plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpuji · process which a word can be formed into another word....

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSIN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX –ION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

OCTANIA RISTIANI

Student Number: 104214051

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSIN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX –ION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

OCTANIA RISTIANI


ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2015


ii

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSIN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX -ION

ByOctania Ristiani


Approved by

Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. April 7, 2015Advisor

Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. April 7, 2015Co-Advisor


iii

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSIN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX -ION

ByOctania Ristiani


Defended before the Board of ExaminersOn April 29, 2015

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signature

Chairperson : Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. _______________

Secretary : Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. _______________

Member 1 : Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. _______________

Member 2 : Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. _______________

Member 3 : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. _______________

Yogyakarta, April 30, 2015Faculty of Letters

Sanata Dharma UniversityDean

Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A.


iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, April 30, 2015

Octania Ristiani


v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAHUNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Octania Ristiani

Nomor Mahasiswa : 104214051

Demi pembangunan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada PerpustakaanUniversitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS IN THEENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX -ION

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian sayamemberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untukmenyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalambentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, danmempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademistanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepadasaya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di YogyakartaPada tanggal, 7 April 2015

Yang menyatakan,

Octania Ristiani


vi

There is nothing either good or bad

but thinking makes it so

-William Shakespeare-


vii

This Thesis is Dedicated to

My beloved grandparents,

My beloved parents,

My dearest brother,

And all of my friends


viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to praise Allah SWT for the blessing and the help

upon me so I can finish the writing of this thesis. I want to give my deepest

gratitude to Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. as my thesis advisor who always gives her

patience, her time, guidance, corrections, and suggestions. I also would like to

thank Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. as my Co-Advisor, her time and suggestions

are very important to me. I thank my Examiner Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd.,

M.A. for giving me some corrections and suggestions in my thesis defense. I

thank to all lecturers who guide me during my study and also Mbak Ninik for

giving me some information about all of the academic activities.

I also do not forget to give my biggest thanks to my beloved parents, Aris

Mawardi and Sri Saparni, who always pray, love, and support me started from

the very beginning I decided to be a student of English Letters Department, Sanata

Dharma University until now. I also thank my dearest brother, Andhika Desta

Ramadhan, who always pray, love, and support through my study and my thesis.

I would like to say thank you to my best friends Widia, Yanis, Joe, and

Tia who always gives me their good suggestions and always support me so I can

motivate myself to finish my undergraduate thesis. I thank Dita who helped me

during the process of collecting my data by lending me her dictionary. The last but

not least, I also thanks to my entire classmate in class B, English Letters

Department 2010, who did not forget to support and to share each other during

the process of the writing of our undergraduate thesis.

Octania Ristiani


ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... iAPPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ iiACCEPTANCE PAGE ....................................................................................... iiiLEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. ivSTATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .....................................................................vMOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................... viDEDICATION PAGE......................................................................................... viiACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................... viiiTABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... ixLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................. xiABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xiiABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1A. Background of the Study..............................................................................1B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................................3C. Objectives of the study.................................................................................3D. Definition of Terms......................................................................................4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .....................................................5A. Review of Related Studies ...........................................................................5B. Review of Related Theories .........................................................................7

1. Theory of Morpheme .............................................................................72. Theory of Root and Stem .......................................................................83. Theory of Allomorph .............................................................................84. Theory of Morphophonemic Process .....................................................95. Theory of Notation Rules.....................................................................116. Review of Suffix –ion ..........................................................................12

C. Theoretical Framework ..............................................................................12

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................14A. Object of the Study.....................................................................................14B. Approach of the Study ...............................................................................14C. Method of the Study...................................................................................15

1. Data Collection.....................................................................................152. Data Analysis .......................................................................................17

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS........................18A. Types of Verb Forms Attached by Suffix –ion..........................................18

1. A Verb with –ate ..................................................................................192. A Verb with –ize or –ise.......................................................................203. A Verb with alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l ..............................................224. A Verb with fricative v and nasal m and n...........................................23

B. The Process of Nominalization by Suffix –ion..........................................24


x

1. Insertion................................................................................................242. Replacement.........................................................................................283. Simple Affixation.................................................................................29

C. The Morphophonemic Processes of Suffix –ion........................................311. Consonant Change and Vowel Change................................................31

a. Consonant Change .........................................................................31b. Vowel Change................................................................................33

1. Vowel to Vowel .......................................................................332. Vowel to Diphthong.................................................................343. Diphthong to Vowel.................................................................35

2. Schwa Epenthesis.................................................................................363. Stress Shift ...........................................................................................37

a. From Ante-Penultimate to Penultimate..........................................37b. From Ultimate to Penultimate........................................................39

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...........................................................................41BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................44APPENDIX ..........................................................................................................46

Appendix 1 .....................................................................................................46Appendix 2 .....................................................................................................46Appendix 3 .....................................................................................................47Appendix 4 .....................................................................................................48


xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

E. : English

F. : French

G. : German

L. : Latin

LateL : Late Latin

MedL : Middle Latin

(O)F. : Old French

(O)L. : Old Latin


xii

ABSTRACT

RISTIANI, OCTANIA. Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in theEnglish Words Attached by Suffix -ion. Yogyakarta: Department of EnglishLetters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

In a morphological study, there are so many ways to analyze the meaningand the form of the words. One of them is affixation. Affixes are divided intoprefixes, suffixes, and infixes. The most common suffix in English is suffix –ion.The writer chooses suffix –ion as the main point of the study because there are somany words using suffix –ion in dictionary. Besides, the writer explained about aprocess which a word can be formed into another word.

In this study, the writer formulated two questions to discuss the form ofsuffix –ion. The first one deals with the verb forms which can be nominalized bysuffix –ion and the process of nominalization. The second one is themorphophonemic process that may occur in nominalization process.

The writer combined morphology and phonology to analyze the form ofsuffix –ion. This study used a descriptive analysis. First, the writer collected thedata from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Second, the writer classifiedthe data into different group based on the verb forms which can be nominalized bysuffix –ion. Third, the writer analyzed the verb forms using nominalizationprocess. Fourth, the writer analyzed the data that occur in nominalization processusing the morphophonemic process. Last, the writer also applied the notation rulesin those processes.

The result of the study can be formulated as follows. Firstly, there are fourtypes of the verb forms which can be attached by suffix –ion, namely (1) verbswith –ate, (2) verbs with –ize or -ise, (3) verbs with alveolar t , s, z, and liquid l,and (4) verbs with fricative v and nasal m and n. All of them have the differentprocesses of suffixation. Based on the analysis of the fourth types of verb forms,the results are allomorph –ion and allomorph -ation. Secondly, the nominalizationprocess which is used to analyze the data divided into insertion, replacement, andsimple affixation. Thirdly, the morphophonemic processes which occur in thenominalization process, namely consonant change and vowel change, schwaepenthesis, and stress shift.


xiii

ABSTRAK

RISTIANI, OCTANIA. Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in theEnglish Words Attached by Suffix -ion. Yogyakarta: Department of EnglishLetters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Dalam sebuah studi Morfologi, ada banyak cara yang dapat dilakukanuntuk menganalisis arti dan bentuk kata. Salah satunya dengan cara afiksasi. Afikdibagi menjadi prefik, sufik atau akhiran, dan infik. Dalam bahasa Inggris akhiranyang sangat sering muncul adalah akhiran –ion. Penulis memilih akhiran –ionsebagai masalah utama pembelajaran ini karena ada banyak kata yangmenggunakan akhiran –ion dalam kamus. Selain itu, penulis menjelaskan tentangsebuah proses yang mana sebuah kata dapat berubah bentuk menjadi kata yanglainnya.

