Plant Systematics World

203

TAXON 65 (1) bull February 2016 203ndash209

PAUL STEFAN VOGEL (1925ndash2015)

Stefan Vogel was among the most important pollination biolo-gists of the 20th century He discovered two new classes of pol-linator rewards namely floral perfumes for male euglossine bees (Vogel 1963) and fatty oils for female anthophorid and ctenoplectrid bees (Vogel 1969 1971 1974 1976 1984 1986 1990) He put forth new interpretations for the evolution of deception (Vogel 1978) and the evolution of trap flowers (Vogel 1961 Vogel amp Martens 2000) andmdashmirroring Darwinrsquos (1862) prediction of the existence of a long-tongued moth on Madagascar which was then discovered some 40 years later (Rothschild amp Jordan 1903)mdashhe predicted the existence of a bee with 25 cm long forelegs that would be inserted into the paired floral spurs of Diascia longicornis to collect their oil exudates (Vogel 1984) The bee was discovered and described as Rediviva emdeorum Vogel amp Michener (1985) In a striking coinci-dence Charles Michener a distinguished bee evolutionary ecologist who was Vogelrsquos collaborator on the Rediviva story passed away on 1 November 2015 four days before Stefan Vogel who died in the evening of November 5

Stefan Vogel was born in Dresden on April 4 1925 and fin-ished high school in 1944 After a short time as a soldier in Poland he returned to Dresden and worked as a technical draftsman in an arms factory (S Vogel pers comm 2015) In 1947 Vogel moved to Mainz where he studied biology focusing on botany under Wilhelm Troll and animal physiology under Wolfgang von Buddenbrock (Weber amp Sontag 2006 Vogel 2007) He received his doctoral degree in 1949 with a dissertation on flower color change during ontogeny (Vogel 1950) A formative experience was a one-year trip to South Africa (1950ndash1951) and the observations made there on Cape orchids became Vogelrsquos habilitation theses at the University of Mainz in 1958 (Vogel 1959a b) Another publica-tion based on the work in South Africa (Vogel 1954) constitutes a landmark for pollination research (Johnson 2012 in his intro-duction to the English translation Vogel 2012) Its importance lies not only in the rich empirical data on the floral adaptations of dozens of species in many families but also in the conceptual framework which is a detailed formalization of the pollination syndrome concept Vogel traces the historical development of the floral syndrome concept from the time it was first proposed by Federico Delpino in the nineteenth century through to the second half of the twentieth century His exhaustive knowledge of the literature is evident here as in all his publications

Vogelrsquos contributions on floral perfumes as rewards for male euglossine bees are among his most fundamental discoveries and an English translation (Vogel 1990) of his 1963 work titled The role of scent glands in pollination became widely cited The sheer wealth of facts it assembled (240 species mostly Araceae and orchids are discussed) the excellent drawings and photographs of floral morphology and anatomy and Vogelrsquos ingenious use of simple analytical methods assure that this book will remain an important source of information For the historian of science it is indicative of the anti-Darwinian mood that persisted in Germany until the early 1960s that Vogel should think it necessary to build an elaborate case for the interpretation of floral fragrances as adaptations instead of mere products of the plantrsquos physiology

Stefan Vogel also studied pollination by bats birds fungus-gnats and butterflies (one of his films treats this syndrome) pro-duced key papers on the morphology and function of nectar glands and other floral features and published on leaf function and antndashplant interactions A list of his papers published from 1950 to 2005 can be found in Weber amp Sontag (2006) those published afterwards will appear in Stapfia (Weber amp Pfosser 2015)

PLANT SYSTEMATICS WORLD

Edited by Vicki Funk

Stefan Vogel in El Durazno Prov Cordoba Argentina probably April 1991 Photo by A Coccuci

