Plants water and mineral movement

TracheidDescription: dead plant cells

Separate tubes for separate directly traveling water

More water can travel in more places

Vessel MemberDescription: dead plant cells

One huge tube for water transport

Movement of water in plantsProcess Explanation/details

1. Water moves down concentration gradients

Water moves through osmosis from an area of higher to lower concentration.

2. Water lost by transpiration is replaced by water from vessels

Water moves through osmosis from an area of higher to lower concentration. Water goes from a high water potential to area of lower water potential. (analogy: straw)

3. Vessel water column is maintained due to cohesion and adhesion

Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity.

4. Tension occurs in the columns of water in the xylem

A lot of water retained in xylem. Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity.

5. Water is pulled from the root cortex into xylem cells

This is caused by capillary action – this is when something is transport throughout the system through concentration difference.

6. Water is pulled from the soil into the roots

This is caused by capillary action – this is when something is transport throughout the system through concentration difference.

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Flower Part Function

Sepals Support the petals and the rest of the flower

petals Attract pollinators by having pretty colours and scents

anther Pollen is produced and located here

filament Attaches the anther to the rest of the plant, makes pollen available to pollinator

stigma The top of the pistil, where the pollen enters

Style Holds up the pistil, path pollen takes to ovary

Ovary Where the “eggs” are, where fertilization takes place to form a zygote.

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Pollination Fertilization

1. When pollen is carried to plant by pollinators

2. Gametophyte generation: haploid3. Methods of Pollination: wind, water,

pollinators (insects, animals), artificial pollination

4. Types of Pollination: CROSS POLLINATION: across two different plants – creates genetic diversity of plants. SELF POLLINATION: within the same plant, No variation, increases harmful mutations, continuation of a specific species.

1. Sporophyte generation: diploids

1. Steps: after pollen is caught by the stigma, it

goes down the pollen tube within the style, into the ovules. The haploid cells of pollen fertilize the ovule haploids to produce a zygote.

Reproduction in Angiosperms

micropyle

hilum

Seed Part Functiontesta Protect the embryocotyledons Food for the embryoMicropyle Attaches the embryo to

food source, where the pollen once entered

Embryo root/shoot/radicle

The actual plant growth

Reproduction in Angiosperms

micropyle

hilum

Conditions for Seed germination

1. Warm temperatures: allows chemical reactions in seed to occur to start growth. Optimal temperature needed – too hot will denature proteins, too cold will slow down progress.

2. Moisture: not provided by the cotyledon, softens testa to allow embryo to grow

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Plant Type Flowering and light Examples

Long Day plants Bloom when days are longests and nights are shortest

Radishes, spinach, and lettuce

Short Day Plants Bloom in spring, late summer, and autum when days are shorter

Poinsettias, chrysantheumums, and asters

Day-neutral plants Flower without regard to day length Roses, dandilions and tomatoes

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Pr PfrRapid reaction

660 nm red light

730 nm red light

Pfr reverts to Pr in the dark very slowly

Growth Response(promoted

or inhibited)

Growth Response(promoted

or inhibited)