plant propagation seeds. slm and kud unit essential question: how are plants propagated? lesson...
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PLANT PROPAGATION
Seeds
SLM and KUD
Unit Essential Question: How are plants propagated?
Lesson Essential Question: What medium is used to propagate seedlings?
SEEDS
Break into 3 groups Draw a picture to represent what the cards are trying to explain
NO WORDS20 minutes
Greenhouse Log
Every time in greenhouse, record & hand in for grade
PropagationPropagating= reproducingMost popular method: seedsSexual process, requires union of pollen and egg
From same parent (self-pollination) or separate (cross-pollination
PropagationHybrid- offspring of two cultivars of one plant, each has certain characteristics desired in new plant
Do not plant seeds of hybrid
SeedsQuick and easyProper environment & conditions Temperature, moisture, light & medium
Treatment for GerminationHard seed coat, soaked or scratched before able to germinate
Some require cold rest period below 37*F for 8 wks plus
Some must have alternate wet & dry
Treatment for GerminationSome must have lightSome must have darkFollow directions on pack
Basic PartsSeed Coat- covering of seed, protects embryonic plant
Endosperm- food storage tissue that nourishes during germination
Embryo- new plant that developed.
Basic Parts
Choosing Seeds
Choose locally grownChoose tested for that growing season
Purchase from reliable dealerHybrid varieties Heavyweight or primed seeds
Choosing Seeds
Primed or enhanced to: Activate growth hormones & enzymes
Less chance for insects & disease
Medium
Ideal: good pH, nutrients, porous, uniform in texture, sterile
Types of Medium
Soil: loam composed of 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, 25 % air, 25% water
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Construction grade sand: more porous
Does not hold nutrients
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Peat moss: partially decomposed vegetation preserved under water. High capacity to hold water. 1% nitrogen, low in phosphorus & potassium
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Horticultural Grade Perlite: gray-white material of volcanic origin. Expands when heated.
Provide good drainage & aeration
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Vermiculite: light-weight , has pH of 7, high water holding capacity
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Jiffy mix: equal parts of shredded sphagnum moss, peat, terrlite vermiculite, & nutrients to sustain initial plant growth
Types of Medium
Medium
Usually mix of 1 or more of the previous
Testing Medium
Create a mix that you think would work good for a seedling.
Plant seeds (5) and test it to see what works.
Compare with others after 4 weeks.
Exit Question
Answer the leq: What medium is used to propagate seedlings?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Types of Seeding
Warm-up
Why is the germinating medium important?
LEQ
How do we plant a seed?
Indirect seeding
Process in which seed is sown in a place separate from where the plants will eventually grow
Transplanting happens 1 or 2 more times
Indirect seeding
Flats: made of plastic, size determined by # of seeds to grow
Medium placed in & leveled off ½ to ¾ inch below top of flat
Plant seeds in rows
Indirect seeding
Individual cells in cavity seedling trays
Flats made up of many small pots
1-2 seeds per cell, later thinned
Transplant with less damage
When to seed
Seeds must be planted on certain dates so the seedlings are ready for transplanting at the proper time
Seed to market chart
Using the popular bedding plants we will plant, create a chart to display date planted by to be ready for market sale.
30 minutes
Sowing Seeds
To plant How to sow?ALWAYS BE SURE TO PLACE A LABEL WITH YOUR NAME & PLANT NAME!!!!
Watering
Water lightly with watering cans
Be careful not to wash out seeds
Water from bottom when possible
Conditions for Germination
Semi shaded area of greenhouse
Receive bottom heat Cover with plastic No fertilizer until true leaves have developed
Transplanting
When true leaves have formed, ready to be transplanted
Page 73 & 74 transplanting procedure
My procedure
Direct Seeding
Seeds planted in permanent growing area
What plants?
Direct Seeding
Corn, melons, beans, beets, peas, lettuce, carrots & other veggies
Activity
Using your chart that you created, what seeds should be planted first?
Each student will plant this correctly as taught in this lesson
Show me before completing
Review
How do we plant a seed?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Warm-up
Explain the steps in transplanting.
LEQ
How do we propagate a softwood & semihardwood cutting?
