plant biotechnology intellectual property rights and the bt cotton case in china qin fang wang...
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Plant Biotechnology Intellectual Property Rights
and the Bt cotton case in China
Qin Fang Wang
Associate professor
Biotechnology Research Institute
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Ying Liang Liu
Associate Professor
China University of Political Science & Law
WIPO-UPOV symposium ON
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, October 24, 2003
Outline of presentation
◆ General review of IPR protection
◆ Current biotech IPRs in China
◆ Problems and challenges in plant IPRs
◆ The Bt cotton case study
◆ Concluding remarks
IPR protection in China:A general review
Administrative system of IPR in China 1
◆ The modern IPR system was developed in 1980s
economic reform and opening-up of China
◆ Chinese Patent Office founded in 1980
sole patent administration at state level
◆ Reconstructed as the State Intellectual Property Office,
SIPO in 1998
Administrative system of IPR in China 2
State Intellectual Property Office(SIPO)
◆ Under State Council
◆ Responsible for patent work and comprehensively coordination of the foreign related affairs in the field of
IPR ◆ Receiving office of International Searching Authority and
International Preliminary Examining Authority
State Intellectual Property Office(SIPO)
3 main administrations under the guidance of SIPO
◆ Chinese Patent Office ◆ Chinese Trademark Office
◆ Chinese Copyright Office
◆ under the guidance of SIPO
◆ receiving, examination and granting patent applications, examining request for reexamination, invalidation and other administrative functions given by SIPO.
Chinese Patent Office
Regulations of PRC on Patent
Patent Law◆ Adopted on March 12,1984; effective on April 1, 1985
◆ Amended in accordance with the Decision of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on September 4,1999
◆ Amended again on August 25, 2000, become effective on July 1, 2001
Plant varieties can not be granted as patent ( article 25)
Implementing Regulations of the Patent Law of PRC
◆ Issued on September 21, 1992
◆ Newly Promulgated on June 15, 2001, and effective on July 1, 2001
Seed Law of PRC
◆ Issued on July 8, 2000
◆ Related regulations issued by MOA:
a. Examine and approval regulation for major agricultural crops, Feb. 26, 2001
b. Labeling regulation of agricultural crops
c. Processing and packing regulation on agricultural crops seeds, Feb. 26, 2001
d. Major agricultural crops: rice, corn, cotton, soybean, oil rape, potato.
Current Biotechnology IPRs in China
Patent on genetic engineering
◆ A Division for Biotechnological Inventions was set up within the CPO
the application and examination of genetic engineering patents
◆ An IPR Affair Center(MOST) set up in 1995
governmental consulting agency for IPR issues
Patent on genetic engineering
◆ Applications filed in Chinese patent office increased year by year
◆ Dramatically increase in recent years
◆ 90% applications from foreign companies, domestic application increased recently
◆ Most Patents on genetic engineering are pharmaceutical
◆ Patents on agriculture only occupy about 10% in overall
Applications increased year by year, Dramatically increase in recent years (1985-2000)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1985 1987 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Over 90% are foreign applications in 1985-1998
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400domesti cforei gn
About 90% are foreign applications (1985-1998)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%domesti cforei gn
Top 10 foreign countries in applying gene patent in China
1. USA2. Japan3. Germany4. UK5. Switzerland
6. Denmark
7. France
8. the Netherlands
9. Canada
10. Australia
United States is the top country
Account for 39.7% of total foreign applications in the period of 1985 to 1998
Domestic application increased recently (1991-2001)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500domesti cforei gn
Percentage of domestic/foreign application (1991-2001)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%domesti cforei gn
United Gene Holding LTD
◆ A pharmaceutical company established by 2 professors from FuDan Univ. in 1997
◆ Filed 240, 2940 and 188 applications in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively
◆ Accounted for 25.6%, 85.3% and 34.3% of total annual application
Most patents on genetic engineering are pharmaceutical (1985-2001)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
pharmaceuti calothers
Agriculture related patent application increased (1985-2001)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
agri cul turepharmaceuti calothers
Agricultural patent occupy about 10% in overall (1985-2001)
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
pharmaceuti cal agri cul tural i ndustry
Protection of New Varieties of Plants in China
Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
◆ Issued on March 20, 1997; effective on October 1, 1997, 1978 version
◆ 23 April, 1999, 39th member country of UPOV
◆ Detailed regulations on the implementation of regulation, effective on 23 April, 1999
Examining and approving authorities
Jointly responsible by MOA and SFA
◆ The Ministry of Agriculture(MOA):
∎grains, cotton, oil crop, hemp, mulberries, tea, sugar, vegetable, edible fungi, tobacco, fruit trees(juicy), herbaceous medicinal materials, herbaceous ornamental plants, grass, rubber tree, green manure.
