planning for the developmental athlete - synchro sask · annual plan cycles of annual plan periods...

Planning for Planning for thethe DevelopmentalDevelopmental AthleteAthleteAdolescent PeriodizationAdolescent Periodization

Planning of T / C / RStructure and Hierarchy

Athlete

Long Term Athlete Development

Annual Plan

Cycles of Annual PlanPeriodsPhases

MesocyclesMicrocycles

Sessions

Planning of T / C /RStructure and Hierarchy

Athlete Chronological AgeDevelopmental Age

Training Age (General)Sport-Specific Training Age

Long Term Athlete DevelopmentActive Start

Fundamental PhaseLearn to Train

Train to Train PhaseTrain to Compete Phase

Train to Win PhaseActive for Life

Annual PlanSingle periodizationDouble periodizationTriple periodization

Multiple periodization

Cycles of the Annual Plan

Periods Preparation periodCompetition periodTransition period

Phases General preparatory phaseSpecific preparatory phase

Pre-Competitive phaseCompetitive phaseTransition phase

Mesocycles

Developmental mesocycle Stabilizing mesocycle

Per-Competitive mesocycle Competitive mesocycle Restorative mesocycle Transitional mesocycle

Microcycles

Introductory microcycleDevelopmental microcycle

Shock microcycleStabilizing microcycle

Taper microcyclePeak microcycle

Maintenance microcycleRestoration microcycleTransition microcycle

Sessions / Microcycle

6:1 (4; 6; 9; 12; 15; 18; 18+)5:1 (5; 8; 9; 10; 10+)4:1 (4; 6; 7; 8; 8+)

3:1 (3; 5; 6; 6+)3:1 – 2:1 = 5:2

Developmental age and periodizationDevelopmental age and periodizationWho are the training, competition and

recovery programmes are designed for ?

AthleteChronological Age

Biological AgeTraining Age

-General-Sport-Specific

Long-term Athlete Development FUNdamental Learning to Train Training to Train Training to Compete Training to Win

Annual PlanSingleDoubleTriple

Multiple Periodisation

PeriodsPreparationCompetitionTransition

PhasesGeneralSpecific

Per-CompetitiveCompetitiveTransition

Meso CyclesDevelopmental

StabilizingPre-Competitive

CompetitiveRestorative

Micro CyclesIntroductory

DevelopmentalShock

MaintenanceTaperPeak

RestorationTransition

Sessions6:1= 4 / 6 / 9 / 12 / 1 5

5 : 2 = 3:1 - 2:1NEW PLAN

Evaluation

HEALTH

PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

OPEN

SKILL

PSYCHOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

STRATEGIES

EMOTION

CHARACTER

ENVIRONMENT

ALTITUDEFACILITIES

TEMP

NUTRITION

FOCUS

CONFIDENCE

COMMITTMENT

CLOSEDCOMPLEXFIXED

PLAYS

PASSION

SELFCONTROL

ENERGIZE

INTEGRITY

RESPECT

LEADERSHIP

FITNESS

GEARING UP FOR HIGHGEARING UP FOR HIGHPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE OFFENSIVEDEFENSIVE

hwenger04

OXYGENTRANSPORT

PHYSIOLOGY POWER

STRENGTH

HEALTH

REST/FATIGUE

NUTRITION

ENERGYSYSTEMS

ABSOLUTE

RELATIVE

SPECIFIC

AEROBIC

ANAEROBICLACTIC

ANAEROBICALACTIC

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CENTRALPERIPHERALPERIPHERAL

PULMONARYPULMONARY

SPEED

EXPLOSIVE

INJURY

DISEASE

OVERTRAINING

RECOVERY

SLEEP

REPAIR

FUELS

HYDRATION

NUTRIENTS

Daily Cycle- 14th October 1999

Time Rotation Court1:30-3:00pm Drilling 143:00 -4:30pm IPI Dome3:00 – 3:45pm Mental Conditioning. (M/T)*4:30-6:00pm Match-play 21

Note: *On Monday’s each student will have 45 minutes of mental conditioning. On Thursday a mental conditioning staff member observes each student on the courts.