Dalam pembelajaran ini, penulis memformulasikan dua pertanyaan untukmendiskusikan bentuk akhiran –ion. Yang pertama adalah pembahasan tentangbentuk kata kerja yang bisa dinominalisasi oleh akhiran –ion dan prosesnya. Yangkedua adalah proses morfofonemik yang mungkin muncul pada prosesnominalisasi.

Penulis mengkombinasikan morfologi dan fonologi untuk menganalisisbentuk akhiran –ion. Pembelajaran ini menggunakan sebuah analisis deskriptif.Pertama, penulis mengumpulkan data dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.Kedua, penulis mengklasifikasikan data ke dalam kelompok yang berbedaberdasarkan bentuk kata kerja yang dapat dinominalisasi oleh akhiran –ion. Ketiga,penulis menganalisis data menggunakan proses nominalisasi. Keempat, penulismenganalisis data yang muncul pada proses nominalisasi menggunakan prosesmorfofonemik. Terakhir, penulis juga mengaplikasikan aturan notasi pada prosestersebut.

Hasil dari pembelajaran ini dapat diformulasikan sebagai berikut. Yangpertama, ada empat jenis bentuk kata kerja yang dapat diimbuhi oleh akhiran –ion,contohnya (1) kata kerja dengan akhiran –ate, (2) kata kerja dengan akhiran –izeatau –ise, (3) kata kerja dengan akhiran alveolar t , s, z, dan liquid l, dan (4) katakerja dengan akhiran fricative v dan nasal m dan n. Semua memiliki prosessufiksasi yang berbeda. Berdasarkan analisis dari keempat bentuk kata kerja diatas,hasilnya adalah alomorf –ion dan alomorf -ation. Yang kedua, proses nominalisasiyang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dibagi menjadi penyisipan, penggantian,dan afiksasi simpel. Yang ketiga, proses morfofonemik yang muncul pada prosesnominalisasi adalah perubahan huruf mati dan perubahan huruf vokal, schwaepenthesis, dan pergeseran tekanan.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is an important part of people’s life. They used it to

communicate, to study, to express the ideas in their daily life. It is better for us

not only know many things about our language but also other languages such

as English. English is a universal language and it has many things to learn

especially in linguistic system.

According to Akmajian, Demers, and Harnish (1984: 4), phonology (the

study of the sounds of language and the patterning), morphology (the study of

words and word building), semantics (the study of meaning and reference), and

syntax (the study of the structure of sentences and phrases) are the subfields of

linguistic system. The linguistic system which is studied in this thesis is

morphology or morphological study.

A morphological study is the study of the relation between the meaning

and the form of the words. In a morphological study, it has so many processes

to analyze the meaning and the form of the words like compound, affixation,

reduplication, and so on. Actually, English has three kinds of affixes; they are

prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. The writer only focuses on the study of suffix so

the writer choose suffix –ion to make specific in this thesis.

There is an important component in a morphological study, namely

morpheme. Morpheme is a smallest unit of language that carries information

about meaning or function. The word builder consists of two morphemes, they


2

are build (the meaning of construct) and –er(indicates as a noun with the

meaning ‘one who builds’) (O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, and Rees-Miller,

2005: 113).

As we know, morphemes have two types; they are free and bound

morpheme. A morpheme that can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,

whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another element is a bound

morpheme. For example, the word boy is a free morpheme because it can be

used as a word on its own when the word boy attached by plural –s become

boys so the word boys is a bound morpheme (O’Grady and Et al, 2005: 113).

The writer chooses suffix –ion as the main point to discuss because in

English, suffix –ion is a common suffixes which is always used in daily

conversation. Besides, suffixes can produce the variation of the word with

different part of speech and meaning by adding the word with suffix. Part of

speech is very important because the word itself can be placed in the correct

position of the sentence structure.

On the other hand, some people still do not know yet about

nominalization process especially the students of English Department. The

writer will give deeper explanation about nominalization by using suffix –ion.

It will make people easier to learn about morphological process in a

morphological study because from nominalization process we can find the

other process like morphophonemic. So, the students of English department

should know about nominalization because nominalization is also the part of


3

the morphological process. Nominalization is a process of transformation from

an adjective or a verb into a noun.

In other words, this study is about identifying and analyzing the verb

forms which can be transformed into noun by using suffix –ion, and also

analyzing the morphophonemic process in the nominalization.

B. Problem Formulation

To support the analysis with this topic, the writer formulates the

problem into two questions:

1. What verb forms can be nominalized by suffix –ion and how is the process?

2. What morphophonemic processes occur in the nominalization of the suffix

-ion?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives in this study. The first one is to identify the

verb forms which can be nominalized by using suffix –ion. It means the verb

form is a verb as the base of the suffix. There are so many verbs which are

formed by adding the suffixes such as –ate in the word calculate and –ize in

legalize. After that, the writer analyze the verb forms which is nominalized by

suffix –ion using the types of nominalization process to know whether the

suffix –ion can be attached directly without changing the form or not.

The second is to observe the morphophonemic process which occurs in

nominalization. So, the types and the rules of morphophonemic process can

be known after the process of nominalization.


4

D. Definition of Terms

To support this analysis there are some definition of terms which are

used in this thesis. They are morpheme, suffix, nominalization,

morphophonemic process, noun, and verb. Szymanek (1989:14) states that

morpheme is the smallest individual meaningful element in the utterances of a

language. The smallest unit in language is called a morpheme.

In morphological study there are suffixes; suffixes are the morphemes

which come to the right of the root (Spencer, 2003:5). In other theory,

Gleason (1958:131) defines that suffixes are the affixes which follow the root

with which they are more closely associated. Some examples of suffixes in

English are /-iz/ in suffixes and /-ɪ∫/ in boyish.

The morphophonemic processes are the transitional between

morphology and phonology (Matthews, 1991:146). It can be stated as the

combination between two theories, they are morphology and phonology.

Verbs are the words for actions, events, and relations. Examples: kiss,

explode, and resemble (Akmajian, Demers, and Harnish, 1984: 60).

Nouns are the words for proper names, as well as words for humans,

animals and other living things, physical objects, and certain abstract ideas.

Examples: Mary, Edward, Fino, woman, man, dog, tree, chair, pebble,

injustice, peace (Akmajian Et al, 1984: 60).


5

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This study talks nominalization and morphophonemic process in the English

words attached by suffix -ion. From the topic, this study uses some theories to

support the analysis. They are theory of morpheme, root and stem, allomorph,

morphophonemic processes, notation rules and review of suffix -ion. The writer

analyzes the theories on the next part of this chapter.

A. Review of Related Studies

Suffixation is the type of affixation. It has so many suffixes within the

suffixation like –ment, -icy, -ly, -al, -(i)al, -ion, and many more. There is thesis

about suffix from two students which had been discussed. Bibit Nur Handono

(2007: 3) discussed about suffix –ion in his thesis “A Synchronic Study on the

Form of English Suffix -ion”. His thesis analyzed two things. First is the

allomorph of suffix –ion and the distribution based on the stem. Second is the

morphophonemic process which may occur in the attachment of suffix –ion to the

stem.

