S TUDENT

A C T I V I T Y

Accompanies: Anatomy of Plants 1

Plant Reproduction & Propagation Directions: 1. Using all available resources, research and describe the structure and function of

different seed components and summarize their roles in plant reproduction and propagation.

2. After completing your research, write a brief paragraph on the information you

found. 3. Cite all sources used.

  

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Name _____________________________________________________________ Date _________

CHAPTER TEST: PLANTS

Choose the answer that best completes each statement.

____ 1. Which of the following would not be found in a leaf?a. parenchymab. epidermisc. stomatad. cork cambium

____ 2. What is the primary function of plant leaves?a. to support the plantb. to produce flowersc. to take in waterd. to trap sunlight for photosynthesis

____ 3. To control water loss, the size of the stomata is reduced by the _____.a. xylemb. phloemc. cambiumd. guard cells

____ 4. What is the most likely seed-dispersal mechanism for a seed with winglike structures?a. eaten by animalsb. catch in animal furc. windd. water

____ 5. What is the most likely seed-dispersal mechanism for an apple seed?a. eaten by animalsb. catch in animal furc. windd. water

____ 6. What is the most likely seed-dispersal mechanism for a seed with hooks?a. eaten by animalsb. catch in animal furc. windd. water

____ 7. A flower that has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils is called a _____ flower.a. femaleb. malec. completed. incomplete

____ 8. All plants are _____.a. eukaryotesb. unicellular

M

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c. heterotrophsd. prokaryotes

____ 9. The part of a moss that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil is the _____.a. rhizoidb. stalkc. capsuled. gametophyte

____ 10. A fern’s fronds area. leavesb. rootsc. stemsd. spores

____ 11. Which of the following is NOT a part of a seed?a. stored foodb. the embryoc. the cotyledond. the fruit

____ 12. The reproductive structures of most gymnosperms are called _____.a. pollenb. ovulesc. conesd. sperm cells

____ 13. All angiosperms _____.a. produce conesb. produce fruitsc. are seedlessd. are tropical

____ 14. A flower’s female reproductive parts are called _____.a. sepalsb. anthersc. pistilsd. filaments

____ 15. Angiosperms that live for more than two years are called _____.a. annual.b. biennialsc. perennialsd. monocots

____ 16. Germination will not happen unless a seed _____.a. is dispersed far from the plant that produced itb. absorbs waterc. uses its stored foodd. grows stamens and a pistil

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____ 17. Gases pass in and out of a leaf through the _____.a. phloemb. xylemc. cuticled. stomata

____ 18. What is NOT a root function in plants?a. to absorb waterb. to store foodc. to anchor plantsd. to produce food

____ 19. Dormancy is a period when an organism’s growth or activity _____.a. continuesb. stopsc. speeds upd. starts

Complete each statement with the correct vocabulary term.

20. The beginning of the development of the seed into a new plant is called ____________________.

21. Leaflike, usually colorful, structures arranged in a circle around the tip of a flower stem are called ____________________.

22. The response of flowering plants to the difference in the duration of light and dark periods in a day is called ____________________.

23. A waxy, waterproof layer called the ____________________ covers the leaves of most plants.

24. ____________________ plants do not have a complex system to transport water, nutrients, and food through their bodies.

25. Thin, rootlike structures called ____________________ anchor mosses to the ground.

26. Water and minerals enter a plant’s roots and move through the ____________________ into the stems and leaves.

27. In some plants, food is stored inside seed leaves called ____________________.

28. The process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves is known as ____________________.

29. As the seeds of an angiosperm develop, the ovary changes into a(an) ____________________.

30. Angiosperms that have seeds with two seed leaves are called ____________________.

31. The flowers of ____________________ usually have either three petals or a multiple of three petals.

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32. _________________________ is a plant’s response to seasonal changes in the length of night and day.

Label the diagram.

Inter

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PLANTS

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The Plant Kingdom

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Plants are multicellular autotrophs that are mostly found on land and are very different from their algae ancestors. There are four major challenges to plants living on land:

1. Obtaining water and other nutrients —most plants have shoots and roots —roots absorb water and essential minerals from soil; shoots bear leaves. Roots and shoots are made of vascular tissue, a system of tube-shaped cells that branches throughout plant.

2. Supporting their bodies — plants can only stand upright because of the production of lignin, a chemical that hardens the plants’ cell walls.

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3. Maintaining moisture — plants cellular processes must take place in an aqueous environment, therefore they have adapted a waxy cuticle which acts as a waterproof layer coating the leaves and other above ground parts. Stomata, or microscoping pores in leaf’s surface also prevent water loss by evaporation.

4. Reproduction — plants had to adapt to protect the gametes (eggs/sperm) from drying out and had to have some means for dispersal such as pollen grains carried by wind or animals.

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NON-VASCULARPlants that lack a well-developedsystem for transporting water and materials

VASCULARPlants with true vascular tissue

CLASSIFYING PLANTS

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Plants have complex life cycles that include two different stages:

Sporophyte stage — plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms; develops into plants other phase, called the gametophyte.

Gametophyte stage — plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cells and egg cells

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Plants Without Seeds

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Nonvascular Plants

Bryophytes — mosses and their relatives, are described as non-vascular plants because they lack the lignin-hardened vascular tissue that offers vascular plants support.

— low-growing plants that live in most areas where they can absorb water and nutrients directly from ground.

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• Mosses — over 10,000 species; mat of moss contains many gametophyte plants. The sporophyte generation grows out of gametophyte.