DOI httpdxdoiorg101270565128 Version of Record

Plant Systematics World

204

TAXON 65 (1) bull February 2016 203ndash209

Stefan Vogel was elected a corresponding member of the American Botanical Society in 20022003 based on nomination letters by Spencer Barrett Peter Endress David Inouye James Thomson Nickolas Waser and myself On the occasion of his 80th birthday the journal Flora on whose editorial board Vogel served for 40 years put together a Festschrift (Weber 2006) and Taxon published ldquoA floral biologistrsquos past fifty yearsrdquo (Vogel 2007) I was fortunate to have professor Vogel as the external examiner of my doctoral thesis (he also came for the defense but I canrsquot remember if he asked a question) and our paths later crossed again at the University of Mainz (he lived there 1981ndash1994 and was a member of the Mainz Academy of Sciences) in St Louis (in 1999) in Vienna and in Munich where Stefan gave a seminar on trap flowers in November 2004 On this occasion his wife Ilse accompanied him During their younger years she stayed at home raising their three children and working as a teacher Vogel paid her loving tribute at the end of his ldquoFifty yearsrdquo reminiscence (Vogel 2007)

As a uniquely perceptive observer of plants and their function Stefan loved to be in the field At the same time he was proud to have published at least one paper every year since 1950 and even though the series was interrupted in 2013 and 2014 Stefan was examining the proofs of a manuscript just days before his passing (A Weber University of Vienna pers comm Vogel [Dec] 2015) To all his correspondents and field companions ndash perhaps especially those from Argentina and Brazil ndash Stefan was both a friend and an invaluable teacher and collaborator His loss will be deeply felt by flower ecologists worldwide

Literature citedDarwin CR 1862 On the various contrivances by which British and

foreign orchids are fertilised by insects and the good effects of intercrossing London John Murrayhttpdarwin-onlineorgukconvertedpdf1862_Orchids_F800pdf

Rothschild W amp Jordan K 1903 A revision of the lepidopterous fam-ily Sphingidae Novitates Zoologicae 9 Suppl 2 Tring Zoological Museum httpdxdoiorg105962bhltitle5651

Vogel S 1950 Farbwechsel und Zeichnungsmuster bei Bluumlten Oumlsterr Bot Z 97 44ndash100 httpdxdoiorg101007BF01248384

Vogel S 1954 Bluumltenbiologische Typen als Elemente der Sippenglie-derung dargestellt anhand der Flora Suumldafrikas Botanische Stu-dien l Jena Fischer

Vogel S 1959a Organographie der Bluumlten kaplaumlndischer Ophrydeen mit Bemerkungen zum Koaptations-Problem Teil I Disinae und Satyriinae Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 6 267ndash378

Vogel S 1959b Organographie der Bluumlten kaplaumlndischer Ophrydeen mit Bemerkungen zum Koaptations-Problem Teil II Disperidinae Theorie der Koaptationen Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 7 379ndash532

Vogel S 1961 Die Bestaumlubung der Kesselfallenblumen von Ceropegia Beitr Biol Pflanzen 36 159ndash237

Vogel S 1963 Duftdruumlsen im Dienste der Bestaumlubung Uumlber Bau und Funktion der Osmophoren Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 10 600ndash763

Vogel S 1969 Flowers offering fatty oil instead of nectar P 229 in Abstracts of the papers presented at the XI International Botanical Congress August 24ndashSeptember 2 1969 Seattle

Vogel S 1971 Oumllproduzierende Blumen die durch oumllsammelnde Bienen bestaumlubt werden Naturwissenschaften 58 58httpdxdoiorg101007BF00620817

Vogel S 1974 Oumllblumen und oumllsammelnde Bienen Trop Subtrop Pflanzenwelt 7 283ndash547

Vogel S 1976 Lysimachia Oumllblumen der Holarktis Naturwissen-schaften 63 44ndash45 httpdxdoiorg101007BF00768691

Vogel S 1978 Evolutionary shifts from reward to deception in pol-len flowers Pp 89ndash96 in Richards AJ (ed) The pollination of flowers by insects London Academic Press

Vogel S 1984 The Diascia flower and its bee ndash An oil-based symbiosis in southern Africa Acta Bot Neerl 33 509ndash518 httpdxdoiorg101111j1438-86771984tb01842x

Vogel S 1986 Oumllblumen und oumllsammelnde Bienen ndash zweite Folge Lysi-machia und Macropis Trop Subtrop Pflanzenwelt 54 147ndash312

Vogel S 1990 The role of scent glands in pollination English transla-tion ed S Renner of Vogel S 1963 Duftdruumlsen im Dienste der Bestaumlubung Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 10 600ndash763 Washington DC Smithsonian Institution Libraries New Delhi Amerind

Vogel S 1990 Oumllblumen und oumllsammelnde Bienen Dritte Folge Momor dica Thladiantha und die Ctenoplectridae Trop Subtrop Pflanzenwelt 73 1ndash186

