plant systematics - university of wisconsin–madison · 2019-09-04 · lisianthius habuenissytsma...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plant Systematics
Kenneth J. SytsmaMelody Sain
Botany DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin
Botany 400http://botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_400/
Pick up course syllabus from front desk
![Page 2: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Systematics?or
Why Study Systematics?
Read: Daly et al.’s Systematics Agenda 2020
![Page 3: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Systematics Taxonomy?
Systematics is a broad field encompassing 3 major areas
• Taxonomy• Phylogenetics• Biosystematics
![Page 4: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Taxonomy
Biosystematics Phylogenetics
![Page 5: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Taxonomy: identification, nomenclature, classification
Zina Pitcher
Ft. BradySault St. Marie
Michigan
Cirsium pitcheri EatonDune thistle - family Asteraceae
![Page 6: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Phylogeny: relationships of taxa
Cirsium canescens Nutt. — Prairie thistle
Closest relative of the dune thistle?
To what is the dune thistle related?
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Cirsium pitcheri EatonDune thistle - family Asteraceae
![Page 7: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Phylogeny: relationships of taxa
Cirsium foliosum Hook DC — Elk thistle
Closest relative of the dune thistle?
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Cirsium pitcheri EatonDune thistle - family Asteraceae
![Page 8: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cirsium pitcheriCirsium foliosum
Common ancestor of dune and elk thistles
Cirsium muticum
Common ancestor of all thistles
Carduus acanthoides
Common ancestor of thistles and other genera of the thistle tribe
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Phylogeny: “pattern” of evolution
![Page 9: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Phylogeny: “pattern” of evolution - for family Asteraceae
![Page 10: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cirsium pitcheriCirsium foliosum
How, when, where did this speciation event occur?
During Pleistocene alternating shifts of ice fronts ?
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Biosystematics: “process” of evolution
![Page 11: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cirsium pitcheriCirsium foliosum
How, when, where did this speciation event occur?
How much genetic variation is in the pitcher thistle?
What is Systematics — or Why Study Systematics?
Biosystematics: “process” of evolution
![Page 12: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
Kepler-186 f in Cygnus constellation492 light years
Scientific community obsessed with finding life on other planets – weird and exotic life forms
![Page 13: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
• 1.4 X 106 species discovered and described
• but can not estimate the number of species to an order of magnitude!
Weird and exotic life forms exist on Earth!
![Page 14: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
• we do know that there are 24,600,488 catalogued books in the Library of Congress classification system as of Aug. 31, 2019!• 1.4 X 106 species
discovered and described
• but can not estimate the number of species to an order of magnitude!
![Page 15: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
• 1.4 X 106 species discovered and described
• but can not estimate the number of species to an order of magnitude!
• insects and microbes problematic
![Page 16: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Temperate inventory nearly complete
• Regional or local floras still important
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
![Page 17: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
Temperate inventory nearly complete
• Regional or local floras still important
![Page 18: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
![Page 19: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
DNA Barcode phylogenetic tree of Wisconsin flora
Projecting species niche models to 2070 under climate change model
Spalink et al. 2018 American Journal of Botany
![Page 20: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tropical inventory wide opened
• 4/5ths of 250-300K angiosperms in tropics
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
![Page 21: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
Tropical inventory wide opened
• 4/5ths of 250-300K angiosperms in tropics• 4 ha in neotropical cloud forest >> 2400 spp in WI!
![Page 22: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
Tropical inventory wide opened
• 4/5ths of 250-300K angiosperms in tropics• 4 ha in neotropical cloud forest >> 2400 spp in WI!
= 8 Camp Randall stadium playing fields
![Page 23: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
Tropical inventory wide opened
• 4/5ths of 250-300K angiosperms in tropics• 4 ha in neotropical cloud forest >> 2400 spp in WI!
• > 200 species of orchids
![Page 24: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
New mycotrophic genus (monocot) from Ecuador found by Botany grad Catherine Woodward in 2005
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
Tropical inventory wide opened
• 4/5ths of 250-300K angiosperms in tropics• 4 ha in neotropical cloud forest > 2400 spp in WI!
• > 200 species of orchids
• 10%+ undescribed!
![Page 25: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Lisianthius habuenis Sytsma sp. nov.
• New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central Panama - in 1983
Tropical systematics at the cutting edge
• biodiversity endangered
Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
• 1985, the forest - and the species - were gone; one of the 13,800 species of plants E.O. Wilson had projected to disappear in the last century
![Page 26: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and Communication: Nomenclature
• to many - keying, identifying, putting names on organisms is systematics (= taxonomy)
Solidago canadensis - Canada goldenrod
• “species” names (binomial, common, polynomial, uninomial)
![Page 27: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and Communication: Nomenclature
• to many - keying, identifying, putting names on organisms is systematics (= taxonomy)
• learn skills to do this –smart phone apps as well!
![Page 28: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• “words” and “vocabulary”
• systematics integral to other disciplines
Arabidopsis thaliana - Thal’s mouse-ear cress
Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and Communication: Nomenclature
Development
Genetics
Evolution
Cytology
Ecology
Biogeography
MorphologySystematics
![Page 29: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• but how do we “define” species?
Arabidopsis thaliana - Thal’s mouse-ear cress
Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and Communication: Nomenclature
• ongoing issue that we have still not resolved!
![Page 30: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 3: Orderly, Logical Sequence of Classification
• place species in logical framework that relates organisms with one another• “encyclopedia” for the “vocabulary” of names
Solidago canadensis - Canada goldenrod
![Page 31: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 3: Orderly, Logical Sequence of Classification
![Page 32: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 3: Orderly, Logical Sequence of Classification
• place species in logical framework that relates organisms with one another• “encyclopedia” for the “vocabulary” of names
• “information-retrieval”as in herbarium or in web-based resources
Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium
![Page 33: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
• detect evolution at work, present and past, understand its pathways and results
• substance or “meat” of systematic biology
![Page 34: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• systematics looks at the origin of ancient diversity:
• back in time 500 million ya to the movement of plants onto land
Silurian view - plants conquer land
Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
![Page 35: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Adaptive radiation of Lobeliaceae on the Hawaiian Islands in last 15 my
• systematics looks at the origin of more recent diversity:
Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
![Page 36: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• and systematics looks at the origin of very recent diversity:
• rise of polyploidspecies in less than 100 years!
Tragopogon - goat’s beard
Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
![Page 37: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• morphological and molecularcharacters
• systematics looks at process and pattern
Tree of Lifewww.tolweb.org/tree/
• tree metaphor = genealogy = phylogeny
Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
![Page 38: Plant Systematics - University of Wisconsin–Madison · 2019-09-04 · Lisianthius habuenisSytsma sp. nov. • New species endemic to one lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro Habu, central](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022040321/5e577c86612e86321140c173/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Plant systematics has not outlived its usefulness; it is just getting underway on an
attractively infinite task.
Lincoln Constance