◆ The State Forestry Administration(SFA):
∎ forest trees, bamboo, xyloid vine, ornamental woody plants, fruit trees(dry), woody oil-bearing, beverage plants, condiment plants, woody medicinal materials.
Protected botanical genera and species of plants (MOA)
◆ The first batch issued on June 16, 1999
rice, maize, Chinese cabbage, potato, spring orchids, chrysanthemum, Pink, clover, grass
◆ The second batch issued on March 3, 2000
wheat, soybean, oil rape, peanut, tomato, cucumber, chili, pear, dock
Protected botanical genera and species of plants (MOA)
◆ The third batch issued on Feb. 26, 2001
orchids, lily, bird of paradise, sealavender
◆ The fourth batch issued on Jan. 4, 2002
sweet potato, millet, peach, Litchi, water melon, cabbage, radish
◆ The fifth batch issued on July 14, 2003
broomcorn, barley, ramie, apple, citrus, banana, kiwifruit, grape, plum, eggplant
Progress of plant variety right application (MOA)
Office of Plant New Variety Protection, MOA
◆ 1061 applications received from April, 1999 to Aug., 2003
◆ 412 variety rights have been granted (39%)
◆ No transgenic plants variety granted by PVP
◆ Rice and corn are 2 major crops:
77% in total applications and 80% in total rights granted
20% and 60% over total variety rights granted, respectively
50% of rice and 95% of corn are hybrids (planting area)
Progress of plant variety right application (MOA)
To strengthen the management, MOA◆ Established a Propagation Material Preservation
Center for agricultural plant new varietiesquality and quantity detection & preservation
◆ Established one center and 14 branch centers for DUS test
Problems and Challenges in Plant Biotechnology IPRs
Public awareness
◆ Both government and scholars concerned with IPRs
◆ Less public awareness compared with developed countries
◆ Core funding provided by the government
◆ Research budget mostly given by the government
◆ Weak incentive mechanism for IPR protection
Capacity building on IPR protection
◆ General weak on capacity building
at research institute or university level
◆ Emphasis on educational and training programs on IPR protection
◆ Fiscal aids for education and training
Implementation on IPR protection
◆ Great progress in the legislation on IPR laws
◆ The implementation of IPR laws not yet fully completed
IPR administration and judical practice
Monitoring implementation is also a difficult task
Emerging mechanism for technology trasfer
◆ Mechanisms of technology transfer developing (agriculture)
◆ Emerging market and venture capital activity
◆ Human resources, capacity building, IPR managing
◆ Encouraging private funds
◆ Public/private relationship in TT
◆ Ideal model for TT
Enforcement of Laws and regulations
◆ Unauthorized use of IPRs, infringe patent right or plant breeder’s right
Small seed companies ; farmer sale seeds; infringement of right
◆ Regional concerns(local government): affect the settlement of legal disputes
◆ Supervise the infringement and balance the farmer’s right, a challenge in China
Case study of Chinese Bt cotton
Development of Bt Cotton
Research initiated in BRI, CAAS, 1990
Bt gene synthesized
pollen tube pathway transformation
Patent granted in 1998
Bt+CpTI patent granted in 2001
Bt+CpTI, double gene cotton
delay the development of bollworm’s resistance to Bt
Commercialization of Bt cotton
approved for commercialization in 1997
18 new transgenic cotton var. and hybrids
10,000 ha in 1998
153, 000 ha in 1999
207, 000 ha in 2000
600,000 ha in 2001
1.1 million ha in 2002
1.4 million ha in 2003
the only GMC with the largest sown area in China