Based on his data analysis, Bibit used only synchronic approach to analyze the

data. The first step, he organized the data into a different group based on the

allomorphs of suffix –ion and defined the environment based on the manner of

articulation of the final sounds of the stems. Bibit gave explanation about the

distribution of allomorph using the table. In the table, he decided the morpheme

which became the underlying form of suffix –ion by seeing the frequency of the


6

occurrences. In morphophonemic process, Bibit analyzed the data by transcribing

the phonetic transcription of the words having suffix –ion and the stem.

The other example of thesis from Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin (2000: 3-5)

discussed about suffix –ion in his thesis “A Morphological Study of the English

Noun Suffix –ion”. He explained about the phonetic form, the meaning, and the

distribution of suffix –ion in derivatives. Dalan used two approaches to analyze

his data; both of them are diachronic and synchronic approach. In phonetic form,

he tried to find the allomorphs of suffix –ion and morphological or phonological

condition in each allomorph so he could make the rules of the occurrences of each

allomorph. Besides, Dalan tried to find the meaning of the suffix and the major

lexical category. In the distribution, he analyzed the major lexical category and

the affixes that form the stems.

This study also explains about suffix –ion but it will be different from those

two studies. Bibit used only synchronic approach but the writer will use

synchronic and diachronic approach. Although, the writer uses the same

approaches with Dalan’s thesis, the process of the analysis will be different. Dalan

used synchronic and diachronic approaches to analyze the phonetic form, the

meaning, and the distribution. In this study, the writer will use synchronic and

diachronic approaches to analyze the verb form which can be nominalized by

suffix –ion. After that, the writer will give deeper explanation in the types of the

nominalization process. Besides, Dalan explained about morphophonemic process.

The writer will also explain about morphophonemic process but the different is in

the analysis of the types of morphophonemic process. The writer will analyze the


7

data using seven types of morphophonemic processes. They are assimilation,

vowel change and consonant change, deletion, dissimilation, metathesis, schwa

epenthesis, and stress shift. The other thing that makes those two theses and this

study different is the phonological rules. The writer will apply the phonological

rules in the explanation of the second question.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part of the chapter, the writer explains about the theories which are

used to support the analysis of this study. They are theory of morpheme, theory of

root and stem, theory of allomorph, theory of morphophonemic process, theory of

notation rules, and review of suffix -ion.

1. Theory of Morpheme

Andrew Spencer explained about morpheme based on Bloomfield’s explanation.

The explanation of Spencer is as follows:

In the tradition of American structuralist linguistics established by Bloomfield(1993), a morpheme is generally defined as the ‘minimal meaningful element’.The fact that one and the same entity can be both a morpheme and a word (or,equivalently, that some words consist of just one morpheme, i.e. aremonomorphemic) shouldn’t worry us. However, it is useful to distinguishthose morphemes which are also words in their own right from those whichonly appear as a proper subpart of a word. The former are called freemorphemes and the latter bound morphemes. (Spencer, 2003:5)

Spencer’s theory above explains about morpheme. Based on the theory,

morpheme is a minimal meaningful element. There are two kinds of morphemes.

They are free and bound morpheme. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can be

a word by itself. For examples man, woman, home and so on. A bound morpheme

is a morpheme that must be attached with another element like boy + -s can be


8

boys. The other example is the word haunter; haunt is a free morpheme because it

can be used as a word on its own and affix –er is a bound morpheme because it

combined with the verb haunt.

2. Theory of Root and Stem

In morpheme, there are two types of morpheme, namely: free and bound

morpheme. They have an important part called root and stem. Andrew Spencer

explained about root and stem as follows:

The word disagreements we can dissect a basic morpheme agree and threebound morphemes, dis-, -ment, and –s. we call agree the root and the otherbound morphemes affixes. The morphemes –ment and –s, which come to theright of the root, are suffixes, while dis- which comes to the left is a prefix. Inthe word disagreements we call the form disagreement the stem. (Spencer,2003:5)

It means root is a morpheme which is not attached by affixes but stem is a

morpheme which is attached by affixes or we can say bound morpheme. For

example, the word disagreements, the root is a verb agree. The morphemes –ment

and –s which attach to the right of the root are suffixes, while dis- is a prefix

because it comes to the left of the root. So, the form of the word is disagreements.

3. Theory of Allomorph

O’Grady states “allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. For example is in

plural morpheme-s like cats, dogs, and judges. The pronunciation of those two

words, where in the first morpheme changes even though its spelling remains the

same” (2005: 114).

From the theory above the plural morpheme –s is the allomorph of the words cats,

dogs, and judges. They should be /s/ in cats, /z/ in dogs, and /əz/ in judges. They


9

are three variant morphemes which are phonologically predicted in their

distribution relative to one another. The other example is English past tense

morpheme –ed. It has three allomorphs /t/, /d/, and /id/ which are phonologically

predicted based on the final sound which is attached on the stem. Some

allomorphy seems to be conditioned neither by phonologically nor by the word

which a morpheme is attached, but by the presence of other morphemes. Many

examples of allomorphy are provided by the ending –ion in English which form a

noun from certain verb. It has several allomorphs, the most common is –ion. For

example, in the words which ends in the morpheme –ceive such as receive and

deceive, we can find the allomorph –ion in the words reception and deception

after getting suffixation. So, these words seem to have nothing in common except

that they end in the –ceive/ -cept morphemes.

4. Theory of Morphophonemic Process

Morphophonemic process is the combination of morphology and phonology.

Spencer also explained about that process. He said that:

This connects morphological theory with phonological theory (what is knownin structuralism as ‘phonemics’), and for certain schools of structuralism theresult was an intermediate morphophonemic level. I mentioned thatmorphemes may appear in different phonological shapes because of theeffects of general phonological process. (Spencer, 2003:53)

From this theory, morphophonemic process is the combination of morphological

theory and phonological theory. The morpheme may appear in different

phonological shapes because there is effect of the general phonological process.

According to Wardhaugh, there are seven types of process in morphophonemic


10

process. Those are assimilation, vowel change and consonant change, deletion,

dissimilation, metathesis, schwa epenthesis, and stress shift.

The first type is assimilation. It assimilates one segment to another by copying a

feature of a sequential phoneme, making the two phones more similar. For

example, the voiced /z/ of the English regular plural suffix is changed to [s] after a

voiceless sound, and that similarly the voiced /d/ of the English regular past-tense

is changed to [t] after a voiceless sound. (Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 2000: 276)

The second type is consonant and vowel change. They are a change of a

consonant or a vowel after a word is added by an affix (Wardhaugh, 1977: 198-

200). For example: the word resident /’rezɪdənt/ becomes residential /rezɪ’dən∫l/

after it is added by suffix –(i)al. /t/ in resident change into /∫/ in residential. The

word palate/’pælət/ become palatial /pə’leɪ∫l/ is the example of the vowel change.

The vowel change occurs after suffixation. At the first word the vowel is /æ/ but

after suffixation the vowel become /ə/.

The third type is deletion. In O’Grady’s theory (1989: 79) deletion is a rule that a

schwa /ə/ deleted when the next vowel in the word is stressed, as in police /plis/

and parade /preɪd/. The notation rules of the words police and parade as follows:

ə Ø/_____ [+liquid]

The fourth type is dissimilation. It is a rule in which a segment becomes less

similar to another segment. For example, the word fifth can be pronounced into


11

fift because the fricative /θ/ becomes dissimilar to the preceding fricative by

becoming a stop. (Fromkin, 2000: 282)

The fifth type is metathesis. It is a rule to move the phonemes from one place to

another. For example, the word ask is pronounced [aks], but the word asking is

pronounced into [askiŋ]. (Fromkin, 2000:285)

The sixth type is schwa epenthesis. It is the insertion of the schwa /ə/ in

pronunciation after the word is added by affixation. For example, the word

compete /kəm’pit/ becomes competition /,kαmpə’tɪ∫n/ after it is added by –ition

(Wardhaugh, 1977: 241)

The last type is stress shift. It is the intensity with which a sound is pronounced

relative to that of other sounds (Wardhaugh, 1977: 46). For example: the word

finance /’faɪnæns/ becomes financial /faɪ’næn∫l/ we can see before the suffixation

the strong stress at the front of the word but after it is added by suffix -ial the

strong stress move to the second syllable.

