plant notes ch 21 24
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Plant Notes ch 21-24
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Introduction to Plants
• What we have learned about plants so far this year:
• 1. Eukaryotic• 2. Multicellular• 3. Autotroph• 4. Cell wall made of cellulose• 5. Has chloroplasts
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What plants need to live:
• 1. Water• 2. Soil (nutrients)• 3. Sunlight• 4. carbon dioxide
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What plants give to us:
• 1. Oxygen• 2. Energy• 3. Clothing• 4. Medicines• 5. Decorations, dyes, shelter for
animals, industry: glue, furniture
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All plants have the following in common:
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Cell walls made of cellulose• Photosynthesis
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I. Plant Adaptations: Parts of all plants (leaves, stem, and roots)
1A.The leaf –
3parts:• Blade – where photosynthesis takes
place (primary function of leaves)• Vein – carries water, minerals, and
sugars through blade• Petiole – connects the leaf to the
stem, transports fluids
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Leaf Type:
• Simple: one blade that is not divided
• Compound: When blade is divided into leaflets
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Leaf Arrangement: How the leaves are arranged on the
stem
• Alternate
• Opposite
• Whorled
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Leaf Venation: How the leaf veins occur
• Parallel
• Palmate
• Pinnate
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3 parts:
• Cuticle - waxy covering over the plant that prevents water loss.
• Stomata – allows gas and water vapor in and out. (found in the dermal layer)
• Guard cells – opens and closes stomata
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Leaf structureLeaf structure
StomataGuard cell
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis
Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Vascular bundle
XylemPhloem
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• Cells called guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
Dermal tissuesDermal tissues
• The opening and closing of stomata regulates the flow of water vapor from leaf tissues.
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• Transpiration – the loss of water through the stomata
• *Trichomes – give the stem or leaf a “fuzzy” appearance, helps reduce the evaporation of water from the plant.
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2. The Stem
3 types of tissue
• Dermal Tissue – Outer layer of stems and leaves used for covering & protection(like humans skin)
• Ground Tissue – Storage, support, and photosynthesis
• Vascular Tissue – xylem (dead cells) – carry water and minerals *
Dead xylem makes rings of trees
– phloem (living cells) – carry “food” (sugar produced by plant)
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• *Meristems – where new growth occurs
•Merry stems grow
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3. The Root
• absorbs water and minerals• anchors plant• some store food• root hairs = increase surface area
for absorption• root tip – site of maximum
absorption of water and minerals
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2 root types:• taproot root -
deep strong anchor for plant, gets ground water (carrots, beets)
• fibrous root - found in upper soil, cover wide area, prevent erosion (grass)
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4. Reproduction of Plants
• Spores – A plant reproductive organ that requires water to be transported.
• Seeds - a plant organ that contains an embryo, food supply, and has a protective coat
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Diagram of a Seed
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The FruitThe Fruit – houses the seeds and aids in dispersal by wind, water, insects, and other organisms
– Some have one seed – peach, plum– Some have several seeds –
strawberry, tomato
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• 4. Life Cycle is called Alteration of Generations :
• Switching back and forth between diploid and haploid stages.
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5. How Plants Are Classified
Divisions of Plants Examples Information Nonvascular Mosses, liverworts,
Hornworts
Smaller, close to ground because of water
Non Seed Vascular Club mosses, horsetails, ferns
Taller and larger
Seed Vascular Angiosperms-fruit Gymnosperms - cone
Plants produce cones or flowers
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6. Parts of Flowering Plants:
• Structure• Review words:• Leaf – site of photosynthesis• Stem – supports leaves and flowers• New words:• Flower – reproductive organ• Internode – between nodes • Node - where the leaf attaches
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Flowering plants are divided into two groups: (page 595 –
chart )• Distinguishing Characteristics of Monocots and
Dicots
Type Seed leaves Leaf venation Flower parts Monocots
One cotyledon Usually parallel Multiples of 3
Dicots Two cotyledon Usually netlike Multiples of 4 and 5
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Moncots and dicotsDistinguishing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
Seed Leaves
Vascular Bundles in Leaves
Vascular Bundles in Stems
Flower Parts
Monocots
Dicots
One cotyledon
Usually parallel
Scattered Multiples of three
Two cotyledons
Usually netlike
Arranged in ring
Multiples of four and five
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The Flower : Female parts and function: The Pistil• 1.Ovule – develops the egg, turns into seed• 2. Ovary – forms the fruit, holds the egg, turns
into fruit• 3. Style – slender stalk that connects the
stigma to the ovary• 4. Stigma – receives the pollen
Male parts and function: The Stamen• 1. Anther – contains the pollen• 2. Filament – Supports the anther
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stigma
style
ovaryovule
pistil
antherfilament stamen
Flower Parts
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Flower Parts
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Adaptations in plants:
• cacti – needle like leaves to prevent water loss and for protection
• venus fly trap – trap insects because it lives in nutrient depleted soil
• pitcher plant – leaves are made to trap insects
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Life Span:
• annual – lives, reproduces, and dies in one year
• biennial – lives, reproduces, and dies two years
• perennial - lives, reproduces, and keeps growing year after year