Vogel S 2007 A floral biologistrsquos past fifty years Some thoughts and ex-periences Taxon 56 660ndash662 httpdxdoiorg10230725065852

Vogel S 2012 Floral-biological syndromes as elements of diversity within tribes in the Flora of South Africa English translation ed KB Johnson amp SD Johnson of Vogel S 1954 Bluumltenbiolo-gische Typen als Elemente der Sippengliederung dargestellt an-hand der Flora Suumldafrikas Botanische Studien l Aachen Shaker

Vogel S 2015 Vertebrate pollination in Compositae Floral syndromes and field observations Stapfia 103 5ndash26httpwwwzobodatatpdfSTAPFIA_0103_0005-0026pdf

Vogel S amp Martens J 2000 A survey of the function of the lethal kettle traps of Arisaema (Araceae) with records of pollinating fungus gnats from Nepal Bot J Linn Soc 133 61ndash100httpdxdoiorg101111j1095-83392000tb01537x

Vogel S amp Michener CD 1985 Long bee legs and oil producing flo-ral spurs and a new Rediviva (Hymenoptera Melittidae Scrophu-lariaceae) J Kansas Entomol Soc 58 359ndash364

Weber A (ed) 2006 Festschrift Prof Dr Stefan Vogel Flora 201 331ndash418

Weber A amp Pfosser M 2015 Stefan Vogel (1925 ndash 2015) Stapfia 103 3ndash4 httpwwwzobodatatpdfSTAPFIA_0103_0003-0004pdf

Weber A amp Sontag S 2006 Stefan Vogel A life devoted to floral ecology Flora 201 331ndash339 httpdxdoiorg101016jflora200603001

Susanne S RennerSystematic Botany and Mycology University of Munich (LMU) Menzingerstr 67 80638 Munich rennerlmude

Version of Record

Plant Systematics World

204

TAXON 65 (1) bull February 2016 203ndash209

Stefan Vogel was elected a corresponding member of the American Botanical Society in 20022003 based on nomination letters by Spencer Barrett Peter Endress David Inouye James Thomson Nickolas Waser and myself On the occasion of his 80th birthday the journal Flora on whose editorial board Vogel served for 40 years put together a Festschrift (Weber 2006) and Taxon published ldquoA floral biologistrsquos past fifty yearsrdquo (Vogel 2007) I was fortunate to have professor Vogel as the external examiner of my doctoral thesis (he also came for the defense but I canrsquot remember if he asked a question) and our paths later crossed again at the University of Mainz (he lived there 1981ndash1994 and was a member of the Mainz Academy of Sciences) in St Louis (in 1999) in Vienna and in Munich where Stefan gave a seminar on trap flowers in November 2004 On this occasion his wife Ilse accompanied him During their younger years she stayed at home raising their three children and working as a teacher Vogel paid her loving tribute at the end of his ldquoFifty yearsrdquo reminiscence (Vogel 2007)

As a uniquely perceptive observer of plants and their function Stefan loved to be in the field At the same time he was proud to have published at least one paper every year since 1950 and even though the series was interrupted in 2013 and 2014 Stefan was examining the proofs of a manuscript just days before his passing (A Weber University of Vienna pers comm Vogel [Dec] 2015) To all his correspondents and field companions ndash perhaps especially those from Argentina and Brazil ndash Stefan was both a friend and an invaluable teacher and collaborator His loss will be deeply felt by flower ecologists worldwide

Literature citedDarwin CR 1862 On the various contrivances by which British and

foreign orchids are fertilised by insects and the good effects of intercrossing London John Murrayhttpdarwin-onlineorgukconvertedpdf1862_Orchids_F800pdf

Rothschild W amp Jordan K 1903 A revision of the lepidopterous fam-ily Sphingidae Novitates Zoologicae 9 Suppl 2 Tring Zoological Museum httpdxdoiorg105962bhltitle5651

Vogel S 1950 Farbwechsel und Zeichnungsmuster bei Bluumlten Oumlsterr Bot Z 97 44ndash100 httpdxdoiorg101007BF01248384

Vogel S 1954 Bluumltenbiologische Typen als Elemente der Sippenglie-derung dargestellt anhand der Flora Suumldafrikas Botanische Stu-dien l Jena Fischer

