Masaki Katsumata (JAMSTEC)Masaki Katsumata (JAMSTEC)KunioKunio YoneyamaYoneyama, Shuichi Mori (JAMSTEC), Shuichi Mori (JAMSTEC)PIs of piggyPIs of piggy--bag missions, incl. Yugo bag missions, incl. Yugo KanayaKanaya (JAMSTEC)(JAMSTEC)

YMC science and planning workshop @ CCSR, Singapore / Jan.28YMC science and planning workshop @ CCSR, Singapore / Jan.28--30, 201530, 2015

Photo by Photo by Dr. Dr. DjamalDjamal KhelifKhelifffrom WProm WP--3D during CINDY/DYNAMO3D during CINDY/DYNAMO

Planned observation by R/V Mirai:Planned observation by R/V Mirai:in 2017/18 and in 2015in 2017/18 and in 2015

Mirai equipsMirai equips-- CC--band dualband dual--pol. radarpol. radar: pre: pre--installedinstalled, brand, brand--new new -- radiosonderadiosonde and and CTDCTD:: enable 3enable 3-- / 6/ 6-- hourly obs.hourly obs.-- piggypiggy--bag instrumentsbag instruments::

Example of time series in CINDY/DYNAMO

CTD Temp.(0-120m)

2 31876 2 3187654

Radar echo

coverage

TPW&QrQr

(900(900--600)600)

Estimate of particle shape (H/V ratio)Schematic of dual-pol obs.

Web of NOAA/NWSweb of NOAA/NWS

New & key equipment: C-band dual-polarized radar

RR @ sfc disdrometer

H-Only Dual-Pol

RR fr

om R

adar

web of NIED, Japan

wet snowwet snow

graupelgraupel

Rowe and Houze (2014)

Benefit(1): better estimate rainrate Benefit(2): hydrometer identification

Mirai radarReflectivity1230UTC

Metop/AVHRRIR image1156UTC

PPI (horizontal map) RHIs (vertical cross section)

Z

ZDR

KDP

C-POL “First Image”: 1218Z on 06 Jun. 2014 Katsumata (2014) (in Japanese)

Intensive Observation off and on Sumatra by JAMSTEC in 2017/2018Purpose: Study of precipitation mechanism off and on Sumatra, with focus on the relationship with

1) local atmospheric circulation associated with the Maritime Continent,2) MJO, and3) IOD (SST condition over the oceanic upwelling region).

Period: Dec 2017 - Jan 2018

Location: R/V MIRAI on station off SumatraLand-based Site at Bengkulu

Observations: R/V Mirai C-band Polarimetric Doppler radar, Radiosonde, Surface Meteorology,CTD + water sampling, LADCP, etc.

Bengkulu X-band Polarimetric Doppler radar, Radiosonde, Surface Meteorology, etc.

Remarks: Decision to the R/V Mirai cruise proposal is in pending.EAR is operated at Kototabang by Kyoto University. Additional obs will be done there.In conjunction this cruise, another oceanographic cruise as part of IIOE-2 will be carried out.

RAMA, TAO/TRITONRadar Radiosonde

DEC Mean Rainfall (TRMM, 1998-2012)

Mirai

BengkuluLand-based siteEAR site

R/V Mirai Pre-YMC Cruise in 2015

11/05 lv Sekinehama11/06 ar/lv Hachinohe11/22 ar off Sumatra 12/18 lv off Sumatra12/20 ar Jakarta

Bengkulu

< Atmospheric Measurements >1) C-band dual-pol. scanning Doppler Radar2) Ka-band VP cloud radar3) Radiosonde (3-hrly)4) Surface Meteorology5) Skin SST (Radiometer, Seasnake)6) GPS water vapor7) Disdrometer8) Ceilometer9) Mie / Raman Lidar10) Videosonde (20-30 times)11) Sky Radiometer12) Solar Tracker & Telescope / Optical Spectrum Analyzer13) MAX-DOAS (NO2, AOD)14) High Volume Air Sampler & Gas Analyzers

< Oceanographic Measurements >1) CTD (6- or 3-hrly)

+ water sampling (Nutrients, DO, Chl-a)+ LADCP

2) Underway CTD (prior to on-station obs)3) Ocean surface turbulence (6-hrly, TBD)4) Shipboard ADCP5) Sea Surface Monitoring (T, S, DO, Chl-a, etc.)

< Others >1) Sea Skater Sampling (10 times)

On-board Personnel fromJAMSTEC, JAXA, Indonesia (BPPT and/or BMKG),Univ. Tokyo, Univ. Toyama, Yamaguchi Univ., Kochi Univ.

