plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpujirepository.usd.ac.id/3770/2/101214014_full.pdf · leⅣibar...

A STUDY ON THE USE OF MAXIMS OF CONVERSATIONAND SPEECH ACTS IN IRON MAN MOVIE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsto Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Cristoforus Febri DiputraStudent Number: 101214014

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATIONFACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITYYOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

A STUDY ON THE USE OF MAXIMS OF CONVERSATIONAND SPEECH ACTS IN IRON MAN MOVIE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsto Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Cristoforus Febri DiputraStudent Number: 101214014

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATIONFACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITYYOGYAKARTA

2015


iv

non scholæ sed vitæ discimus

I would like to dedicate this

thesis to My Family


STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis,which l havc wl■ ttcn,docs not contain the work

or parts ofthc work of othcr pcople,cxcept those cited in the quotations and thc

references,as a scientiflc paper should。

Yogyakarta,January 22,2015

The W五 ter

CHstoforus Feb五 Diputra

101214014

V


LEⅣIBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILⅣIIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEⅣ IIS

bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:Yang bertanda tangan di

Nama

Nomor Mahasiswa

Demi pengembangan ilmuUniversitas Sanata Dharma

:Cristoforus Fё bri Diputra

:101214014

pengetahuan,saya llnembenkan kepada Pcrpustakaan

karya ilmiah saya yangbeJudul:

A STUDY ON THE USE OF MAXIMS OF CONVERSATIONAND SPEECH ACTS IN IfiON MAN MOVIE

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikankepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan data,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalandata, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikan ke internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya

maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selamatetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di YogyakartaPada tanggal: 5 Januari 2015

(Cristoforus Febri Diputra)

Vl

Yang menyatakan


vii

ABSTRACT

Diputra, Cristoforus Febri. (2015). A Study on the Use of Maxims of Conversationand Speech Acts in Iron Man Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language EducationStudy Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This study discussed Iron Man movie, an American movie based on aMarvel Comic of the same title by Stan Lee. The movie revolved around afictional superhero from Marvel. Tony Stark is an industrialist, adventurer,philanthropist, inventor and scientist. At the age of 21, Tony inherited the entirefather’s wealth because his parents died in a car accident. One day, Tony Starkwas conducting a research in Iraq. It was a part of his father's dream. Because ofhis carelessness at the moment, he almost died. The incident made him becomesomeone who is very remarkable. He transformed from an ordinary human into asuperhero called Iron Man.

The movie depicted real examples of the use maxims of conversation andspeech acts in the characters’ utterances. Thus, the writer intended to analyze theutterances phenomena found in Iron Man movie based on the theories. Tworesearch problems were formulated in this study: (1) What are the maxims ofconversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie? (2) What are thespeech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man Movie?

The writer employed a theory of Grice’s (1989) to find out the maxims ofconversation produced by the characters of Iron Man movie. Also, Searle (1987)theory on the speech acts was included to solve the second research problem. Thewriter chose document analysis as the method of the study, in which Iron manmovie’s subtitle became the primary data source of the study. The secondarysource of this study contained theories on maxims of conversation and speechacts. The writer and Iron Man movie’s subtitle, further, were considered as theresearch instruments.

Based on the analysis, the writer found that the characters of Iron Manmovie applied the utterances based on the four maxims of conversation. Thosewere maxim of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. The second findingshowed that the speech acts used in speaking were locutionary, illocutionary, andperlocutionary acts.

Keywords: Iron Man movie, maxims of conversation, speech acts


viii

ABSTRAK

Diputra, Cristoforus Febri. (2015). A Study on the Use of Maxims of Conversationand Speech Acts in Iron Man Movie. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris,Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini membahas sebuah film berjudul Iron Man yang diadaptasi darikomik marvel karya Stan Lee. Film ini bercerita mengenai adalah sosokpahlawan super fiktif dari Marvel. Tony Stark adalah seorang industrialis,petualang, filantropis, penemu dan ilmuwan. Pada usia 21 tahun, Tony mudamewarisi seluruh kekayaan ayahnya dikarenakan kedua orang tuanya meninggalkarena kecelakaan mobil. Pada suatu hari, Tony Stark sedang melakukanpenelitian di Irak. Sebuah penelitian yang merupakan bagian dari impianayahnya, karena kecerobohannya dia hampir menemui ajalnya. Kejadian tersebutmenjadikan dia seseorang yang sangat luar biasa. Dia bertransformasi dariseorang manusia biasa menjadi superhero yang luar biasa yaitu Iron Man.