Asexual reproduction
To produce clones of plants that do not produce seeds & are difficult to grow from seeds
Cuttings
Leaves or pieces of stems or roots used for propagating a plant
Various kinds Require same conditions to grow as seedlings with added light
Cuttings
Root formation simulated because of interruption of carbohydrates, hormones & other materials from leaves & growing tips
Rooting hormones used to aid in root formation
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Taken after current season’s growth has partially matured
Wood should be bendy Active terminal growth
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Find parent 2-6 inches of new growth
Make sure plant full of water Cut in morning (most moisture)
Immediately place in bucket of water
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on them
Leaves help keep cutting right side up
Cut at 45* angle on bottom, straight at top
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on themLeaves help keep cutting right side up
Cut at 45* angle on bottom, straight at top
Take back to table
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Flat, pot or container 4 inches deep with holes in bottom
Sterile medium ½ perlite & ½ sphagnum mossMedium varies Soak medium night before
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Make 3-4 inch cutting from stem or shoot
Very sharp knife/pruning shearsInclude 2-3 buds on each cuttingTreat with proper concentration of rooting hormone (fungicide included)
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Cutting immediately placed in rooting medium to ½ its length, no more then 2 inches deep
LABEL CUTTING!!
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Keep humidity very high (Transpiration)
Plastic bag to control No direct sunlight Tug gently after time to see if rooting begun, leave for 7-10 more days if not
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Hardening off- prepare for transplanting
Open plastic a little each day When completely open, water as normal, fertilizer at 1/4th strength
Ready to be transplanted after 14 days
Herbaceous Cuttings
Made from succulent greenhouse plants – geranium, chrysanthemum, coleus, carnation, swedish ivy, wandering jew, begonia
Cuttings 3-6 inches long w/leaves on upper to terminal end
Same conditions as previous w/bottom heat added
Lets Practice!!
Choose a plant to propagate: Wandering JewJade PlantBegoniaDemonstrate proper techniques, be sure to label!!
Exit Question
How do we propagate a softwood & semihardwood cutting?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Micropropagation
Warm-up
Do you think it is easier to make a cutting or to plant a seed? Why?
LEQ
What is micropropagation and how can we do it successfully?
Micropropagation
Tissue cultureAsexual method using sterilized terminal shoots or lead buds placed on sterile agar gel or other nutrient growing medium
Buds or stem tips placed in jar
Micropropagation
Tiny sprouts start, pulled off with sterile tweezers, placed in new medium in another container to grow roots
Harden off as roots developMany thousand plants exactly like parent
Micropropagation
Used for orchidsOnly used for professionals
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Leaf Cuttings African Violet cut base of leaf stem, place in rooting medium
Pg 87 figure 7-16
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Leaf-Bud Cutting Cut from stem with bud, remove wooden shield of stem, cutting placed in rooting medium with bud in soil
Pg 87 figure 7-17
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Mallet Cutting 2-4 inch piece of 2 year old wood with current season or 1 year old shoot on it
Mallet placed horizontally & covered 1 inch with rooting medium
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Root Cuttings Any plant that will sprout from root
Place root in container, water well, place clear glass/plastic over
Page 88 figure 7-19
Activity
Root spider plant in Greenhouse
PLANT PROPAGATION
Hardwood Cuttings
Warm-up
What is important to remember about tissue cultures?
Lesson Essential Question
How do we propagate hardwood cuttings?
Hardwood Cuttings
Easiest & least expensive of asexual propagation
Prepared in winterCan be shipped longNo expensive equipment or storage facility needed
Hardwood V. Softwood/semihardwood
Time of yearHardness (maturity) Absence of leavesStorage
Hardwood Cuttings
6 stepsPg 92 procedure
Selecting Hardwood Cuttings
From current years growthCut from ends of branches or long shoots from base
Collected once dormant Taken all winter
Collecting Hardwood Cuttings
Use sharp knife or hand prunerLabel 6-8 inch cuttings for immediate use or stored in cool moist place
Cover with sawdust, sand or peat moss to maintain moisture
Not too wet or dry
Taking Hardwood Cuttings
Bottom cut just above a node & top about 1 inch above a node or bud
Bottom cut 45* angle & top 90*
Storing Hardwood Cuttings
Treated with rooting hormone for better growth
Tied in bundles for storageStored for 6-8 weeks before planting
Allows callus to form- root quicker
Storing Hardwood Cuttings
May be buried in sand containers
Low enough temp to prevent growth at top
First 4 weeks- 50-55*Lowered to 40* after
Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Planted outside soon as soil ready in spring (lining out)
Prepare soil Place cutting in soil and firmly surround with soil, careful not to put too much pressure on
Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Mulch to retain moistureWatch growth to make sure roots have formed
No extensive care
Activity
Propagate 3 hardwood stems
Crape MyrtleForsynthiaDogwood
PLANT PROPAGATION
Separation & Division
Warm-up
What is different between hardwood and softwood propagation?
Lesson Essential Question
How can we effectively propagate using separation and division?