5. Theory of Notation Rules

O’Grady’s theory (2005: 92-93) mentioned that the notation rules is A B / X

___ Y. In the notation, A stands as an element in the underlying representation.

The position of B is for the output of the rule and X and Y for the conditioning

environment. The slash (/) can be thought of as meaning ‘in the environment of’.

We can read the notation rule as A becomes B in the environment between X and Y.

there is a statement, it is a voiceless segment becomes voiced between two vowels.

So, the notation rule should be [- voiced] [+ voiced] / V ___ V. An element in


12

the underlying representation is [-voiced]. The B for the output of the rule is

[+voiced]. The X and Y for the conditioning environment are between two vowels

/ V__ V.

6. Review of Suffix –ion

Arronof’s theory (1976: 98-100) stated that suffix –ion is a suffix which is very

productive and widespread. There are about 200 words ending in suffix –ion and

comprising a total approximately 4% of the words listed in a particular dictionary.

Suffix –ion is also as a deverbal abstract action nominal suffix with active and

passive senses.

Deverbal means a noun that derived from verb but grammatically, it is pure as

a noun not a verb. The formation of deverbal itself is one of the types of

nominalization or noun formation. For example, the word organization has a

function as a noun, it is derived from the verb organize.

According to The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, -ion /iən/ suffix

representing Old French –ion, Latin –io(n), which forms nouns of condition and

action from (i) adjectives or substantives as communion COMMUNION, formed

on communis COMMON, dominio DOMINION; (ii) verb-stems, as legio

LEGION, formed on legere collect, but chiefly from (iii) past participle or supine

stems in t, s, x (see –TION, -SION) (1966:484).

C. Theoretical Framework

This study divided the theory into two kinds of theories; they are theory of

morphology and theory of phonology. First is the theory of morphology which

included theory of morpheme, theory of root and stem, theory of allomorph, and


13

theory of morphophonemic process. Each of the theories has their own function in

this study. The theory of morpheme is a basic theory to find out the form of the

stem in the data. So, we can know the basic form of the word before the word get

suffixation by suffix –ion.

The theory of root and stem and theory of allomorph will be used to support

the analysis in the process that will be formulated in nominalization process. The

two theories above are also very useful to observe the verb forms which can be

nominalized by suffix –ion. Besides, the theory of morphophonemic process is

very useful to analyze the words which can be nominalized by suffix –ion. From

nominalization process, we can find the types and the rules of morphophonemic

processes occur in that process. So, the theory of morphophonemic process is also

appropriate to analyze the data.

Second is the theory of phonology such as theory of notation rules. It is used

to complete the analysis of morphophonemic processes. The notation rules are

applied in every type of morphophonemic processes.


14

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts. The first part explains about the object

or data which is used to support the analysis. The second part explains the

approach of the study which is used by the writer to analyze the data. The last part

explains the process and the steps to collect and to analyze the data.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the English words that end with suffix –ion: verb

into noun. The data are taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The

seventh edition of the Oxford Dictionary was published by Oxford University

Press in 2005. The dictionary is chosen because it is commonly used by university

students who are studying English. Besides, it provides the definition and the

phonetic transcription of the words. The phonetic transcription used to help the

writer when analyzing the data in morphophonemic processes in the attachment of

suffix –ion to the stems.

B. Approach of the Study

The writer analyzed Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in the

English Words Attached by Suffix -ion so she used two approaches to support the

analysis of the data. Both are morphological approach and phonological approach.

Morphology is a linguistic field which studies about the structure of words and the

processes of word formation (O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, and Rees-Miller,

2005: 112). The theories in morphology are morpheme, root and stem, and


15

allomorph. In morphology, the term affixation is common in use when the

suffixation is the main discussion of the study. In this study, morphological

approach is used to identify the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –

ion. Then, the verb forms can be analyzed by the types of nominalization process.

Phonology is the part of linguistics which studies the sound pattern and the

systematic phonetic variation found in language (O’Grady and Et al, 2005: 57).

Phonological approach is suitable to be used to analyze the seven types of

morphophonemic processes and the phonological rules. In this study,

morphological approach and phonological approach are the primary approaches

because the writer formulates the problem concerning the nominalization process

and the distribution and the morphophonemic processes. In addition, the writer

will relate the morphophonemic processes with the notation rules. The notation

rules are also applied in the analysis of every step of morphophonemic processes.

Morphophonemic processes are the combination of two processes, namely

morphological and phonological processes.

C. Method of the Study

This part is divided into two sub-parts, the first part explained the ways

which are used by the writer to collect the data. The second part explained the

process to analyze the data based on the problem formulation.

1. Data Collection

In this part the writer collected the data taken from Oxford Advance

Learner’s Dictionary. The dictionary is used to find the words that end with suffix

–ion: verb into noun. Besides, it is also used to find the definition and the phonetic


16

transcription. The instrument of this study is a dictionary because there are so

many words attached by suffix –ion in a dictionary which is completed with the

phonetic transcription. It will help the writer to choose and to analyze the data. On

the other hand, the writer wants to focus on Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary

because the writer will find it easier to organize the data.

The writer collected the data only from one dictionary because it is enough

as the data to represent the words from every letter or character in dictionary. The

writer picked 5 relevant data per each alphabet from Oxford Advance Learner’s

Dictionary because they could represent all the finding of the analysis in this

study. The amount of the data should be 130 words to be analyzed if the writer

picked 5 words per each letter. The writer decided only 5 words per each alphabet

because all the verb forms had been included. Verb form is a base form which has

function as a verb and it can get the attachment process of affixation. The writer

selected the words based on the base form which were typically the verbs. The

writer also adds the origin of the words having suffix –ion as additional

information because the noun of suffix –ion is derived from Latin via French. The

function of those data is a verb into a noun. The examples of the data are as

follows:

Abbreviate (V) Abbreviation (N)

Confess (V) Confession (N)

Deduct (V) Deduction (N)

Expedite (V) Expedition (N)

Formalize (V) Formalization (N)

Legalize (V) Legalization (N)


17

2. Data Analysis

Several steps are found out by the writer to analyze the data and answer the

problem formulation in the first chapter. First, the writer collected the words

based on free and bound morpheme. The morpheme has function as a verb that

can be nominalized by suffix –ion. The second step is to identifying the verb

forms as the data using the type of nominalization process so the writer will know

that the verb forms can be nominalized by suffix –ion directly or not.

After that, we can find the seven types of morphophonemic process. The

third step analyzed the data using the seven types of morphophonemic processes

which occurs after the nominalization process. The last step applied the notation

rules in the analysis of the seven types of morphophonemic processes.


18

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter contains the data and the analysis to answer two questions

which are formulated in chapter 1. The first question discussed the types of the

verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –ion and the process of

nominalization. The second question is the morphophonemic processes that occur

in the nominalization of suffix –ion.