RainfallTRMM/PR

Off Sumatra

Diurnal migrationof

precipitation

(Mori et al. MWR 2004)

Schematics of diurnal migrationg precip. system

Coastal heavy-rain system, migrating diurnally Mori et al. (2004)

Land-based site(s) (Details under discussion)

R/V Mirai• Soundings• Dual-pol. radar• Oceanic profilers (CTD etc.)• Piggy-bag instruments

Buoy(s)• Oceanic profiles• Surface Met

2D schematics of observation in Nov. / Dec. 2015

diurnalpropagatingcloud

Air-sea interaction

upwelling /ocean mixing

radiosonde

Videosonde/HYVIS

Candidate Position for “Station”

+

Candidate vessel station: 50 km from coast

(within radar range)

R=100kmCandidate land-site:

Benkulu

Helps by Indonesian Agencies are essential to get permission

Aerosols: remote/in-situ obs. on R/V Mirai

parameters instruments Priority (tbc)

AOD & its vertical profile Mie Lidar/ Skyradiometer/ MAX-DOAS

H

Black carbon (BC) SP2 H

Fluorescent bioaerosolparticles

WIBS H

Rainwater(BC, bioaerosol)

Sampling H

CO (Pollution tracer), O3, NO2, etc.

NDIR, UV abs, MAX-DOAS

H

CN number density CPC M

Particle size distribution OPC L

Water soluble ions/metal High-Vol air sampler

L

1. Elucidate spatio-temporal variation & origins (Forest Fires/Industrial) 2. Identify “Seeds” of clouds/rain (Cloud Condensation Nuclei/ Ice Nuclei)

High BC concentrations:

likely from Forest Fires

MAX-DOAS

SP2 (black carbon)

Preliminary Black carbon obs. by SP2 (MR14-01/02, Jan/Feb 2014)

High eff. NebulizerHigh eff. Nebulizer bioaerosol

Taketani, Miyakawa et al.In preparation

Below cloud rain water sampling

“Single-Particle” characterization

offline post-analysis

In-situ analysis

(also In-situ)

R/V Mirai Pre-YMC Cruise in 2015

11/05 lv Sekinehama11/06 ar/lv Hachinohe11/22 ar off Sumatra 12/18 lv off Sumatra12/20 ar Jakarta

Bengkulu

< Atmospheric Measurements >1) C-band dual-pol. scanning Doppler Radar2) Ka-band VP cloud radar3) Radiosonde (3-hrly)4) Surface Meteorology5) Skin SST (Radiometer, Seasnake)6) GPS water vapor7) Disdrometer8) Ceilometer9) Mie / Raman Lidar10) Videosonde (20-30 times)11) Sky Radiometer12) Solar Tracker & Telescope / Optical Spectrum Analyzer13) MAX-DOAS (NO2, AOD)14) High Volume Air Sampler & Gas Analyzers

< Oceanographic Measurements >1) CTD (6- or 3-hrly)

+ water sampling (Nutrients, DO, Chl-a)+ LADCP

2) Underway CTD (prior to on-station obs)3) Ocean surface turbulence (6-hrly, TBD)4) Shipboard ADCP5) Sea Surface Monitoring (T, S, DO, Chl-a, etc.)

< Others >1) Sea Skater Sampling (10 times)

On-board Personnel fromJAMSTEC, JAXA, Indonesia (BPPT and/or BMKG),Univ. Tokyo, Univ. Toyama, Yamaguchi Univ., Kochi Univ.

Overview of “YMC (Years of Maritime Continent)”

Surface Met.

“ Sea Snake” SSST

“ ISAR” SSST

Shipboard ADCP

CTDO + LADCP

Water Sampling(Sal, DO, Nuts, etc.)

Micro Structure Profiler

Disdrometer

GPS for TPW

Surface Water (T/S/DO)

Vapor

Surface

Ocean

WindC-band Scanning Dual-Pol. Radar

XCTD / UCTD

Temp.

Radiosonde

VP cloud radar

Planned observation on R/V MIRAI in Nov. / Dec. 2015

aerosol

HYVIS /Videosonde

aerosol

gas

Rain / Cloud

Ceilometer

VP Mie Lidar w / Raman Obs.

Experimental instruments / platforms

Wave Glider New shallow-profiling float

• 定点観測期間に試験機材の展開・回収作業を実施• 展開・回収のタイミングは未定• 機材状況等により、緊急に作業を行うこともあり得る

Aerosols: remote/in-situ obs. on R/V Mirai

parameters instruments Priority (tbc)

AOD & its vertical profile Mie Lidar/ Skyradiometer/ MAX-DOAS

H

Black carbon (BC) SP2 H

Fluorescent bioaerosolparticles

WIBS H

Rainwater(BC, bioaerosol)

Sampling H

CO (Pollution tracer), O3, NO2, etc.

NDIR, UV abs, MAX-DOAS

H

CN number density CPC M

Particle size distribution OPC L

Water soluble ions/metal High-Vol air sampler

L

1. Elucidate spatio-temporal variation & origins (Forest Fires/Industrial) 2. Identify “Seeds” of clouds/rain (Cloud Condensation Nuclei/ Ice Nuclei)

High BC concentrations:

likely from Forest Fires

MAX-DOAS

SP2 (black carbon)

Preliminary Black carbon obs. by SP2 (MR14-01/02, Jan/Feb 2014)

High eff. NebulizerHigh eff. Nebulizer bioaerosol

Taketani, Miyakawa et al.In preparation

Below cloud rain water sampling

“Single-Particle” characterization

offline post-analysis

In-situ analysis

(also In-situ)

Measurements of Airborne and Waterborne Particles over Coastal Sea of MC

Rain water collection

High-efficiency Aerosolization Device

“Single-Particle” airborne measurementsBlack carbon

Sea-saltBiological

Airborne(in-situ)

Single-Particle SootPhotometer (H)

Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (H)

Waterborne(post-analysis)

Convection over Coastal Sea of MC

Land breeze(anthropogenic?)

