plant hormones 101 mupgret workshop. what are hormones? “a group of naturally occurring organic...
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What are hormones?
“a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that influence physiological processes at low concentrations.”
“a substance that is transferred from one part of an organism to another.”
From: Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! 2005. Peter Davies, ed.
From: Went and Thimann. 1937. Phytohormones.
Hormones
Can be synthesized locally or transported to their site of action.
They differ from mammalian hormones in this respect.
The first hormone
Auxin Fits the original definition of a
hormone. Transported from site of synthesis to site
of action.
Sachs
Hypothesized root forming and flowering forming compounds move through the plants and cause morphological changes in 1880.
Darwin
First to observe phototropism, the bending of a plant to light.
Also in 1880. Hypothesized that redistribution of a
chemical within the young seedling caused it to bend toward the light.
Auxin
Darwin’s compound that caused phototrophism.
Isolated several years later by extracting the chemicals that diffused from cut coleoptiles into blocks of agar.
More about this compound tomorrow when Dr. Hagen talks.
Auxin
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and its conjugates.
Synthesized from tryptophan or indole in leaf primodia, young leaves and developing seed.
IAA Structure
Auxin Transport
In vascular cambium and procambial strands.
Possibly between epidermal cells. Transport to root may occur through
phloem.
Auxin Stimulates
Cell enlargement Stem growth Cell division in
cambium Phloem and xylem
differentiation
Root initiation Root branching Phototropism Floral organ growth
Gibberellin
Family of 125 compounds.
Gibberellin acid (GA3)is the most common.
Synthesized in young shoots and developing seed.
Gibberellin promotes
Stem elongation Cell division and elongation in stems Germination if cold or light treatment is
required. Enzyme production, eg. α-amylase. Fruit set
Gibberellin mutant
•Dwarf 8 (D8) mutant in maize.
•The same gene in wheat is responsible for the Green Revolution.
•Introduction of this gene into cultivated wheat earned Norman Borlaug the Nobel Prize.
Cytokinins
Adenine derivatives.
Zeatin is the most common.
Synthesized in root tips and developing seed.
Transported in xylem.
Cytokinin promotes
Cell division if auxin is present. Photomorphogenesis, eg. Crown gall
formation Lateral bud growth Leaf expansion by cell enlargement Stomatal opening Chloroplast development
Ethylene
H2C=CH2 Gas Synthesized from
methionine Most tissues can
synthesize ethylene in response to stress.
Chemical Structure
Ethylene
Transport occurs by diffusion. Not absolutely required for growth.
Mutants with non-functional ethylene gene develop normally.
Ethylene stimulates
Defense response to wounding or disease
Release from dormancy Shoot growth and differentiation Root growth and differentiation Adventitious root formation Leaf and fruit abscission
Abscisic Acid
Synthesized from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate through carotenoid pathway.
Synthesized in roots, mature leaves, and seeds.
Abscisic Acid
Synthesis increases in response to drought.
Transported from roots in xylem. Transported from shoots in phloem.
ABA stimulates
Stomatal closure Root growth under water stress. Storage protein synthesis in seeds. Breaking dormancy Defense response
Polyamines
Aliphatic amines. Putrescine, spermidine
and spermine are most common.
Effective at low concentrations.
Mutants have abberant development.
Spermidine structure
H2N
HN NH2
Brassinosteriods stimulate
Cell division Cell wall loosening Vascular differentiation Ethylene biosynthesis
Jasmonate function
Induce tuberization Important in plant defense Inhibit growth Inhibit germination Promote senescence Promote pigmentation
Salicylic Acid
Synthesized from phenylalanine.
Promotes production of pathogenesis related proteins.
Can reverse effects of ABA in some cases.