All the words which are attached to the suffix –ion will become a noun.

The type of the words that can be attached to suffix –ion has function as a verb.

After observing the words which are attached by suffix –ion in Oxford Advanced

Learners’ Dictionary 7th edition (2005), the writer only found 80 words because

some of the alphabets did not have the data. The writer also found the types of

verb forms. The first part of this chapter is focused to answer the first question

concerning the types of the verb forms as the part of nominalization process. The

following is the analysis of the nominalization process.

A. Types of verb forms attached by suffix –ion

In this part the writer explains that suffix –ion can be attached to the four types

of verbs to form nouns, namely (1) verbs with –ate, (2) verbs with –ize or -ise, (3)

verbs with alveolar t , s, and z, liquid l, (4) verbs with fricative v and nasal m and

n.


19

The first type of verb is a verb with –ate, the verbs can be showed in the list

below:

Abbreviate Abbreviation

Calculate Calculation

Decorate Decoration

Evaluate Evaluation

Federate Federation

Fluctuate Fluctuation

Generate Generation

Graduate Graduation

Hallucinate Hallucination

Illustrate Illustration

Legislate Legislation

Liquidate Liquidation

Lubricate Lubrication

Manipulate Manipulation

Motivate Motivation

Navigate Navigation

Nominate Nomination

Operate Operation

Participate Participation

Radiate Radiation

Simulate Simulation

Speculate Speculation

Tolerate Toleration

Terminate Termination

Translate Translation

Undulate Undulation

Violate Violation


20

The verbs which attach by -ate can be nominalized with –ion so they changed

into –ion after the process of suffixation. Those verbs contains an allomorph –ion

because suffix –ion not only can change to other forms or the allomorphs after it is

attached to the stems that have function as verbs but also can be the base form. It

means suffix –ion can stay at its form in the final sounds of the verbs. For

example, the verb abbreviate ends in alveolar stop consonant /t/ when the suffix –

ion attached to the end of the verb, so the noun abbreviation is formed. In the

noun abbreviation, suffix –ion does not change to other form.

The second type of verb is a verb with –ize or -ise, in this type there are two

kinds of ending after getting the attachment of suffix –ion. First is the word which

ends in –ation. The second is the word which ends in –ion. the first example can

be showed in the list below:

Authorize Authorization

Canalize Canalization

Familiarize Familiarization

Globalize Globalization

Harmonize Harmonization

Hospitalize Hospitalization

Liberalize Liberalization

Materialize Materialization

Militarize Militarization

Nationalize Nationalization

Normalize Normalization

Palatalize Palatalization

Realize Realization

Socialize Socialization

Unionize Unionization


21

Vocalize Vocalization

Westernize Westernization

The verbs which attach by -ize can be nominalized with –ion so they changed

into –ation after the process of suffixation. Suffix –ion can also change to other

allomorph. Based on the data above, they have allomorph –ation because it occurs

at the end of the nouns after the attachment process of suffix –ion when the final

sounds of the verbs are alveolar fricatives. For example, the verb globalize ends in

alveolar fricative /z/ when suffix –ion is attached to the end of the verb so the end

of the noun changes into –ation in the noun globalization. It means all the

attachment process of suffix –ion to the verbs which has suffix –ize at the end of

the stem will result allomorph –ation.

The second examples are the verbs with –ise, the verbs can be showed in the

list below:

Circumcise Circumcision

Excise Excision

Revise Revision

The verbs which attach by -ise can be nominalized with –ion so they changed

into –ion after the process of suffixation. Those verbs contains an allomorph –ion

because suffix –ion not only can change to other forms or the allomorphs after it is

attached to the stems that have function as verbs but also can be the base form. It

means suffix –ion can stay at its form in the final sounds of the verbs. For

example, the verb excise ends in alveolar fricative consonant /z/ when the suffix –

ion attached to the end of the verb, so the noun excision is formed. In the noun

excision, suffix –ion does not change to other form.


22

The third type of verb is a verb with alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l. The verbs can

be showed in the list below:

a. Alveolar t

Abort Abortion

Affect Affection

Conduct Conduction

Deduct Deduction

Exhibit Exhibition

Induct Induction

Format Formation

b. Alveolar s

Confess confession

Discuss Discussion

Flex Flexion

Immerse Immersion

c. Alveolar z

Infuse Infusion

d. Liquid l

Rebel Rebellion

The verbs which end in the alveolar t, s, and z, the liquid l can be nominalized

by suffix –ion directly after getting the process of suffixation. The suffixation

does not change the stem. Those verbs contains an allomorph –ion because suffix

–ion not only can change to other forms or the allomorphs after it is attached to

the stems that have function as verbs but also can be the base form. It means

suffix –ion can stay at its form in the final sounds of the verbs. For example, the

verb affect ends in alveolar stop consonant /t/ when the suffix –ion attached to the

end of the verb, so the noun affection is formed. In the noun affection, suffix –ion

does not change to other form. This condition is also applicable to the verbs


23

discuss, infuse, and rebel, they ends in alveolar fricative consonant /s/,/z/ and

liquid consonant /l/. So, suffix –ion also does not change to any other form in the

nouns discussion, infusion, and rebellion.

The fourth type of verb is a verb with fricative v and nasal m and n, the verbs

can be showed in the list below:

Acclaim Acclamation

Derive Derivation

Explain Explanation

Inform Information

Lament Lamentation

Observe Observation

The verbs which end in the fricative v and nasal m and n, can be nominalized

by suffix –ion. After they got suffixation, the vowel in the initial position and in

the middle position changed into other vowels. The consonant and the vowel in

the final position is added by –ation because of the suffixation process. For

example the word derive /dɪ’raɪv/ becomes derivation /,derɪ’veɪ∫n/. The vowel

in initial position changed from /ɪ/ into /e/ and in the middle position changed

from /aɪ/ into /ɪ/. Besides, the fricative /v/ in final position got suffixation so it is

added with –ation /eɪ∫n/.

Suffix –ion can also change to other allomorph. Based on the data above, they

have allomorph –ation because it occurs at the end of the nouns after the

attachment process of suffix –ion when the final sounds of the verbs are not only

fricative but also nasal. For example, the verb derive ends in fricative /v/ when

suffix –ion is attached to the end of the verb so the end of the noun changes into –


24

ation in the noun derivation. This condition is also applicable to the verbs explain

and inform which ends in nasal consonants /n/,/m/. So, suffix –ion can change to

other form or allomorph –ation in the nouns explanation and information.

B. The Process of Nominalization by Suffix –ion

This part explains about the process of nominalization of the verb form after

getting suffixation process. The process of nominalization is divided into three

processes. They are insertion, replacement, and simple affixation.

1. Insertion

Insertion is the process which the word is inserted by the letter before suffix –

ion. The insertion process of suffix –ion occurs in verbs which end in –ize and

fricative v, nasal m and n in the process of suffixation.