Rotation 1 – DrillingTime: 1:30-3:00pm

Objective: Match Simulation Drills

1. W/Up: Mini Tennis 10 min2. Defend B/line X-crt 15 min3. Attack B/line D-T-L 15 min4. Control Center & Close In 15 min5. Change of Direction 15 min6. Depth & Consistency 10 min7. W/Dn: Stretch & Hydrate 10 min

Total 90 min

Rotation 2 – IPI (Fitness)Time: 3:00 – 4:30

Objective: Download before competition

1. Warm-up 10 min2. Agility 10 min3. Balance 10 min4. Speed 10 min5. Rest 10 min6. Strength 10 min7. Power 10 min8. Pre-habilitation 10 min9. Regeneration 10 min

Total 90 min

Rotation 4 – Match PlayTime: 4:30 – 6:00Objective: Practice Set

Rotation 3 – Mental ConditioningTime: 3:00 – 4:00 pm

Objective: Increase mental toughness

.Testing Evaluation

.Goal Setting

.Quality Practice = Quality Performance

.Attitude / Concentration / Effort

.Developing Rituals

.Self Awareness

Note: These are some of the topics that are covered throughout the year.

The Five SThe Five S’’s of Training and s of Training and PerformancePerformance

(Dick, 1985)(Dick, 1985)• Stamina• Strength• Speed• Skill• Suppleness

Attila the Hun's principle # 1 on periodisation

Horizontal and Vertical IntegrationHorizontal and Vertical IntegrationThe Art and Science of CoachingThe Art and Science of Coaching

(Balyi, 1995)(Balyi, 1995)

Strength Stam ina

Speed

Sk ill

Suppleness

Train ing / H orizonta l P rogression

Annual C ycle / W eeks 1 - 52

Vert

ical

Inte

grat

ion

P erform ance

Choosing early,average or late

maturers?

Training and ChildrenTraining and Children((C. Williams, 2005)C. Williams, 2005)

• Poor evidence of large physiological benefits studies in children

• Growth and maturation effects often unaccounted

• Improvements have been found but generally prepubertal < adolescents < adults

Growth spurt

Consequences of the Growth SpurtConsequences of the Growth Spurt

• Loss of co-ordination• Biomechanical

breakdown• Skill break down

Arm SpanArm Span

Sitting HeightSitting Height

Standing HeightStanding Height

Distribution of Training and Competition Ratios(Balyi and Hills)

Program Design for the Developmental AthleteProgram Design for the Developmental Athlete

Conception des programmes pour lConception des programmes pour l’’athlathlèète en te en ddééveloppementveloppement

Trainability Trainability -- CapacitCapacitéé dd’’entraentraîînementnement• Based on chronological

age:– Skill– Speed– Suppleness

• Based on developmental age– Stamina– Strength

• Biological markers – onset of PHV – PHV – onset of menarche

• Fondée sur l’âge chronologique :– Habiletés– Vitesse– Flexibilité (souplesse)

• Fondée sur l’âge de développement :– Endurance– Force– Jalons biologiques (début

du pic de croissance rapide-soudaine et croissance rapide-soudaine)

Developmental age Developmental age -- PHVPHV

• How to measure ?• What to measure ?• When to measure ?• What tools to use for

the measurements ?• Who should measure ?• How to administer

measurement data ?

• Comment le mesurer?• Quoi mesurer?• Quand mesurer?• Quels outils utiliser

pour mesurer?• Qui devrait mesurer?• Comment administrer

les données de mesure?

Âge de dÂge de dééveloppement veloppement –– pic de croissance rapidepic de croissance rapide--soudainesoudaine

How to Measure PHVHow to Measure PHV

• Tools and equipment for measuring• If stature data is going to be heavily incorporated into training

plans, data must be very accurate, and thus, the more expensive the purchased equipment should be.

• Ideal equipment:• A free standing or wall mounted stadiometer• This stadiometer would need to have sliding headboards and a dial

or digital (or digital read outs), which would aid in the ease of use• Acceptable equipment includes:• An anthropometer or retractable steel measuring tape• A headboard• A platform for measuring, about 1 m2 made out of standard ply

wood, ideally with adjustable feet

Unacceptable equipment includes:

• A cloth measuring tape• Flexible material• Carpeted floor• An uneven floor• No backboard

Example 1 – Two measurements within 0.4 cm of each other

Stature measurement #1 166.2 cmStature measurement #2 166.3 cm

The above two measurements are within the acceptable range and the mean measurement recorded as 166.3 cm.

