planning and implementation of rural community development in korea july 2014 sang bong im rural...
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Planning and Implementation
of Rural Community Development
in KoreaJuly 2014
Sang Bong Im
Rural Research Institute, KRC
Korean War (1950~1953)
Transformation of the Korean Economy (1945~2013)
Liberationfrom JapaneseColonial Rule
6 Five-Year-Economic- Development Plans
FinancialCrisis
201319801962 1970 1995
5,000
10,000
67 87
11,432
7,355
1953
Per Capita (US$)GNI
1990
1945
26,205
OECDMember100(1964)
1,000(1977)
1998
A. Growth Trend
Changes in Employment Structure
Manufacturing63.07.9
28.31960
Service Sector
18.6
73.5
7.9
Service Sector
Agriculture / Fisheries
Manufacturing
Agriculture / Fisheries
B. Changes in Industrial Structure
200528.1
68.4
3.5
Service Sector
Agriculture /Fisheries
Manufacturing
36.8
15.9
47.3
Manufacturing
Agriculture /Fisheries Service Sector
Changes in GDP Structure
Rural Communities in 1960s
Car accessible villages: 60%
Electricity accessible villages: 20%
Repeated natural disasters
Low agricultural productivity
One of Least Developed Countries in the World GNP/Capita: US$ 87 in 1962
Poor Infrastructure
Rural poverty ratio in 1967: 34% in absolute term.
Rural Development was an urgent Issue for poverty alleviation
and for reduction of income disparity (social instability).
Community Development Program in Korea
Introduced CD Program in 1958
Pilot Villages: 818 villages in 1960s
Agricultural Production Infrastructure Development & Housing Education, Healthcare, Nutrition …etc.
But, not put down roots successfully in Korea
Introduced Saemaul Undong program in 1971
• Traditional Peasant Society - Seasonality of labor: Drinking &
Gambling - Resistance to change (chance) * Fatalism
Rostow’s Stages of Econ. Growth
• The Traditional Society• The Precondition for Take-off - Agrarian reform - Agricultural productivity - Urban expansion• The Take-off• The Drive to Maturity• The Age of High Mass-
Consumption
Chronology of Dev’t Policy
1945 1950 1970 1995 |---|-|---|----|----|----|----|--- 1948 1962 1978 2000-
• Types of rural development - Poverty reduction/eradication:
Agrl productivity (HYVs) - Income increase: cash crops - Living envt improvement:
Housing, roof, roads, bridges, etc - Industrialization: urban/rural
Nat’l Dev’t Strategy: Export- and Urban-Oriented
Escape from Absolute Poverty in Rural
Areas - Decrease of rural population (50.2%(’70) →43.3%(’80)) ’05 (19%) - Increase of agricultural productivity: 289kg/10a(’65) →503kg(’75), 504kg(’80) - Agricultural product price support policyRural Problems Encountered - Widened dev’t gap between urban & rural areas - Aging rural population - Low viability of rural communities
Saemaul Undong: New Village Movement
Derived from Community Operational Mechanism
1. Village community is an autonomous body 2. Village Community is a social organization 3. Community leadership 4. Various social organizations 5. People identify problems & needs of community6. Solve problems in the way of self-help and cooperation
Initiation of Saemaul Undong: 1971
Distribute 350 bags of cements & ½ ton of steels to each rural village through out the country
Ask to do with these materials what community people want for common purpose
Induced motivation/development needs/ participation/mobilization/empowerment
Government provided supporting measures :Training, financial & administrative support/technical support
Saemaul Logo
Before & After of Saemaul Projects
Improved roofs, fences, roads..