First, the insertion occurs in the verbs which end in –ize, this condition can be

represented in the attachments below:

Authorize + -ion Authorization

/’ɔ:θəraɪz/ /ɔ:θəraɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Canalize + -ion Canalization

/’kænəlaɪz/ /,kænəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Familiarize + -ion Familiarization

/fə’mɪliəraɪz/ /fə,mɪlieraɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Globalize + -ion Globalization

/’gləubəlaɪz/ /,gləubəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/


25

Harmonize + -ion Harmonization

/’hamənaɪz/ /,hamənaɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Hospitalize + -ion Hospitalization

/’hɒspɪtəlaɪz/ /,hɒspɪtəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Liberalize + -ion Liberalization

/’lɪbrəlaɪz/ /,lɪbrəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/

From those examples, the process can be formulated as follows:

Stem 1 + -ion Stem 2

Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in –ize but stem 2 are the result of the verbs

after getting attachment process of suffix -ion and have function as nouns. The

words authorize, canalize, familiarize, globalize, harmonize, hospitalize, and

liberalize are inserted by the diphthong /eɪ/, fricative /∫/ and nasal /n/ at the end of

the stem. The words authorization, canalization, familiarization, globalization,

harmonization, hospitalization, and liberalization are consisting of the root

morphemes author, canal, familiar, global, harmony, hospital, and liberal and the

suffix –ize. Those words are not only the roots for the entire words but also the

stems for –ize. The units authorize, canalize, familiarize, globalize, harmonize,

hospitalize, and liberalize are the stems for –ion.

The examples above can be seen in underlying form and phonetic

representation:

/’ɔ:θəraɪz/ /ɔ:θəraɪ’zeɪ∫n/


26

Underlying form #’ɔ:θəraɪz# + /ɪən/

Diphthong and Consonant insertion #ɔ:θəraɪ’z-eɪ# + /ɪən/

Phonetic form [ɔ:θəraɪ’zeɪ∫n]

/’kænəlaɪz/ /,kænəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Underlying form #’kænəlaɪz# + /ɪən/

Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,kænəlaɪ’z-eɪ# + /ɪən/

Phonetic form [,kænəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n]

/fə’mɪliəraɪz/ /fə,mɪliəraɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Underlying form #fə’mɪliəraɪz# + /ɪən/

Diphthong and Consonant insertion #fə,mɪliəraɪ’z-eɪ# + /ɪən/

Phonetic form [fə,mɪliəraɪ’zeɪ∫n]

/’gləubəlaɪz/ /,gləubəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Underlying form #’gləubəlaɪz# + /ɪən/

Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,gləubəlaɪ’z-eɪ# + /ɪən/

Phonetic form [,gləubəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n]

Second, the insertion occurs in the verbs which end in fricative v and nasal m

and n, this condition can be represented in the attachments below:

Acclaim + -ion Acclamation

/ə’kleɪm/ /,æklə’meɪ∫n/


27

Derive + -ion Derivation

/dɪ’raɪv/ /,derɪ’veɪ∫n/

Explain + -ion Explanation

/ ɪk’spleɪn/ /,eksplə’neɪ∫n/



Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in fricative /v/ and nasal /m/, /n/ but stem 2 are

the result of the verbs after getting attachment process of suffix -ion and have

function as nouns. This second insertion is different from the other one because in

this process the words acclaim, derive, and explain in stem 1 are added by –ation at

the end of the stem 2 after the suffixation process. Besides, the vowels in the initial

position and in the middle position changed into others vowel after getting the

suffixation process. For example, the word acclaim /ə’kleɪm/ becomes acclamation

/,æklə’meɪ∫n/, the vowel in the initial position changed from /ə/ into /æ/ and in the

middle position changed from /eɪ/ into /ə/ after the suffixation process.

The words acclamation, derivation, and explanation are consisting the root

morphemes acclaim, derive, and explain and the suffix –ion. So, those words are

not only the root for the entire words but also the stems for –ion.


representation:



28

Underlying form #ə’kleɪm# + /ɪən/

Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,æklə’m-eɪ# + /ɪən/

Phonetic form [,æklə’meɪ∫n]


Underlying form #dɪ’raɪv# + /ɪən/

Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,derɪ’v-eɪ# + /ɪən/

Phonetic form [,derɪ’veɪ∫n]

2. Replacement

Replacement is a process which the ending of the stem is replaced by suffix –

ion. The replacement occurs in the verbs which end in –ise, this condition can be

represented in the attachments below:

Circumcise + -ion Circumcision

Excise + -ion Excision

Revise + -ion Revision



Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in alveolar fricative /z/ but stem 2 are the

result of the verbs after getting attachment process of suffix -ion and have function

as nouns. The words circumcise, excise, and revise in stem 1 can be nominalized by

suffix –ion. An alveolar fricative /z/ is dropped and the suffix –ion is added at the

end of the stem 2 after getting the suffixation process. So, those words end in –ise

changed into –ion. The words circumcision, excision, and revision consists the root


29

morphemes circumcise, excise, and revise and the suffix –ion. So, those words are

not only the root for the entire words but also the stems for –ion.


representation:

/’sз:kəmsaɪz/ /,sз:kəm’sɪʒn/

Underlying form #’sз:kəmsaɪz#

Process replacement #’sз:kəmsaɪz+-ɪən#

Phonetic form [,sз:kəm’sɪʒn]

/ɪk’saɪz/ /ɪk’sɪʒn/

Underlying form #ɪk’saɪz#

Process replacement #ɪk’saɪz+-ɪən#

Phonetic form [ɪk’sɪʒn]

/rɪ’vaɪz/ /rɪ’vɪʒn/

Underlying form # rɪ’vaɪz #

Process replacement # rɪ’vaɪz +-ɪən#

Phonetic form [rɪ’vɪʒn]

3. Simple Affixation

Simple affixation is a process which the suffix –ion attached to the stem

directly without changing the form of the stem.

The process of affixation can be formulated as follows:



30

Simple affixation can be found in verbs which end in alveolar t, s, and z, liquid

l, this condition can be represented in the attachments below:

a. Alveolar t

Abort + -ion Abortion

Affect + -ion Affection

Conduct + -ion Conduction

Deduct + -ion Deduction

Exhibit + -ion Exhibition

Induct + -ion Induction

Format + -ion Formation

b. Alveolar s

Confess + -ion confession

Discuss + -ion Discussion

Flex + -ion Flexion

Immerse + -ion Immersion

c. Alveolar z

Infuse + -ion Infusion

d. Liquid l

Rebel + -ion Rebellion

Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in alveolar stop /t/, alveolar fricative /s/, /z/

and liquid /l/ but stem 2 are the result of the verbs after getting attachment process

of suffix -ion and have function as nouns. The examples above showed that there

are no changes in the root and the suffix after the suffixation process. So, the suffix

–ion can directly attach to the stem 2.


31

C. The Morphophonemic Processes of Suffix –ion

This part is the analysis of the second question which concerned the

morphophonemic processes that may occur in suffix –ion to the stems. There are

several types of morphophonemic processes in the attachment of suffix –ion to the

stems. There are certain types of the process which often occurs and also rarely

occurs. The morphophonemic processes which may occur in suffix –ion to the

stems are:

1. Consonant Change and Vowel Change

a. Consonant Change

In verbs have consonant change process after getting the attachment of suffix –

ion. The examples of words which got consonant change process are:

Abbreviate Abbreviation

/ə’brivieɪt/ /ə,brivi’eɪ∫n/

Calculate Calculation

/’kælkjuleɪt/ /,kælkju’leɪ∫n/

Decorate Decoration

/’dekəreɪt/ /,dekə’reɪ∫n/

Evaluate Evaluation

/ɪ’væljueɪt/ /ɪ,vælju’eɪ∫n/


32

The nouns of suffix –ion above are derived from Latin via French so the writer

adds the etymology of those words from the Oxford Dictionary of English

Etymology (1966:2-331). The etymology of those words as follows:

E. abbreviate < late L. abbreviare => F. abbreviation

E. calculate < L. calculare < F. calcule < (O) F. calculer => (O) F. calculation

E. decorate < L. decoratus

E. evaluate < (O)F. evaluer => (O)F. evaluation

From those examples, we can see the consonant change occurs at the end of the

stem. In the words abbreviate, calculate, decorate, and evaluate, alveolar /t/ is

pronounced but after the suffixation the alveolar is not pronounced but changed

into fricative /∫/. The examples above can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:

/t/ /∫/ / ___ [+nasal]

The other examples of the verbs which get consonant change process are:

Circumcise Circumcision

/’sз:kəmsaɪz/ /,sз:kəm’sɪʒn/

Excise Excision

/ɪk’saɪz/ /ɪk’sɪʒn/


33




E. circumcise < L. circumcisum => (O)F. circumcision

E. excise < L. excisum => L. excision

From those examples, we can see the consonant change at the end of the stem.