Example 2 – Two measurements not within 0.4 cm each other

Stature measurement #1 158.2 cmStature measurement #2 162.9 cmStature measurement #3 162.6 cm

The above two measurements are not within 0.4 cm of each other; therefore, the median of the three

scores needs to be used, and the recorded score is 162.6 cm.

Determining a Velocity Curve

To determine the velocity curve, the increase in stature from one measurement time period to the next consecutive measurement time period is subtracted one from the other. For example, from 9 years to 10 years the increase in stature is 4.8 cm.

Total Growth from Year to Year starting at age 5:

0.50.91.31.92.33.37.712.08.64.85.04.85.04.85.0Ht (cm)

19 to 20

18 to 19

17 to 18

16 to 17

15 to 16

14 to 15

13 to 14

12 to 13

11 to 12

10 to 11

9 to 10

8 to 9

7 to 8

6 to 7

5 to 6

Year

Age 67

89

1011

1213

1415

1617

1819

200

5

10

15

cm/year

•By plotting the velocity curves it will be possible to clearly distinguish the rate of growth from one point in time to another.

•The velocity curve will immediately show distinctive growth points (for example, the onset of the acceleration in the curve, the peak in the curve and the deceleration in the curve).

• Protocol for Standing Height Measurement

• The student stands erect in bare feet with heels, buttocks and shoulders pressed against the stadiometre

• Heels together with arms hanging freely by the side (palms facing thighs)

• The tester applies gentle upward traction to the skull behind the ears

• The student is instructed to look straight ahead, take a deep breath and stand as tall as possible

• Draw down the measuring bar to the student’s head and record standing height to the nearest 0.1cm

The orbitale (O) is located on the lower or most inferior margin of the eye socket. The tragion (T) is the notch above or superior to the tragus or flap of the ear, at the superior aspect of the zygomatic bone. This position corresponds almost exactly to the visual axis when the subject is looking directly ahead.

Protocol for Sitting Height MeasurementProtocol for Sitting Height Measurement

• Athlete sits on the base of the stadiometre with knees slightly bent. Hands rested on knees

• The buttocks and shoulders rest lightly against the standiometre, which is positioned vertically behind the student. Ensure there is no gap between buttocks of student and stadiometre

• The tester applies gentle upwards traction to the skull behind the ears to ensure the trunk is fully stretched

• Draw down the measuring bar to the students head and record sitting height to the nearest 0.1cm

• Once sitting height is calculated, it can be subtracted from the stature

Protocol for Arm Length MeasurementProtocol for Arm Length Measurement

• Mount a tape measure on the wall about shoulder height of the students being tested. Ensure the starting point of the tape measure is fixed to a corner of a wall. This is where the student’s fingers must be fixed

• The student stands erect with their stomach and toes facing the wall, feet together and head turned to the right

• The arms are extended laterally at shoulder level (horizontal) with palms facing forwards. Fingers stretched

• The tip of the middle finger is aligned with the beginning of the tape measure (corner of wall) and arms are out-stretched along the tape measure

• Use a ruler held vertically to the tape measure to record total arm span to the nearest 0.1cm.

Cessation of growthFin de la croissance

Slow decelerationLente décélération

Steady growthCroissance régulière

Rapid growthCroissance très rapide

Rapid decelerationDécélération rapide

Very Rapid GrowthCroissance très rapide

Very rapid decelerationDécélération plus rapide

Phases of Measurement Phases de croissance

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

0

5

10

15

20

25

Phase1

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 4

Phase 5

Phase 6

CM

Age

Recommended procedure Recommended procedure Marche Marche àà suivre recommandsuivre recommandééee

• Phase 1: Age 0 to 6– Very rapid growth followed by very rapid deceleration – Measure standing height and weight on birthday - take a

head and shoulder and a full stature photo just for the family record

• Phase 1 :– Croissance très rapide suivie d’une décélération rapide– Mesurer la taille debout et prendre le poids à la date de

naissance (prendre une photo de la tête et des épaules et une photo pleine taille juste pour l’album de famille!)