Constructed bridge, changed village
SU Performance: 1972~1981
Total US$ 7,203.2 Million Invested
Government invested 51%Community people invested 49% - 64,686km of rural road were developed - 6,187km of rural road paved - 82,596 new bridges were built - 39,231 community halls were built - 258,000 houses were newly built - 3,047 villages were reconstructed
International communities have questions “Why people participated in SU so enthusiastically?” ---Communication, Competition, Commitment
Saemaul Undong: New Village Movement
A Definition:
A Rural Community Development Movement - Betterment of Living Conditions through
Income, Infrastructure, Living Environment, and Community Building
in the Ways of Self-help and Cooperation under the Government Sponsorship
Goals
• Immediate goals
– Improving living condition of individuals • in the way of self-help and cooperation • with community resources & outside support
Ultimate goal
Building a better and sound community by community peopleBuilding a strong nation
Dimensions
Income Increase
Infrastructure Building
Improve Living Environments
Spiritual Enlightenment&
Social Interaction
Self-help&
Cooperation
Strategies
1. Village Community as Development Unit
2. Government Initiating Bottom-up Approach
3. Integrated Approach
4. Comprehensive Approach
5. More Support for the Better Performance
6. Two tier Change Agents
1. Village Community as Development Unit
• Village as a Community (closed community)
• Social interaction & common ties
• Administrative unit
• Planning & Development unit
• Changing the Role of People
:from consumers or clients to ‘co-producer’ of public services
2. Bottom-up Approach Bottom - Up Approach
(The Continuity of Development Process)
(People’s Participation based on Community Autonomy)
Village Community
Felt Needs forDevelopment
Develop ProjectsBy Village People
ImplementationThe SU
- Economic Affordability- People’s Empowerment - Leadership- Social Organizations- Social Norms for Cooperation and Self-help
Top-Down Approach
Supporting Measure
(Subsidy, Training,
Supervising)
Community-based Bottom - Up Approach
(The Continuity of Development Process)
(People’s Participation & Empowerment based on Community Autonomy)
Village Community
Felt Needs forDevelopment
Develop ProjectsBy Village People
ImplementationThe SMU
Government Initiating Bottom-up Approach
Induce Felt Needs, Providing Motivation for getting sustainability
National Policy for the SMU Program
Supporting Measure(Financial, Training, R&D Administrative Support, Institutional Renovation)
SMU Action Plan (Community Level)
(Horizontal and vertical integration)
3. Integrated Approach
National Policy for Supporting SU Program the Case of Korea
1. Dual price policy for guaranteeing income2. Agricultural income increase policy
3. Side job income increase policy
4. Rural industrialization policy
5. R&D and agricultural extension program
6. Agricultural cooperative fostering policy
7. Farm mechanization policy
8. Agricultural infrastructure development policy
9. Rural education, med-care policy
Agriculture development Non-agriculture development
Agricultural Production Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Housing Building Community Center/Credit Union Community Beautification House Cleaning & Beautification Renovation of Community Institutions Vitalization of Community Festivals Supporting Youth Activities Drinking Water Supply Kitchen Improvement Toilet/ Bathroom Improvement
Income Generation
Infrastructure Building
SU
Community Building
Socio-Cultural
Development
Health & Sanitation
4. Comprehensive Approach at the Micro Level SU Program (horizontal
integration)
5. More Support for the Better Performance
Support more for the better performed community Reward villages leaders for the success
Increase subsidy for the better performance: electrification, cash. Road, etc
Small repeated success & Follow-up program: re-enforce mechanism
Reduce subsidy for poor performance and let them bench marking the successful villages (market conforming)
Continuous support until the community reaches to the level of self-reliance & empowerment
6. Change Agents and Good Partnership
(Vertical Integration) Government Authority (State & Local)
Village Community
Saemaul Leader (village leader)
Local Government Officers
(Two Tire system)
Saemaul leader as Change Agent
• Personal satisfaction of Saemaul leader - respect from community - learning and training with big figures - rivalry among Saemaul leaders
• Positive Motivation & Commitment
• Continued Training and Support
• Shared Vision
• Changing Role of Women
Implementation Process
Government Policy(Subsidy, Guideline)
Change Agents(Supervising,Training &Extension Service)
Village Community
Felt/Induced Needs for Development
Setting Priority of Development
Organization of Village Development Committee
Project Formulation & Goal Setting (5-Year Development Plan)
Project Approval & Implementation
Evaluation and Feedback
Implications of SU1.Based on Community Operational Mechanism
2.Government initiating & supporting measures motivate people to participate
3.Government supporting policies facilitated micro community development programs
4.Government guidelines guaranteed community autonomy
5.Community initiative and empowerment for action plan formulation
6.Partnership between Local government & community
7.Process of Capacity Building and Leadership
8.Contributed to the sustainable community development &
modernization of the nation through attaining can do spirits
Vision - The Lamp of the East / Tagore
(1929) * Nobel prize winner in literature(1913)
- Revitalized rural communities, harmonized with the developed country
The lamp of the east
Rabindranath Tagore In the golden of the Asia Korea was one of its lamp - bearers And that lamp is waiting to be lighted once
again For the illumination in the east.