Separation
Method of propagation in which naturally reproductive organs of a plant detach from the parent plant to become new plants
Usually removed during dormant stage
Separation
Bulbs & cormsResponisble for food storage & propagation of plant
Natural process
Bulbs
Plant structure containing many parts but primarily composed of leaf scales
Outside of foliage leaves are bulblets – produce tiny bulbs that grow into bigger bulbs, separated & planted
Bulbs
Splits or slabs –first separated
1 year- round bulb2 year- second flower bud- double nose- 2 flower stalks
Round & double nose sold commercially
Types of Bulbs
No special care or handling- tulip bulb- laminate or tunicate, dry membranous outer scales
Lily- loosely scaled, cannot withstand handling- nontunicate or scaly, no tough outer cover
Bulbs- Propagation Procedure
Dug & separated after foliage dies back & plant dormant , stored & planted at correct time
Washed & cleaned before storage
EX: narcissus, hyacinth, grape hyacinth, tulip
Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Much slower rateMother bulbs split at base to force production of bulblets
Flowering bulbs pulled from ground in late August-mid September, kept moist by sprinkling with water
Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Mid-October, placed 4 inches deep & planted 1 inch apart
Moved again in September, planted 6 inches deep & apart
Then sold as flowering bulbsShould be 7 inches in circumference
Corms
Very solid, compact stem with nodes & internodes
Very short specialized stem for food storage
Covering that protects from injury & drying
Corms- Propagation
Development of cormels is means of reproducing
Form naturallyWhen dies back, dug up & small cormels separated & grown to larger size
Propagation by division
Method of propagation in which parts of the plant are cut into new sections, each will develop a new plant
Use knife or pruners
Rhizomes
Underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots on the bottom & stems on top
Rhizomes- Propagation
Removed by digging underneath with a garden fork or shovel
Soil washed offCut rhizome into sections- make sure each has one eye (bud)
Tubers
Swollen end of an underground side shoot or stem
Distinguished by eyes- produces separate plant as sprouts, developing a shoot with roots at base
Contains stored food for plant until leaves form
Tubers
EX: Irish PotatoTo propagate: Cut tubers into pieces, each must contain one eye
Planted same as seeds
Tuberous Roots
Thickened roots that contain large amounts of stored food
Have buds at stem end
Tuberous Roots- Propagation
Dividing crown, or cluster of roots, when plant is dormant
Dug in fall after frost killed top, stored in dry sawdust, peat at 40-50* to prevent shriveling or complete drying out
Tuberous Roots- Propagation
In spring, clumps or crowms are cut apart so each has a bud
New pieces planted EX: Sweet potatoAdventitious buds- sporadic & unexpected places, pulled off & planted
Activity
Plant bulbs correctlyCorrectly separate a plant
PLANT PROPAGATION
Grafting
Warm-up
Why is it important to know about bulbs?
Lesson Essential Question
How do we propagate using grafting?
Grafting
Two different plants are united to become one
Scion- newly installed shoot or top of plant
Rootstock- seedling or plant used as bottom half of the graft
Grafting
Growing together of tissues Used to rapidly increase # of a plant & give stronger, disease-resistant roots
Two plants must be compatible
Grafting
Used to: Topwork a large treeInsert a different variety on part of the limbs of a tree for cross pollination
To propagate plants that may be difficult to bud
Grafting Requirements
Compatibility- must be related to one another, stock & scion grow together
Know what families grow best together
Grafting Requirements
Scion wood- 1 year old & vigorous growth
Timing- don’t when stock & scion are dormant
Matching of tissues- cambium layer, scion & rootstock must have close contact & held tightly together
Grafting Requirements
Waterproofing- all cut surfaces must be covered with grafting wax, plastic or rubber ties
Whip or Tongue Graft
During winter months Small material Fruit treesScion should contain 3 budsRoot piece 4-8 inches & small fibrous roots
Whip or Tongue Graft
Grafting cut made below bud on stock, slant at angle, smooth surface
Cut on rootstock should be same= even fit
Cambium must match growing area at edge of root piece
Whip or Tongue Graft
Second cut made on first cut surface in reverse direction, 1/3 of distance from tip & nearly parrallel to first cut
Half as long as first cutPieces slipped together w/tongues interlocking
Whip or Tongue Graft
Pieces tightly tied together with plastic propagation tape or rubber bud ties
Stored in moist sand or peat moss to heal
3-4 wks @ 50-55*After- 32-40*
Whip or Tongue Graft
Then planted in nursery, graft union must be below ground
Side Veneer Graft
Effective way to graft evergreens
Colorado Spruce grafted w/ blue spruce to obtain shade of blue
Side Veneer Procedure
Pencil sizeMade in early springShallow cut made 1 ½ in long made into one side of seedling rootstock
Second cut made to remove piece of wood
Side Veneer Procedure
Two cuts made on scion to shape it so it fits cut made in rootstock.