Rain water sampling

Total aerosols as seeds of cloud droplets

CCN-activeaerosols

parameters instrument Priority (tbc)

AOD and its profile Mie Lidar/ Skyradiometer/ MAX-DOAS

H

Black carbon (BC) SP2 H

Fluorescent bioaerosolparticles

WIBS H

CO (Pollution tracer), O3 NDIR, UV abs H

Impurity in Rainwater(for BC, bioaerosol)

Sampling H

Water soluble ions/metal HV air sampler L

CN number density CPC M

Below cloud

List of instruments

Overview of “YMC (Years of Maritime Continent)”

CTD/LADCPoceanic mixed

layer

Wave Glider + T-ChainSfcMet / Ocean Skin

Temp.

X-band dual-pol. Radar4D structure of precip.

System

GPM-Core

Expected special observation in Nov/Dec 2015

Videosonde/HYVIS (with Yamaguchi Univ.)

in-situ microphysics

Radiosondeambient

P/T/RH/Wind

Land-based site

RAMA buoyFar-field

met./ocean status

R/V Mirai

JAXA Ka-band radar(on R/V Mirai)

vertical structure of Rain

C-band dual-pol. Radar4D structure of precip.

system

Targetting land, coastal and oceanic rain

and their transitionby ship- and land-based instruments

Focused 1-D Processes and Measurements @ Mirai “Supersite”

Free atmosphereRadiosonde (PTU, wind)

Lidar (Vapor)GPS (Vapor)

Atmos. mixed layerRadiosonde (PTU, wind)

Lider (aerosol, vapor)Aesorol measurements

Wind Profiler (wind) … ?

Oceanic mixed layer CTD / UCTD (TS)

ADCP / LADCP (UV(W))TurboMAP (e)

CTD Chain @ Wave Glider (TS, 0-10m)

Clouds and PrecipitationDual-pol radar (3D, hydrometer & wind)

VP radars (detail 2D, rain & cloud)Lidar (cloud & aerosol))

Videosonde (microphysics)

HEAT / MOMENTUM FLUX

Fundaments:• Focusing “atmos-ocean-land interaction via precipitating system”• Designing observation for “observation-based process study” (not just a

supplement of, or just a validation of, numerical models) • Enabling by limited resources for observations

Concept:• Simplifying the target process

--> focusing 2D (x-z) processes, extend 3D (x-y-z) if possible• Select target area to allow approximating 2D process

• Long (near-) straight coastline• Hopefully N-S direction (orthogonal to prevailing zonal wind in tropics)

• Align platforms on the line orthogonal to coastline• Including following unresolved target and their interactions:

• Nature and variation of diurnal signal• Migrating precipitating system• Oceanic surface (mixed) layer

• Processes in atmospheric / oceanic boundary (mixed/surface) layer• Cloud microphysics and aerosols• Coastal upwelling

Katsumata (JAMSTEC): Concept to link Mirai and other platforms

Sciences and Operations of R/V Mirai MR15-04 Cruise

Basic Target: Coastal Heavy-Rain System Ogino et al. (2013)

Annual Rain (TRMM)Ra

in (m

m/y

ear)

Distance from coastline (km)

Annual Rainfall, distance from coast Cumulative Areal Rain

Cum

ulat

ed ra

infa

ll (%

)

年間降水量(mm)

海岸線を中心に鋭いピーク海岸線±３００ｋｍ

3000mm以上は沿岸域のみ：物理的意味？

RainfallTRMM/PR

Off Sumatra

Diurnal migrationof

precipitation

(Mori et al. MWR 2004)

Schematics of diurnal migrationg precip. system

Coastal Heavy-Rain System: Diurnal cycle and migration Mori et al. (2004)

Intraseasonal Modulation of diurnal cycle Fujita et al. (2011)

MJO対流活発期直前に日変化が強化

Oceanic Variations

Nov

Dec

Monthly Averaged SST

11－12月はスマトラ近傍の湧昇の衰退期IODの衰退期でもある。

Eko, private comm.

Katsumata et al. (2014)

海面付近の日変化雨による冷却→大気からの影響

Bellenger et al. (2010)

海洋日変化の強弱と降水雲の日変化パターンが連動

Schematics of observation in 2D cross section during Stationary Observation Period

湧昇

偏波レーダー降水雲の構造

ビデオゾンデ/HYVIS微物理構造

ラジオゾンデ大気環境場の構造

CTD/採水分析/LADCP海洋混合層成層構造

Wave Glider + T-Chain海洋極表層構造

RAMAブイ網海洋構造、背景場

95E

5S

インドネシアEEZ外の場合(5S95Eブイ近傍？)

Benkuluから50kmBenkulu

(想定中の陸上サイト）

RAMAブイ

Candidate Position for “Station”

インドネシアEEZ

http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/