• Phase 2: Age 6 to the Onset of PHV– Steady growth until the onset of PHV– Measure standing height and weight on birthday– Measure standing height quarterly – every 3 month– If measurement takes place in the club, replace birthday

with an annual starting point of measurements

• Phase 2 : – Croissance régulière jusqu’au début du pic de croissance

rapide-soudaine– Mesurer la taille debout et prendre le poids à la date de

naissance– Mesurer la taille tous les trimestres – tous les trois mois


• Phase 3: From the onset of PHV to PHV– Rapid growth until peak is reached – Measure standing height, sitting heights and arm span every

3 month– Measure height and weight on birthday – for the family or

personal record

• Phase 3 :– Croissance rapide jusqu’à ce que le pic soit atteint– Mesurer la taille debout et la taille assise ainsi que les bras

tendus tous les trois mois– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de naissance –

pour le suivi


• Phase 4 : – Décélération rapide– Mesurer la taille debout et la taille assise ainsi que les bras

tendus tous les trois mois– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de naissance –

pour le suivi

• Phase 4: From PHV to Slow Deceleration– Rapid deceleration– Measure standing height, sitting heights and arm span every

3 month– Measure height and weight on birthday – for the family or

personal record


• Phase 5: From Slow Deceleration to Cessation– Slow deceleration of growth until cessation of growth – Measure standing height every 3 month– Measure height and weight on birthday – for the family or

personal record

• Phase 5 :– Lente décélération de la croissance jusqu’à sa fin– Mesurer la taille debout tous les trois mois– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de naissance –

pour le suivi


• Phase 6 : – Fin de la croissance– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de

naissance – pour le suivi, si on veut

• Phase 6: – Cessation of growth– Measure height and weight on birthday – for

personal record, if interested


The Role of Monitoring Growth in Long-Term Athlete Development

www.ltad.caNext month

Sensitive periods for development of motor abilities in young swimmers (Schramm at al., 1984)

Boys 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Coordination/agilityRapidness/motor reactionSpeed of locomotionsExtensive aerobic enduranceIntensive aerobic enduranceGeneral strength enduranceRapid strength [small resistance]Maximal StrengthSpecial strength endurance

Girls 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Coordination/agilityRapidness/motor reactionSpeed of locomotionsExtensive aerobic enduranceIntensive aerobic enduranceGeneral strength enduranceRapid strength [small resistance]Maximal StrengthSpecial strength endurance

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Coordination/AgilityFlexibility/MobilityAerobic CapacityAerobic Pow erAnaerobic AbilitiesSpeed/StrengthMaximal StrengthGeneral Strenghth EnduranceSpecial Strength EndurancePulling ForceGirls

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Coordination/AgilityFlexibility/MobilityAerobic CapacityAerobic Pow erAnaerobic AbilitiesSpeed/StrengthMaximal StrengthGeneral Strenghth EnduranceSpecial Strength EndurancePulling Force

Sensitive periods for development of motor abilities in youngswimmers (Vorontsov, Solomatin, Sidorov, 1986, 1988)

☺1 and ☺ 2♦♦

As NeededOptimal Training AgeModerationShould be AvoidedNot a Priority

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺♦♦FGo Games/Tactical

☺☺☺☺☺☺FAdvanced Technical

☺☺☺☺☺☺FBasic TechniquesCPKS

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺FCoordination/ Agility / Balance

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺FFlexibility

☺☺☺2☺2☺2☺1☺1☺1FSpeed (efforts less than 5

secs)

☺☺☺♦♦♦♦♦♦FSpeed Strength(Power)

☺☺☺☺♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦FMaximum Strength(one rep. maximum)

☺☺☺☺2☺2☺2☺1☺1☺1♦♦♦FStrength Endurance( repetitions)

☺☺♦♦♦♦♦FSpeed Endurance (short – sustained

period)

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺♦♦♦♦♦FStaminaAerobic Base

20191817161514131211109876YrsDEVELOPMENT

Train to WinTrainto Compete

Trainingto Train

Learning To TrainFundamentalsLong Term Player Development - FEMALE

FEMALESFEMALESAdapted from Canadian Coaching Association publication

☺2 ☺2 ☺2

MeroMero

• Windows of Trainability refers to the sensitive periods of accelerated adaptation to training, which occurs prior, during and early post puberty.