Fig 1. Bioassay of transgenic cotton
CK transgenic
Bt/CpTI 双价转基因抗虫棉
Field performance of Bt cotton
Good Harvesting
XinJiangHeBei
Jiangsu
Biocentury
ShanDong
HuBei
Biocentury transgene technology Co. Ltd
Promote the commercialization of Bt cotton in China
Established in 1999
Headquarter located in ShenZhen
Company limited by shares
Five branch companies located in 5 provinces 33% share to the patent right owner (BRI, CAAS)
through licensing for patent exploitation
Impact of Bt cotton in China
Cotton yields (000kg/ha) by variety in Hebei and Shandong
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Bt Non-Bt
Numbers of pesticide applicationsby variety in Hebei and Shandong
02468
101214161820
Bt Non-Bt
Pesticide use (kg/ha) by variety in Hebei and Shandong
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bt Non-Bt
Labor input in pesticide application(day/ha)by variety in Hebei and Shandong
519
610
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Bt Non-Bt
Production cost per kg cotton output (yuan/kg) by variety in Hebei and Shandong
3.122
4.28
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Bt Non-Bt
`
Problems in the commercialization of Bt cotton
18 varieties or hybrids officially registered
more than 100 “Bt cotton” varieties available in the seed market:
real seeds with different name; fake seeds with real name.
cotton farmers are suffered from fake seeds
Concluding remarks I
The legal system for IPR protection is established in China, but need to be improved
Plant biotech IPR protection mainly through patent
Patent application on genetic engineering is dominated by foreign companies, but domestic application surpassed in recent years
Agriculture related patent application is increasing, but still dominated by pharmaceuticals
Concluding remarks 2
Great progress in non-transgenic plants for PVP: hybrid rice and corn
Many problems faced in the implementation of IPR protection, the system need to be improved or justified
Bt cotton has significant social/economic impact, is a good example of plant biotech benefits to the society and people
Thank you for your attention!
Thanks for your attention!
Further information on IPRs
Agriculture: Agri., forestry, livestock, breed aquatics; products and method.
Methodology: (1)searching from CPO data base (2) key words: recombination; gene; DNA; RNA; plasmids etc.
PVP
New variety: novelty; distinctness; uniformity; stability.
Protected botanical genera and species of plants (MOA)
◆ The first batch issued on June 16, 1999
rice, maize, Chinese cabbage, potato, spring orchids, chrysanthemum, Pink( 石竹) , clover, grass(早熟禾)
◆ The second batch issued on March 3, 2000
wheat, soybean, oil rape, peanut, tomato, cucumber, chili, pear, dock( 酸模)
Protected botanical genera and species of plants (MOA)
◆ The third batch issued on Feb. 26, 2001
orchids, lily, bird of paradise, sealavender (补血草)
◆ The fourth batch issued on Jan. 4, 2002
sweet potato, millet, peach, Litchi, water melon, cabbage, radish
◆ The fifth batch issued on July 14, 2003
broomcorn, barley, ramie (苎麻) , apple, citrus, banana, kiwifruit, grape, plum, eggplant
Total planting areas of major crops (2002)
◆ rice: 28.8 million ha
◆ wheat: 24.7 million ha
◆ corn: 24.3 million ha
◆ soybean: 9.5 million ha
◆ potato/sweet potato: 10.2 million ha
◆ cotton: 4.8 million ha
Seed Law
License policyHybrid seeds and parent seeds examined by Agri. /f
orestry administration at county level, and approved by provincial administrations
Article 27: farmer can sale or exchange extra seeds on free market w/o license