In the word circumcise and excise, alveolar fricative /z/ is pronounced but after the

suffixation the alveolar fricative is not pronounced but changed into palatal

fricative /ʒ/. The examples above can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:

/z/ /ʒ/ / ___ [+nasal]

b. Vowel Change

Vowel change process is also a process which occurs in the attachment of suffix –

ion to the verbs. There are three kinds of vowel change process in this analysis,

they are:

- Vowel to Vowel

The vowel which occurs in the verb has function as a root changes into another

vowel in the noun after getting suffixation process by suffix -ion. This condition

can be represented in the process below:

Inform Information

/ɪn’fɔ:m/ /,ɪnfə’meɪ∫n/


34

The noun of suffix –ion above is derived from Latin via French so the writer adds

the etymology of this word from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

(1966:473). The etymology of this word as follows:

E. inform < (O)F. enfo(u)rmer < L. informare => L. information

In the verb inform the vowel /ɔ:/ in middle position change into /ə/ in the noun

information after getting the suffixation process. The verb gets vowel change

process from vowel to vowel because there is stress shift which influences the

changing of the vowel. In the first verb, the stress is in ultimate or first syllable

from the back. On the other hand, the stress in second verb moved to penultimate

or second syllable from the back after getting suffixation. So, the vowel changes

from [+rounded] to [-rounded]. The example above can be applied in notation rule.

The rule is:

/ɪn’fɔ:m/ /,ɪnfə’meɪ∫n/

/ɔ:/ /ə/ / ___ [+nasal]

- Vowel to Diphthong

In this part, the vowel which occurs in the verb can be a root or a stem that

changes into the diphthong in the noun after getting suffixation process by suffix –

ion. The example is:

Format Formation

/’fɔ:mæt/ /fɔ:’meɪ∫n/


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E. format < G. format < L. formatus

In the verb format the vowel /æ/ which is in the middle position changes into

diphthong /eɪ/ in the noun formation after getting attachment by suffix –ion. The

example above can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:

/æ/ /eɪ/ / ___ [+fricative, -voiced]

- Diphthong to Vowel

In this part, the diphthong occurs in the verb can be a root or a stem that

changes into the vowel in the noun after getting suffixation process by suffix -ion.

This condition can be represented in the process below:

Revise Revision





E. revise < (O)F. reviser < L. revisere => (O)F. revision


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In the verb revise the diphthong /aɪ/ in middle position changes into the vowel

/ɪ/ in the noun revision after getting the suffixation process. The example above

can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:


/aɪ/ /ɪ/ / ___ [+fricative, +voiced]

2. Schwa Epenthesis

Schwa epenthesis is also including in the morphophonemic processes. Schwa

epenthesis processes occurs in the verbs which getting attachment by suffix -ion,

this condition can be represented in the process below:

Rebel Rebellion

/rɪ’bel / /rɪ’beljən/

Suggest Suggestion

/sə’dʒest/ /sə’dʒest∫ən/




E. rebel < (O)F. rebeller < L. rebellare => (O)F. rebellion < L. rebellio

E. suggest < F. suggest < L. suggerere => (O)F. suggestion

In the first verb rebel the schwa /ə/ does not exist but after getting suffixation

in the noun rebellion the schwa /ə/ exists in the final position. In the second verb


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suggest the schwa /ə/ does not exist but after getting suffixation process in the

noun suggestion the schwa exists at the end of the stem. So, all of the vowel /ə/ in

the nouns becomes unstressed. The examples above can be applied in notation

rules. The rules are:

/rɪ’bel / /rɪ’beljən/

Ø /ə/ / ___ [+nasal]

/sə’dʒest/ /sə’dʒest∫ən/

Ø /ə/ / ___ [+nasal]

3. Stress Shift

Stress shift is a morphophonemic process which often occurs in the attachment

of suffix –ion to the verbs. There are two kinds of stress shift processes in this

analysis. They are ante-penultimate to penultimate and ultimate to penultimate.

Ante-penultimate is a stress on the third from the right syllable. Penultimate is a

stress on the second from the right syllable. Ultimate is a stress on the last from the

right syllable.

a. From Ante-Penultimate to Penultimate

In this process, the stress is on ante-penultimate or the third syllable from the

back in the verbs moves to penultimate or the second syllable from the back in the

nouns after getting attachment process of suffix –ion. These are the examples of the

attachment in this stress shift process; this condition can be represented in the

process below:


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Liquidate Liquidation

/’lɪkwɪdeɪt/ /,lɪkwɪ’deɪ∫n/

Radiate Radiation

/’reɪdieɪt/ /,reɪdi’eɪ∫n/

Liberalize Liberalization

/’lɪbrəlaɪz/ /,lɪbrəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Militarize Militarization

/’mɪlɪtəraɪz/ /,mɪlɪtəraɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Palatalize Palatalization

/’pælətəlaɪz/ /,pælətəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n/




E. liquidate < medL. liquidare < F. liquider

E. radiate < F. radiat => radiation

E. liberalize

E. militarize

E. Palatalize


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In the verbs liquidate, radiate, liberalize, militarize, and palatalize, the

stresses are in ante-penultimate or at the third syllable from the back. The syllables

are /’lɪk/, /’re/, /’lɪb/, /’mɪ/, and /’pæ/. On the other hand, in the nouns liquidation,

radiation, liberalization, militarization, and palatalization, the stress moves to

penultimate or at the second syllable from the back. The syllables are /’deɪ∫n/,

/’eɪ∫n/, /’zeɪ∫n/, /’zeɪ∫n/, and /’zeɪ∫n/.

b. From Ultimate to Penultimate

In this process, the stress is on ultimate or the first syllable from the back in the

verbs moves to penultimate or the second syllable from the back in the nouns after

getting attachment process of suffix –ion. These are the examples of the attachment

in this stress shift process; this condition can be represented in the process below:

Acclaim Acclamation


Derive Derivation


Evaluate Evaluation

/ɪ’væljueɪt/ /ɪ,vælju’eɪ∫n/

Manipulate Manipulation

/mə’nɪpjuleɪt/ /mə,nɪpju’leɪ∫n/


40

Obsess Obsession

/əb’ses/ /əb’se∫n/




E. acclaim < L. acclamare < F. acclamare => L. acclamation

E. derive < (O)F. deriver < L. derivare < F. derivus => L. derivation

E. evaluate < (O)F. evaluer => (O)F. evaluation

E. manipulate < F. manipuler => F. manipulation < medL. manipulatio

E. obsess < F. obsess < L. obsidere => L. obsession

In the verbs acclaim, derive, evaluate, manipulate, and obsess, the stresses

are in ultimate or at the first syllable from the back. The syllables are /’kleɪm/,

/’raɪv/, /’væljueɪt/, /’nɪpjuleɪt/, and /’ses/. On the other hand, in the nouns

acclamation, darivation, evaluation, manipulation, and obssesion, the stress moves

to penultimate or at the second syllable from the back. The syllables are /’meɪ∫n/,

/’veɪ∫n/, /’eɪ∫n/, /’leɪ∫n/, and /’se∫n/.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

From the analysis in chapter IV before, the writer concludes two things in

relation to the two questions mentioned in chapter I. First, it is concerned in the

types of the verb forms which can be nominalized by attaching the suffix –ion.