• All systems are always trainable, thus the windows are always open

• The window is fully open during the sensitive periods of accelerated adaptation to training and partially open outside of the sensitive periods.

Viru et.al. Age periods of accelerated improvements of muscle strength, power, speed and endurance in

the age intervals of 6 – 18 years.(Biology of Sport. Vol.15, No 4, pp.211-227)

• 31 studies and 11 reviews (peer reviewed, internationally verified)

• Cross sectional studies, number of subjects 83 to 21175• Longitudinal studies 65 to 90• Age range 6 to 18 years• Clearly defined endurance, strength and speed windows

Meta analysisMeta analysis

The Five SThe Five S’’ss(Dick, 1985)(Dick, 1985)

• Stamina• Strength• Speed• Skill• Suppleness

The Trainability of the Five S’sEndurance

• Always trainable• Sensitive period - window of

accelerated adaptation to stamina• On-set of PHV = aerobic capacity• PHV peak (deceleration of growth)

aerobic power

Kobayashi et al.Kobayashi et al.Aerobic power as related to body growth and training in JapaneseAerobic power as related to body growth and training in Japanese

boys: a longitudinal studyboys: a longitudinal studyJournal of Applied Physiology, Issue 5, 666Journal of Applied Physiology, Issue 5, 666--672, 1978672, 1978

• A remarkable increase in aerobic power was not observed in trained boys before the age of PHV.

• Beginning approximately 1 yr prior to the age of PHV and thereafter, training effectively increased aerobic power above the normal increase attributable to age and growth.

Rushall, B. The Growth of Physical Characteristics in Male and Female Children.

In: Sports Coach, Australia. Vol.20. No 64, Summer, 1998. pp. 25 – 27.(Electronic Version)

• “… studies at the International Centre for Aquatic Research in Colorado Springs have shown that swimmer’s aerobic capacity reaches its ceiling level at the time of the onset of the adolescent growth spurt.”

Sport Science Summit USA Swimming

• Sport Science Summit for Young Swimmers: Learning about Athlete Development.

• VO2 max shows significant growth from 10-13 to 14 years and peaks between 17-21 for males and 12-15 for females.

• This time frame, when significant growth can occur (sensitive periods), should be maximised in training to develop the athlete’s long term potential

• Pre-pubescent athletes show significant improvements in long duration, low intensity events

• Coaches should optimise aerobic training during this “sensitive period” (12-15 for females / 17-21 years for males) to maximise athlete’s aerobic development.

• It is suggested that pre-pubescent athletes (ages 9-12/15) should focus on longer distances for reasons related to both skill development and aerobic capacity development.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN YOUNG

SWIMMERS

A.R.Vorontsov, PhD, GB Swimming,

Russian State Academy of Physical Education

© A. R. Vorontsov, 1996, 1998. Last upgrade - 2002.

AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC TRAINING [rationale]

Pre-pubescent children are more predisposed to extensive aerobic training since heart size and blood volume increase in proportion with body size (peak increase of heart size in boys - at the age of 13-14 years; in girls 11-12).

Intensive training exercises should be applied with caution and their volume increased gradually.

A.R.Vorontsov,

THEORY OF SENSITIVE (critical) PERIODS IN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR

LEARNING

Maximal effect on growth patterns and development of motor abilities may be achieved by: 1) exposing juvenile athletes to specialized training during the periods of rapid growth 2) changing training accents and content in accordance with the rhythm of the growth

A.R.VorontsovA.R.Vorontsov,,

Theory of “Sensitive Periods” in motor learning and development

• Purposeful training for development of cardio-respiratory and vascular systems may be effectively used in pre-pubescent and early in pubescent periods of individual development. This training aims first the development of aerobic capacity and efficiency.

• Onset of growth spurt and maturation - most appropriate time for development of aerobic power (VO2 max)

• Training of maximal strength and anaerobic endurance will be most efficient in post-pubescent young athletes.

