic model can be described by a set of partial

differential equations due to its temporal and spatial variation. Because solving a set of partial

differential equations is difficult, a concept of lumped cell-based models is usually used to simplify

the model. When a bypassing line is installed, previous researches usually assume instantaneous

dynamics in the line but this may mislead the control properties of the system. In practice, there

may be some delays due to the spatial variation in the pipe of the bypass, especially for the small

bypass fraction. This research proposes to use the concept of cell-based models to capture the

dynamics of the bypassing line. Dynamic simulation of the proposed model shows that the

dynamics of the bypassing line can affect the control performance of the system and hence should

be taken into account in the design stage of the system.

Keywords Bypass; Cell models; Heat exchanger



Synthesis of Tolusulfonyl Beta-Cyclodextrin

Teerapong Aiemkunworapong1 , Jirdsak Tscheikuna

1 , Uracha Rungsardthong Ruktanonchai

2,

Warayuth Sajomsang2, Kajornsak Faungnawakij

2 , Suwatchai Jarusophon

2 , Suvimol Surassmo2,

Sarunya Phunpee2 , Apinan Soottitantawat

1*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University,

Bangkok, 10300, Thailand 2National Nanotechnology Center ,National Science and Technology Development Agency ,

Pathumthani 12120, Thailand


Beta-cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligosaccharide with 7 glucose molecules. It has been widely used to

encapsulate the guest molecule. Furthermore, to add the mucoadhesive property to Cyclodextrin,

Cyclodextrin is grafted with chitosan to form the quaternized Beta-cyclodextrin and chitosan

(QCD-g-CS). Firstly, the tolusulfonyl Beta-cyclodextrin (TsCD) was synthesised to produce the

QCD-g-CS. In this study, the reaction of Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Tolusulfonyl chloride

(TsCl) to form TsCD was investigated in the 250 ml batch reactor. The temperature was 0-5 °C.

The kinetic data of TsCD was observed up to 7 hr. The concentration of produced TsCD was

constant at 5 hr with 34 % yield. Tolylation is quantity of tolusulfonyl group substituted. The degree

of tolylation (%DT) was measured by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. To produce the QCD-g-CS, the

degree of tolylation of TsCD should be lower than 2 %. However, in these experimental conditions

the 1.73 %DT of product was obtained which indicated the tolusulfonyl group mono-substituted

with the hydroxyl group of cyclodextrin .

Keywords Cyclodextrin; Tolusulfonyl Beta-cyclodextrin ; Quaternized chitosan and Beta-

cyclodextrin



Development of an Efficient, New Synthetic Route for a

Benzoxazinone Derivative,

the Key Intermediate for Deferasirox Synthesis

Pawinee Pongwan 1, Onsiri Srikun

2 and Suwatchai Jarussophon

1*

1 National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency

111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand

2 Research and Development Institute, The Government Pharmaceutical Organization

75/1 Rama 6 Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand


Deferasirox (Exjade, ICL670) is an iron chelator developed to treat chronic iron overload due to multiple blood transfusions. The major problem of deferasirox production owing to the proceeded

formation of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benz[e][1,3]oxazin-4-one using thionyl chloride at high reaction

temperature makes this process violently dangerous and not feasible on an industrial scale. A new

method for the preparation of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benz[e][1,3]oxazin-4-one has been developed.

Cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine) has been described, for the first time, converting

2-hydroxybenzoic acid to its hydroxybenzoyl chloride, which could subsequently reacts with 2-

hydroxybenzamide to give a desired intermediate 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benz[e][1,3]oxazin-4-one. In

this study, the actual amount of cyanuric chloride used in the reaction in order to obtain the highest

yield of the intermediate with high product purity (>97%) was unexpected. The compound was

characterized by using 1H NMR,

13C NMR, FT-IR and MS. The resulting intermediate further reacts

with 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid in boiling ethanol for 2 h to yield deferasirox over 85% yield. The

synthetic method developed in this work is claimed to be safe, low cost and also industrially

feasible. The pilot-scale production is currently evaluated and optimized at The Government

Pharmaceutical Organization.

Keywords Deferasirox; Cyanuric chloride; 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benz[e][1,3]oxazin-4-one



Rubber Foam with Natural Fiber Waste for Improving

Sound Absorption

Sararat Mahasaranon1*, Worrapol Nansu

1, Thitima Boontha

1, Sukunya Ross

1 and Gareth M. Ross

1, 2

1 Biopolymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University,

Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand 2 Lower Northern Science Park, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand


This research was concerned with improving the sound absorption performance of acoustical

materials. These materials in question are prepared by mixing natural fiber waste and natural latex

rubber to create rubber foams. For acoustic materials an open cell structure and porosity are of

great importance to control the functions of sound propagation in the porous media. The optimum

blowing agents (sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate) and surfactant (potassium oleate)

were carefully selected to enhance the foaming process. This was in order to obtain a material with

a high porosity, along with a low density. The natural fiber waste (palmyra fiber, bagasse fiber and

sedge fiber) was used as filler in the material and functioned to decrease shrinkage, decrease the

amount of collapsed pores which increases the amount of open cells to achieve improved sound

absorption properties. It has been observed that the raw material composition significantly affects

the resultant materials structure and morphology of the rubber foam. In this work, it was found that

the rubber foam prepared with 4% w/w of potassium oleate and 8% w/w of sedge fiber had large

sections of heterogeneous pores. These pores had an open cell structure (characterised by scanning

electron microscopy) due to the small amount of collapse and shrinkage; the foam also had a low

density and good compression set resistance (ASTM D 395-03). This foam has excellent sound

absorption performance and shows good promise for use as an acoustic material.

Keywords Rubber foam; Natural fiber waste; Acoustical material; Sound absorption

plantwide control structures design for butane …paccon2014.kku.ac.th/docs/abstracts/11-ici-j.pdfan...

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