Film Iron Man menggambarkan contoh nyata penggunaan maxims ofconversation dan speech acts di dalam sebuah percapakan berdasarkan teori olehpara karakternya. Oleh karena itu, melalui studi ini penulis menganalisafenomena pengucapan di film Iron Man. Terdapat dua pokok permasalahandalam studi ini, yaitu: (1) apa sajakah maxims of conversation yang digunakanoleh karakter utama dalam film Iron Man? (2) apakah sajakah speech acts yangdigunakan dalam percakapan oleh para karakter film Iron Man?

Penulis menerapkan teori Grice (1989) untuk mengidentifikasi maxims ofconversation yang digunakan oleh para karakter film Iron Man. Teori Searle(1987) yaitu speech acts disertakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan ilmiah yangkedua. Penulis menggunakan metode analisis dokumen dengan naskah film IronMan sebagai sumber utama. Sementara itu, sumber sekunder dalam penelitian inimeliputi teori-teori percakapan maxim dan speech acts. Instrumen yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penulis dan naskah film Iron Man.

Berdasarkan analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa karater dari film IronMan menerapkan tuturan yang berdasarkan keempat maxims of conversation,antara lain maxim kualitas, kuantitas, relevansi, dan tata cara. Penemuan yangke dua yaitu menjelaskan tentang speech acts yang digunakan dalam berbiacaraantara lain locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.

Kata kunci: Iron Man movie, maxims of conversation, speech acts


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank God for His blessing and grace, especially during

my process in writing this thesis until finish.

I would like to express my profoundest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Retno

Muljani, M.Pd. who has been my inspiration as I struggle with all the obstacles in

the completion of this study. Her patience, suggestion, support and knowledge

helped me to complete and finish my thesis. I could not imagine having a better

advisor for this study.

I would like to thank Revaival, S.Pd., for his help and support in finding

sources for my thesis and also Cornelius Yoga, Agustinus Grahito, Arya

Dewangga, Obi Gaguk, and Antonius Nicko for the thesis discussions, precious

time spent in the library, help in understanding theories, and we were working

together to work on the thesis. I also thank to all my friends of PBI batch 2010.

My deepest gratitude and appreciation are addressed to my beloved

parents, brothers and sister for their love and continuous support throughout my

life. This thesis is simply impossible without them. I would like to thank everyone

who has supported me throughout the entire process.

Cristoforus Febri Diputra


x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................i

APPROVAL PAGES.................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION PAGE................................................................................................iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..........................................................v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI...........................................................vi

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................vii

ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................................viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .........................................................................................ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................x

LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1

A. Research Background.......................................................................1

B. Research Problem.............................................................................4

C. Problem Limitation ..........................................................................4

D. Research Objectives .........................................................................5

E. Research Benefits.............................................................................5

F. Definition of Terms..........................................................................6


xi

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .........................................9

A. Theoretical Description....................................................................9

1. Pragmatics ..................................................................................9

a. Grice’s Cooperative Principle ..............................................10

b. Maxims of Conversation ......................................................11

c. Conversational Implicature ..................................................12

d. Context of Utterance ............................................................13

2. Speech Acts................................................................................14

a. Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary Acts..................14

3. Sociolinguistics ..........................................................................15

B. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................16

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .....................................................18

A. Research Method..............................................................................18

B. Research Setting...............................................................................19

C. Data Source ......................................................................................20

D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique.....................................20

E. Data Analysis Technique .................................................................22

F. Research Procedure..........................................................................25

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...............................27

A. The Maxims of Conversation Used by the Main Characters in Iron

Man Movie .......................................................................................27

1. Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance ................................28


xii

2. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity ...................................33

3. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality .....................................38

4. Utterances Based on Maxim of Manner.....................................42

B. The Speech Acts Used in Speaking by the Characters in Iron Man

Movie................................................................................................46

1. Locutionary Act ..........................................................................47

2. Illocutionary Act.........................................................................48

3. Perlocutionary Act ......................................................................49

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS ..........50

A. Conclusions ......................................................................................50

B. Implications......................................................................................51

C. Suggestions ......................................................................................52

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................54

APPENDIX................................................................................................................56


xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Code List ................................................................................................ ....22

3.2 Utterances Produced Based on Maxims of Conversation ...................... ....24

3.3 Utterances Produced by the Main Characters ........................................ ....24

3.4 Utterances Produced Based on Code 1 and 2..............................................24

4.1 Utterances Produced Based on Maxims of Conversation ...........................28

4.2 Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance .................................................33

4.3 Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity ....................................................37

4.4 Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality ................................................. ....42

4.5 Utterances Based on Maxim of Manner................................................. ....46


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the introduction of this study which consists of six

parts. The first part is the research background of the study. The second part is

research problems. The third part is problem limitation. The fourth part is the

research objectives. The fifth part is research benefits. The sixth part is definition

of terms.