MYT should be subdivided into stages in accordance withparticularities and rhythm of the growth and development

Best form -extensive

steady statetraining

A.R.VorontsovA.R.Vorontsov,,

• Kaizen – one of the 10 key factors influencing LTAD

• This is the LTAD Expert Group’s interpretation of the existing literature

• Dr. Colin Higgs, Dr. Mary Bluechardt, Dr. Steve Norris, Charles Cardinal, Richard way and Istvan Balyi

Stamina / Endurance

Trainability in WeightTrainability in Weight--Bearing SportsBearing SportsStamina

Trainability in NonTrainability in Non--WeightWeight--Bearing SportsBearing SportsStamina

Aerobic Capacity Aerobic Power

• After the onset of the growth spurt train the aerobic system selecting non-weight bearing training methods (i.e., stationary, mountain or road bike, treadmill, swimming or water running, rowing or kayaking,etc.)

• Keep weight bearing training for sport-specific technical-tactical training

The Trainability of the Five SThe Trainability of the Five S’’ssStrength:Strength:

• Always trainable• Critical window of accelerated

adaptation to strength training:• Window 1 for females immediately

after PHV• Window 2 for females with the onset

of menarche• 12 – 18 month after PHV for males

Accelerated Adaptation to TrainingStrength

• Strength training before maturation is Central Nervous System training and motor coordination improvements

• Medicine balls• Swiss balls• Own body weight

• When the legs are growing train upper body and core (trunk)

• When the arms are growing train lower body and core

• When the trunk is growing train lower body and upper body and the core!

The Trainability of the Five S’sSpeed:

• Always trainable but declines with age• Sensitive period - window of accelerated adaptation

to speed training (Viru, 1995: Borms, 1986):• Males:

– Window 1: 7 - 9 years of age– Window 2: 13 – 16 years of age

• Females: – Window 1: 6 – 8 years of age– Window 2: 11 – 13 years of age– (Chronological age)

• Paradigm shifts in coaching – speed all year round

SpeedSpeed

• Window 1 is agility, quickness window.• Change of direction, linear, lateral and multi

directional speed• Segmental speed• Duration of intervals less then 5 seconds

• Window 2 is anaerobic alactic power and capacity window

• Linear, lateral, multi directional and chaotic speed• Duration of intervals 5 – 20 seconds

• It should be noted that speed should be trained all year round regardless of the annual phases of training

• It should be trained at the end of the warm-up (no CNS or metabolic fatigue) – thus, no interference with any other training activity and the volume should be low

• Appropriately periodized “block” speed training should be implemented within the annual cycle

• These speed training blocks should be longer during the sensitive periods for speed training

Skill - Review ArticleJan Borms - The child and exercise: an overview

Journal of Sports Sciences, 1986, 4, 3-20

• Numerous publications have emphasized the importance of a “golden age” period to learn all kinds

of movement patterns”

• "Most authors agree that this sensitive period can be located between 9 and 12 years of age."

SkillSkill

• In late specialisation sports the window is open longer, (until the onset of PHV) especially when the fundamental movement and fundamental sports skills have been acquired

• The onset of PHV will have a strong negative impact on skill acquisition

• However, as a policy, we want to encourage all sports to develop fundamental movement and sports skills before age 12-13

Training and ChildrenTraining and Children((C. Williams, 2005)C. Williams, 2005)

• Poor evidence of large physiological benefits studies in children

• Growth and maturation effects often unaccounted

• Improvements have been found but generally prepubertal < adolescents < adults

Growth spurt

Consequences of the Growth SpurtConsequences of the Growth Spurt

• Loss of co-ordination• Biomechanical

breakdown• Skill break down

“Adolescent maintenance”

Training PrioritiesTraining Priorities

• During the General Preparatory Phase and the Specific Preparatory Phase the sensitive periods of accelerated adaptation to stamina, strength, speed, skill and suppleness should be prioritized

• Competition programs should be carefully planned and are secondary in importance to optimal training (exploiting the periods of accelerated adaptation)(Viru, 1995)

• “Adolescent maintenance” should be introduced in early specialization sports

Early,Average and

Late maturers

Maturation de l’individu (hâtive,

normale ou tardive)

Development Age of a 14 year old

ConclusionConclusion

• Children are not miniature adults– Physical, mental-cognitive and emotional development

• Monitor growth– Proper measurements

• Reactive periodization– Adjust the training, competition and recovery programmes

to the tempo of growth

• Ensure that “adolescent maintenance” will be implemented when required in all sports

Hi above the hushed crowed, Rex tried to remain focused. Still, he couldn’t shake one nagging thought. He was an old dog and this was a new trick.

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