plant breeding and genetics
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant Breeding and Applied GeneticsUte Achenbach
Summer, 2008
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Course Objectives
Comprehend and be able to discuss howbreeders meet their breeding goals today asopposed to several decades ago. This requires
basic knowledge on classical breedingmethods and an understanding on molecularbreeding.
Examples will be provided to emphasize theimportance of genetics in modern breedingpractices.
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Learning outcomes
understand the developments in plant breeding and thestate of the art breeding practices (ornamentals vs. crops)
have some knowledge on the basics of genetics (Mendel,QTL etc.) and understand the idea and the potential ofgenetic engineering
have some understanding on the concepts of molecularbreeding
have some (practical) knowledge to apply molecular markersfor the identification of traits in the genome
be able to determine whether information from the internetregarding modern breeding methods are relevant andinformative
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Date Program
May 13 Introduction (History of Plant Breeding)
May 20 Aspects of Plant Breeding (Breeding goals and recentachievements)
May 27 Tour to Engelmanns Nursery
Jun 3
Basic genetics(Mendels, QTL, Epistasis)
Jun 11
Classical Plant Breeding (Breeding schemes, e.g. Peach)
Jun 17 Applied Plant Breeding
July 1
Molecular Genetics (Tissue culture, e.g. grapes)(Dr. Sadanand Dhekney)
July 8
Molecular Genetics (PCR, Different marker systems)(Dr. Sadanand Dhekney)
July 15 LAB SESSION (PCR)
July 22 DNA fingerprinting and Genetic Engineering (crops andornamentals)
July 29 Molecular Breeding/ Breeding by design
Aug 5
Exam
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History and development of plantbreeding
(a journey through time)
13th May 2008
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.comp-archaeology.org/DomesticatedCerealGrainCAWEB.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.comp-archaeology.org/Bandkeramik.htm&h=303&w=521&sz=175&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=vYmNPLV7ipkOVM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddomestication%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den -
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9000 BC First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above theTigris river
1694 Camerarius first to demonstrate sex in (monoecious) plants and suggestedcrossing as a method to obtain new plant types
1714 Mather observed natural crossing in maize
1761-1766 Kohlreuter demonstrated that hybrid offspringreceived traits from both parents and were intermediate inmost traits, first scientific hybrid in tobacco
1866 Mendel: Experiments in plant hybridization
1900 Mendels laws of heredity rediscovered
1944 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty discovered DNA is hereditarymaterial
1953 Watson, Crick, Wilkins proposed a model for DNAstructure
1970 Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution
Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the recombinant DNAtechnology
1994 FlavrSavr tomato developed as first GMO
1995 Bt-corn developed
Selected milestones in plant breeding
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National Human Genome Research
Institute by Darryl Leja
DNA: nucleic acid that
contains all the
genetic instructions
used in the
development andfunctioning of all
known living
organisms
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Domestication: The process by which peopletry to control the reproductive rates ofanimals and plants. Without knowledge on thetransmission of traits from parents to theiroffspring.
Plant Breeding: The application of geneticanalysis to development of plant lines bettersuited for human purposes.
Plant Breeding and Selection Methods to meet thefood, feed, fuel, and fiber needs of the world
Genetic Engineering to increase the effectivenessand efficiency of plant breeding.
Prunus
persicaSource: Wikipedia
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Example: Peach (Prunus persica)
Originates from China Introduced to Persia and the Mediterranean
region along the silk route
Trade and cultural interaction
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Breeding objectives
Food (yield and nutritional value), feed,fibre, pharmaceuticals (plantibodies),
landscape, industrial need (eg. Crops arebeing produced in regions to which they arenot native).
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img2.tradeget.com/prbusiness/LXTE1LW31corn_gluten.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tradeget.com/free_list/p53118/O19962/animal_feed_additive.html&h=360&w=360&sz=32&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=cMbme7woN5gcDM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danimal%2Bfeed%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.blackfalconorganic.org/organic-cotton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.blackfalconorganic.org/ethics.php&h=600&w=600&sz=58&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=0u8adrWp9MiI-M:&tbnh=135&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfibre%2Bcotton%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://w2.byuh.edu/services/food/images/food_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://w2.byuh.edu/services/food/&h=300&w=400&sz=63&hl=en&start=25&um=1&tbnid=GSJ04Yz7tY1VtM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfood%26start%3D18%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN -
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Note: Details among plant species varybecause of origin, mode ofreproduction, ploidy levels, and traits
of greater importance andadjustments were made to adapt tospecific situations.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/plantmineralnutrition/widerowcrop/cara_flowerweb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/plantmineralnutrition/widerowcrop/&h=375&w=500&sz=28&hl=en&start=14&um=1&tbnid=DCZIroZiDTfO3M:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpotato%2Bflower%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dacres.org/images/flowers/potatoflower.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dacres.org/Photo%2520Gallery.htm&h=683&w=1024&sz=85&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=gR9twbUrhzjfzM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpotato%2Bflower%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://www.slh.wisc.edu/cytogenetics/cases/gifs/com_karyotypes/Triploid96651.jpg -
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Conducting plant breeding
Traditional/classical breeding: crossingtwo plants (hybridization)
genetically manipulating?? Variability/ Selection
Recombinant DNA technology
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/photos/200603oil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/highlights/2006/0603oil_e.html&h=172&w=250&sz=36&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=8fa6zsE0tkE9TM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bbreeding%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hrt.msu.edu/PBSymp/picture2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hrt.msu.edu/PBSymp/&h=347&w=450&sz=225&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=SEvXItXKir3BHM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bbreeding%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den -
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Scientific disciplines andtechnologies of plant breeding
Genetics
Botany
Plant physiology Agronomy
Pathology and entomology
Statistics Biochemistry
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Classic/ traditional tools
Emasculation
Hybidization
Wide crossing
Selection
Chromosome counting
Chromosome doubling
Male sterility
Triploidy
Linkage analysis
Statistical tools
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Advanced tools
Mutagenesis
Tissue culture
Haploidy
In situ hybridization
DNA markers
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Advanced technology
Molecular markers
Marker-assisted selection
DNA sequencing
Plant genomic analysis
Bioinformatics
Microarray analysis
Primer design
Plant transformation
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Basic steps
Objective
Germplasm
Selection
Evaluation
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