• Hornworts — bryophytes named for their hornlike sporophytes, which grow from their parental gametophyte.

• Liverworts — bryophytes named for liver-shaped appearance of the gametophyte

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Seedless Vascular Plants

Pteridophytes — have lignin-hardened support tissues, which include the water - conducting cells of vascular tissue along with vascular tissue specialized for transporting sugar

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• Ferns — over 12,000 species, have leaves called fronds divided into many smaller parts that look like small leaves.

• Club “mosses” — have vascular tissue, unlike true mosses; common on forest floors of the north-eastern United States.

• Horsetails — generally grow in marshy, sandy areas; very few species on Earth today, stems contain gritty substance, silica, which made plant helpful when scrubbing pots and pans back in the day.

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Seed Plants

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Seed — has three main parts – an embryo, stored food and a seed coat

Embryo — young plant that develops from the zygote, or fertilized egg.

In all seeds, the embryo has one or more seed leaves, or cotyledons, which sometimes store food.

Photo by Curtis Clark/ CC BY-SA

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Germination — occurs when embryo begins to grow, after dispersal and pushes out of seed.

Seed dispersal, or scattering of seeds, occurs by other organisms, water, wind or self-eject mechanisms.

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Seed plants are divided into two groups :

Gymnosperms

Plants whose seeds are NOT protected by fruit—have needle-like or scale-like leaves, and deep-growing root systems: Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta & Coniferophyta

Angiosperms

Plants that produce seeds protected by fruit

Fruit — includes ripened ovary of a flower

Anthophyta — flowering plants

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Flowering Plants

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Flowers come in all shapes and sizes and of course, color. But despite all the variety, flowers have on function – reproduction.

Flower — reproductive structure of an angiosperm.

Parts of a Flower:

• Petals — most colorful part of flower that help attract and guide pollinators toward center.

• Sepals — leaflike structures that cover and protect flower bud before it opens.

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• Stamens — male reproductive parts which have a thin stalk called filament on which the anther sits on top (where pollen is produced).

• Pistil — female reproductive organ; top of pistil is sticky top called stigma which is connected to ovary by slender tube called the style. Ovary is where ovules grow into a seed if fertilized.

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Angiosperms are divided into two major groups: MONOCOTS DICOTS

Seeds Single cotyledon

Two cotyledons

Leaves ParallelVeins

BranchedVeins

Flowers Floral parts in multiplesof 3

Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5

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Stems Vascular bundlesscattered

Vascular bundlesin a ring

Roots FibrousRoots

Taproot

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Roots, Stems And Leaves

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Roots — plant organ that anchors a plant to the ground, absorbs water and dissolved minerals and contains vascular tissue to move water and minerals to stem.

1. Taproot – single, thick structures with smaller branchingroots.

Ex. carrots and beets

2. Fibrous root – small branching roots that grow from a central point.

Ex. grass

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Stems — carry substances between plant’s roots and leaves. Also provides support for plants and holds up leaves to sunlight. Consists of three tissue systems: dermal, vascular and ground tissue.

Stems contain district nodes, where leaves are attached, and internodes, or regions between the nodes. Where leaves attach to the nodes, small buds, or undeveloped plant tissue, can be found.

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Leaves — capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food-making process of photosynthesis.

To collect sunlight, most leaves have thin, flattened sections called blades. The blade is attached to the stem by a thin stalk called a petiole.

A waxy cuticle and stomata, or openings in underside of leaf which allow CO2 and O2 exchange, help reduce water loss or transpiration from the plants leaves.

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Plant Responses and Growth

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Tropism – plant’s growth response toward or away from stimulus. – tropism is called positive if plant grows toward stimulus or negative if plant grows away

Phototropism — growth of plant toward light (showing positive phototropism)

Gravitropism — plant growth in response to gravity. Roots show positive gravitropism and stems show negative gravitropism

Photo by TheAlphaWolf / CC BY-SA

Photo by Kleuske / CC BY-SA

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Thigmotropism — plants response to touch. Stems of many vines show positive thigmotropism.

Hydrotropism — plants growth in response to water.

Photo by Bob Jones / CC BY-SA

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Plants are able to respond to touch, light and gravity because they produce hormones. A hormone is a chemical that affects how the plant grows and develops.

Photoperiodism — plant’s response to seasonal changes in length of night and day.

Dormancy — period when an organisms growth or activity stops

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Angiosperms (flowering plants) are classified based on the length of their life cycles:

Annuals Biennials Perennials

Have a life cycle within one growing season. Ex. Marigolds, petunias, cucumbers.

Complete their life cycle in two years. Ex. celery, parsley, foxglove

Plants that live for more than two years Ex. peonies, maple trees

S TUDENT

P RO J ECT

Accompanies: Anatomy of Plants 1

3-D Diagram Directions: 1. Create a 3-D diagram of a plant cell using only household items to construct it. 2. Label all organelles within the cell. 3. Display your diagram to the class.

S TUDENT

PROJECT

Accompanies: Anatomy of Plants 1

Leaf Structure Directions: 1. Gather five different types of leaves. Depending on when this lesson is taught you

can use photographs of leaves if no leaves are available. 2. Attach each leaf specimen to a sturdy sheet of paper. 3. Using the information from the presentation or the Internet, label each specimen. 4. Each leaf specimen should have the following clearly labeled: A. Leaf parts B. Leaf type C. Leaf vein pattern D. Leaf arrangement 5. Write a summary paragraph detailing your findings and citing all sources to turn in

with your specimens.