Scion inserted into rootstock. Cambium layers must match at least one side
Scion tied tightly in place mulch
Cleft Graft
Used in topworking trees (grafting to rootstock considerably larger than scion
Cleft Graft Procedure
Rootstock sawed off at right angle
Rootstock split with heavy knife & hammer
Split help open with wedgeScion cut in a long, smooth wedge shape
Cleft Graft Procedure
Scions placed in rootstock, must make close contact with rootstock for entire distance, must be cut at same slant as the split in the rootstock
Cambium of both must match
Stenting
Roses Grafting selected scion of desired plant onto a piece of stem that produces good roots
Stenting
Grafted stems then placed in rooting chamber for healing & roots to form
Treated exactly as a semihardwood cutting
Activity
Grafting Video
PLANT PROPAGATION
Budding
Warm-up
What are the 3 types of grafting?
Lesson Essential Question
What is the process of budding propagation?
Budding
Form of graftingSingle bud used instead of scion
Many more plants reproduced from same amount of parent wood
More quicklyTime- during active growth
Budding Steps
Plant seeds for seedling rootstock
Select variety of budwood to be propagated
Determine correct date to budCut budwood, label it, & protect it so does not dry out
Budding Steps
Perform budding processCheck to see if buds takenCut off rootstock above bud the following spring
T-Budding
Small 1-2 yr old seedlingsActively growing, disease resistant, & able to give desired growth
Scion & rootstock must be compatible
Collecting Budwood
Bud sticks, small shoots of current seasons growth, collected on same day to be inserted
Kept wrapped in waterproof paperVegetative buds necessary for propagation
Cut all leaves except 1 for handling
Rootstock
Developed for 1 yr, good size
Make t-shaped cut to determine if seedling is receptive, if bark separates from wood of stem & is moist and smooth
Cutting & Inserting Bud
Obtain materials1 person makes cut & inserts bud while other person ties securely
T-shaped cut made in the rootstock, corners of bark lifted for easy insert
Bud cut from bud stick middle portion with shield of back & sliver of wood
Cutting & Inserting Bud
Bud immediately inserted in the T cut until bud shield even w/ top fo T-cut
Tie area with bud tieEntire area covered, only bud itself exposed
Inspection in 3 weeks, transplanted in 1-2 yrs
Cutting & Inserting Bud
Page 114-116 in book
Chip Budding
Used for grapes Done when rootstock not in active growth
Chip Budding Procedure
Pg 117 45* cut made in rootstock ¼ of way thru stem
Second cut made 1 ½ in above first cut, extending down to meet first
Chip produced removed
Chip Budding Procedure
Bud to be inserted cut from bud stick exactly as chip removed
bud is inserted in rootstock & tied with bud tie
Chip Budding Care
Cut rootstock off just above bud 10-15 days for spring budding
Fall budding, cut rootstock just above bud the following spring, as growth starts
Activity
Cgh
PLANT PROPAGATION
Layering
Warm-up
How do the 2 types of budding differ?
Lesson Essential Question
How do we layer to propagate?
Layering
Asexual propagation, roots are formed on a stem or root while still attached to the parent plant
Stem or root to be rooted is called a layer
Layer is cut free from parent only after rooting
Advantages & Disadvantages
Simple but time consumingFew plants started Very high success rateSome plants naturally do this….strawberries, red raspberries, & African Violets
Simple LayeringBranch from parent bent to ground, partially covered w/ soil.
Terminal end exposedEarly springWater liberallyCreate a visual organizer to represent the steps in layering page 123
Air LayeringProcess that eliminated the burrying part of the parent plant
Part of plant is slit or girdled (girdle- completely remove bark & cambium around plant)
Surrounded by moist growing medium
Air LayeringRoots form where plant has been wounded
Generally made in spring on wood of previous year
Create a visual organizer to represent air layering page 124-125
Other methods of layeringTrench layering- mother plant bent to ground & burried in trench, roots form on covered portion of plant, shoots can be separated
Other methods of layeringStool Layering- begins with planting of rooted layer in soil, parent plant cut back to soil level, stem covered with soil, as shoots grow, more soil is added. Shoots cut & planted in early spring
Other methods of layeringCompound Layering- springtime, very similar to simple layering, except stem covered by soil at 2 or more points along length. Stem girdled at point below ground where new roots will form
Several plants produced from single stem
ActivityLayering on plant
ReviewReview for test