Vogel S 1959a Organographie der Bluumlten kaplaumlndischer Ophrydeen mit Bemerkungen zum Koaptations-Problem Teil I Disinae und Satyriinae Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 6 267ndash378

Vogel S 1959b Organographie der Bluumlten kaplaumlndischer Ophrydeen mit Bemerkungen zum Koaptations-Problem Teil II Disperidinae Theorie der Koaptationen Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 7 379ndash532

Vogel S 1961 Die Bestaumlubung der Kesselfallenblumen von Ceropegia Beitr Biol Pflanzen 36 159ndash237

Vogel S 1963 Duftdruumlsen im Dienste der Bestaumlubung Uumlber Bau und Funktion der Osmophoren Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 10 600ndash763

Vogel S 1969 Flowers offering fatty oil instead of nectar P 229 in Abstracts of the papers presented at the XI International Botanical Congress August 24ndashSeptember 2 1969 Seattle

Vogel S 1971 Oumllproduzierende Blumen die durch oumllsammelnde Bienen bestaumlubt werden Naturwissenschaften 58 58httpdxdoiorg101007BF00620817

Vogel S 1974 Oumllblumen und oumllsammelnde Bienen Trop Subtrop Pflanzenwelt 7 283ndash547

Vogel S 1976 Lysimachia Oumllblumen der Holarktis Naturwissen-schaften 63 44ndash45 httpdxdoiorg101007BF00768691

Vogel S 1978 Evolutionary shifts from reward to deception in pol-len flowers Pp 89ndash96 in Richards AJ (ed) The pollination of flowers by insects London Academic Press

Vogel S 1984 The Diascia flower and its bee ndash An oil-based symbiosis in southern Africa Acta Bot Neerl 33 509ndash518 httpdxdoiorg101111j1438-86771984tb01842x

Vogel S 1986 Oumllblumen und oumllsammelnde Bienen ndash zweite Folge Lysi-machia und Macropis Trop Subtrop Pflanzenwelt 54 147ndash312

Vogel S 1990 The role of scent glands in pollination English transla-tion ed S Renner of Vogel S 1963 Duftdruumlsen im Dienste der Bestaumlubung Abh Math-Naturwiss Kl Akad Wiss Mainz 10 600ndash763 Washington DC Smithsonian Institution Libraries New Delhi Amerind

Vogel S 1990 Oumllblumen und oumllsammelnde Bienen Dritte Folge Momor dica Thladiantha und die Ctenoplectridae Trop Subtrop Pflanzenwelt 73 1ndash186

Vogel S 2007 A floral biologistrsquos past fifty years Some thoughts and ex-periences Taxon 56 660ndash662 httpdxdoiorg10230725065852

Vogel S 2012 Floral-biological syndromes as elements of diversity within tribes in the Flora of South Africa English translation ed KB Johnson amp SD Johnson of Vogel S 1954 Bluumltenbiolo-gische Typen als Elemente der Sippengliederung dargestellt an-hand der Flora Suumldafrikas Botanische Studien l Aachen Shaker

Vogel S 2015 Vertebrate pollination in Compositae Floral syndromes and field observations Stapfia 103 5ndash26httpwwwzobodatatpdfSTAPFIA_0103_0005-0026pdf

Vogel S amp Martens J 2000 A survey of the function of the lethal kettle traps of Arisaema (Araceae) with records of pollinating fungus gnats from Nepal Bot J Linn Soc 133 61ndash100httpdxdoiorg101111j1095-83392000tb01537x

Vogel S amp Michener CD 1985 Long bee legs and oil producing flo-ral spurs and a new Rediviva (Hymenoptera Melittidae Scrophu-lariaceae) J Kansas Entomol Soc 58 359ndash364

Weber A (ed) 2006 Festschrift Prof Dr Stefan Vogel Flora 201 331ndash418

Weber A amp Pfosser M 2015 Stefan Vogel (1925 ndash 2015) Stapfia 103 3ndash4 httpwwwzobodatatpdfSTAPFIA_0103_0003-0004pdf

Weber A amp Sontag S 2006 Stefan Vogel A life devoted to floral ecology Flora 201 331ndash339 httpdxdoiorg101016jflora200603001

Susanne S RennerSystematic Botany and Mycology University of Munich (LMU) Menzingerstr 67 80638 Munich rennerlmude

Version of Record