Based on the data the writer got four types of the verb forms, they are verbs with –

ate, verbs with –ize or –ise, verbs with alveolar t , s, and z, liquid l, verbs with

fricative v and nasal m and n. The four types of the verb forms can be explained:

1. The verb form with –ate can be found like in the words abbreviate and

calculate. This verb can be nominalized by suffix –ion changed into -ion at

the end of the stem.

2. The verb form with –ize and -ise can be found like in the words authorize

and circumcise. The verb with –ize can be nominalized by suffix –ion

changed into –ation at the end of the stem. On the other hand, the verb

with –ise can be nominalized by suffix –ion changed into –ion at the end

of the stem.

3. The verb form with alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l can be found like in the

words abort, confess, infuse, and rebel. Those verbs can be nominalized

by suffix –ion directly without changing the stem.

4. The verb form with fricative v and nasal m and n can be found like in the

words derive, acclaim, and explain. Those verbs can be nominalized by

suffix –ion but changing the vowel in initial and middle position. At the

end of the stem added by –ation.


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From the four types of the verb forms, the writer found the allomorphs. They

are allomorph –ion and allomorph –ation. An allomorph –ion occurs when it is

added after alveolar consonants [t,s,z] and a liquid consonant /l/. An allomorph –

ation occurs when it is added after the suffix –ize, a fricative consonant /v/ and

nasal consonants [m,n]. Based on the analysis, allomorph –ion is an allomorph

which is more productive than allomorph –ation because there are three types of

verb forms which ends in –ion after getting suffixation. Then the writer analyzed

the data using three kinds of nominalization processes. They are insertion,

replacement, and simple affixation. There are two types of the verb forms which

are analyzed in insertion process; they are the verbs with –ize and the verbs with

fricative v, nasal m and n. The verbs with –ise are analyzed by replacement

process. The verbs with alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l are analyzed by simple

affixation process.

Second is concerning the morphophonemic processes in the nominalization

processes which occurs in suffix –ion. Based on the data the writer only found

three processes from seven processes which are mentioned in Wardhaugh’s theory

in chapter II. They are consonant change and vowel change, deletion, schwa

epenthesis, and stress shift. In vowel change process there are three kinds of

analysis, they are vowel to vowel, vowel to diphthong, and diphthong to vowel.

The words explain, inform, and observe are analyzed by schwa epenthesis process.

The last analysis in morphophonemic process is stress shift process. There are two

kinds of stress shift processes. They are ante-penultimate to penultimate and

ultimate to penultimate. Ante-penultimate is a stress on the third from the right


43

syllable. Penultimate is a stress on the second from the right syllable. Ultimate is a

stress on the last from the right syllable. Ante penultimate to penultimate is the

stress moves on the third syllable from the back in the verbs into the second

syllable from the back in the nouns which have suffix –ion. On the other hand,

ultimate to penultimate is the stress moves on the first syllable from the back in the

verbs into the second syllable from the back in the nouns which have suffix –ion.


44

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, and Robert M. Harnish. Linguistics: AnIntroduction to Languange and Comunication Second Edition.Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1984.

Aronoff, Mark. Word Formation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: The MITPress, 1976.

Fromkin, Victoria, David Blair, and Peter Collins. An Introduction to LanguageFourth Edition. Sydney: Hartcourt Australia Pty Limited, 2000.

Gleason, H. A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Henry Holtand Co, 1958.

Handono, Bibit Nur. A Synchronic Study on The Form of English Suffix –ion. AnUndergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2007.

Hornby, A S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English SeventhEdition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Kreidler, Charles W. A Course Book: The Pronunciation of English SecondEdition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004.

Matthews, P. H. Morphology Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1991.

O’Grady, William and Michael Dobrovolsky. An Introduction to ContemporaryLinguistics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.

O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees-Miller. AnIntroduction to Contemporary Linguistics Fifth Edition. New York:Bedford/ St. Martin’s Press, 2005.

Onions, C.T., G.W.S. Friedrichsen, and R.W. Burchfield. The Oxford Dictionaryof English Etymology. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Perangin-Angin, Dalan Mehuli. A Morphological Study of The English NounSuffix –ion. An Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata DharmaUniversity, 2000.

Spencer, Andrew. Morphological Theory: An Introduction to Word Structure inGenerative Grammar. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2003.

Szymanek, Bodgan. Introduction to Morphological Analysis. Warzawa:Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1989.


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Wardhaugh, Ronald. Introduction to Linguistics Second Edition. New York:Mc.Graw – Hill Book Company, 1977.


46

APPENDIX

Appendix 1: The List of Verbs which end in –ate

No. Verb Noun1. Abbreviate Abbreviation2. Calculate Calculation3. Decorate Decoration4. Evaluate Evaluation5. Federate Federation6. Fluctuate Fluctuation7. Generate Generation8. Graduate Graduation9. Hallucinate Hallucination10. Illustrate Illustration11. Legislate Legislation12. Liquidate Liquidation13. Lubricate Lubrication14. Manipulate Manipulation15. Motivate Motivation16. Navigate Navigation17. Nominate Nomination18. Operate Operation19. Participate Participation20. Radiate Radiation21. Simulate Simulation22. Speculate Speculation23. Tolerate Toleration24. Terminate Termination25. Translate Translation26. Undulate Undulation27. Violate Violation

Appendix 2: The List of Verbs which end in –ize/-ise

No. Verb Noun1. Authorize Authorization2. Canalize Canalization3. Familiarize Familiarization4. Globalize Globalization5. Harmonize Harmonization6. Hospitalize Hospitalization


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7. Liberalize Liberalization8. Materialize Materialization9. Militarize Militarization10. Nationalize Nationalization11. Normalize Normalization12. Palatalize Palatalization13. Realize Realization14. Socialize Socialization15. Unionize Unionization16. Vocalize Vocalization17. Westernize Westernization18. Circumcise Circumcision19. Excise Excision20. Revise Revision

Appendix 3: The List of Verbs which end in alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l

No. Verb Noun1. Abort Abortion2. Affect Affection3. Confess Confession4. Conduct Conduction5. Deduct Deduction6. Discuss Discussion7. Edit Edition8. Exhibit Exhibition9. Flex Flexion10. Format Formation11. Immerse Immersion12. Induct Induction13. Infuse Infusion14. Miss Mission15. Negate Negation16. Object Objection17. Obsess Obsession18. Pass Passion19. Perfect Perfection20. Prevent Prevention21. React Reaction22. Rebel Rebellion23. Reverse Reversion24. Select Selection25. Suggest Suggestion26. Transact Transaction


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Appendix 4: The List of Verbs which end in fricative v and nasal m and n

No. Verb Noun1. Acclaim Acclamation2. Derive Derivation3. Explain Explanation4. Inform Information5. Lament Lamentation6. Observe Observation7. Opine Opinion


plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpuji · process which a word can be formed into another word....

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