planet formation topic: collapsing clouds and the formation of disks lecture by: c.p. dullemond
TRANSCRIPT
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Planet Formation
Topic:
Collapsing cloudsand the
formation of disks
Lecture by: C.P. Dullemond
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Formation of a star from a spherical molecular cloud core
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Hydrostatic pre-stellar Cloud Core
Equation of hydrostatic equilibrium:
Equation of state:
Enclosed mass M(r):
r
Isothermal sound speed:
We assume that cloud is isothermal at e.g. T = 30 K
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Hydrostatic pre-stellar Cloud CoreAnsatz: Powerlaw density distribution:
Put it into pressure gradient:
Divide by density:
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Hydrostatic pre-stellar Cloud CoreAnsatz: Powerlaw density distribution:
Put it into the enclosed mass integral:
(for q>-3)
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Hydrostatic pre-stellar Cloud Core
Put it into the hydrostatic equil eq.:
Only a solution for q=-2
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Hydrostatic pre-stellar Cloud Core
and
gives:
Singular isothermalsphere hydrostatic solution
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Inside-out Collapse
The idea by Frank Shu (the „Shu model“)is that a singular isothermal sphere maystart collapsing once a small disturbancein the center makes the center lose itspressure.
Then the next mass shell loses its support and starts to fall.
Then the next mass shell loses its support and starts to fall.
Etc etc. Inside-out collapse.
Wave proceeds outward with the isothermal sound speed.
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Inside-out Collapse
Once a shell at radius r starts to fall, it takesabout a free-fall time scale before it reaches the center. This is roughly the same timeit took for the collapse wave to travel from the center to the radius.
Let us, however, assume it falls instantly(to make it easier, because the real solutionis quite tricky). The mass of a shell at radius r and width dr is:
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Inside-out CollapseSind the collapse wave propagates at
Meaning we get a dM(r) of
If we indeed assume that this shell falls instantly onto the center (where the star is formed) then the mass of the star increases as
If we account for the free-fall time, we obtain roughly:
The „accretion rate“ is constant!
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Formation of a diskdue to angular momentum
conservation
Ref: Book by Stahler & Palla
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Formation of a diskSolid-body rotation of cloud:
0
x
y
z
v0
r0
Infalling gas-parcel falls almost radially inward, but close to the star, its angular momentum starts to affect the motion.
At that radius r<<r0 the kinetic energy v2/2 vastly exceeds the initial kinetic energy. So one can say that the parcel started almost without energy.
Assume fixed M
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Formation of a diskSimple estimate using angular momentum:
0
x
y
z
v0
r0
Kepler orbit at r<<r0 has:
Setting yields
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Formation of a disk
No energy condition:
Focal point of ellipse/parabola:
Equator
r rm
re
avm
Ang. Mom. Conserv:
Radius at which parcel hits the equatorial plane:
Bit better calculation
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Formation of a disk
With which angular velocity will the gas enter the disk?
Since also gas packages come from the other side of the equatorial plane, a disk is formed.
Kepler angular momentum at r=re:
Their ratio is: The infalling gas rotated sub-kepler. It must therefore slide somewhat inward before it really entersthe disk.
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Formation of a disk
For larger 0: larger re
For given shell (i.e. given r0), all the matter falls within thecentrifugal radius rc onto the midplane.
If rc < r*, then mass is loaded directly onto the star
If rc > r*, then a disk is formed
In Shu model, r0 ~ t, and M ~ t, and therefore:
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Formation of a disk
• This model has a major problem: The disk is assumed to be infinitely thin. As we shall see later, this is not true at all.
• Gas can therefore hit the outer part of the disk well before it hits the equatorial plane.
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Disk formation: Simulations
Yorke, Bodenheimer & Laughlin (1993)