A. Research Background

Communication has a substantial role in keeping the harmony of a

community. Indonesians, particularly, often utter or imply something within their

utterances to avoid awkward situations during conversations. Indonesians, most of

the time would feel reluctant to utter what they really mean because they can feel

others' emotional feelings and to sense others' existence including their role.

Indonesians, tend to use a more popular term, to be emphatic in dealing with

others. This tendency leads speakers to use maxims of conversation and speech

acts. Therefore, it has been a part of Indonesians’ speaking culture, and maxims of

conversation should better be understood by both the speakers and listeners to

avoid misunderstanding. Thus, the listeners are able to interpret the meaning of

the utterances and to respond the speakers’ utterances well.


2

This study focuses on the language used by the characters in a movie

entitled Iron Man. Tony Stark is the main character who is known as an ambitious

yet genius man. He uses his skill in technology to build a weapon and iron suit

fighting to defend himself and the society who need his help in Iraq. Tony Stark’s

struggle tries to help each other is the principle aim from his dream to build the

iron suit. There are some troublemakers who have to be faced in the future

however, an ambition can defeat everything. Finally, Tony Stark and his friends

can enjoy their life because of the iron suit.

Iron Man movie pervades aspects belonging to utterances based on the

maxims of conversation and speech acts. The character would break the maxims

especially maxim of relevance, for instance, when J.A.R.V.I.S says, “Sir, there are

still terabytes of calculations needed before an actual flight is…” Tony Stark cuts

and utters, “J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to run before you can walk!” It

shows how J.A.R.V.I.S’ utterances are irrelevantly answered by Tony by

implying something else. The utterance implied that he did not have much time to

wait the terabytes of calculations in the project. He just wanted to run the suit and

fix an error after the flight. Iron Man movie is chosen because it contains a great

deal of utterances based on the maxims of conversation and speech acts among the

characters in their conversations and the theories focus on forms of language

within speakers’ utterances (Grice, 1989).

This movie depicts how implying can be an inappropriate method of

uttering something the speakers want to say because misinterpretation and

misunderstanding can occur. The researcher attempts to show that language is a


3

significant part of English learners especially for a teacher. The researcher also

shows how the English learners can deliver a message through a language,

especially English, appropriately and properly.

The writer analyzes the maxims of conversation and speech acts which

were uttered by the characters of Iron Man movie because the movie can

eventually be medium to study pragmatics. This study will give further data on the

utterances based on the maxims of conversation and speech acts by the characters

of Iron Man movie. This is closely related to the students who have courses on

campus. Especially, for PBI students so that they can apply the concepts of

pragmatic related to the maxims of conversation and speech acts in daily

conversation, such as in micro teaching class, public speaking, and movie

interpretation class which are very useful using the theory as the concept as future

English language teachers. This movie is included in the box office which is

famous and is most watched by students. On the other side, the researcher chooses

this movie than the other movies because this movie gives more specific

information from the utterances related to the theories. The learners can use this

movie as a reference especially to study pragmatics. The Iron Man movie contains

phenomena belonging to maxims of conversation and speech acts. Thus, the

movie can give some information and knowledge about maxims and speech acts

itself for learners, especially in the conversation.


4

B. Research Problems

Based on the background of the study, two research problems are

formulated as follows.

1. What are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron

Man movie?

2. What are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man

movie?

C. Problem Limitation

The study is limited to the use of the maxims of conversation and speech

acts by the characters in Iron Man movie. The characters are Tony Stark, Lt.

Colonel James "Rhodey" Rhodes, Pepper Potts, Obadiah and J.A.R.V.I.S. The

writer focuses only on those five characters because they are the ones who play

the important roles in the movie and also appear more frequently flout the maxims

of conversation than the other characters. The data of the research problem will be

analyzed based on the theory of cooperative principle by Grice (1989). On the

other side, “maxim is a set of norms which language users adhere to in order to

uphold the effectiveness and efficiency of communication” (Hatim & Mason,

1990, p. 242). The methodology used in this study is document analysis and the

study is done by watching and analyzing the movie’s subtitle.


5

D. Research Objectives

There are two research objectives in this study. The first objective is to find

out the maxims of conversations used by the main character in Iron Man movie.

The second objective is to find out the speech acts used in speaking by the

characters in Iron Man Movie.

E. Research Benefits

The writer believes that the study will be beneficial for several groups:

1. English Learners

The study will assist the English learners to apply English language

proficiency appropriately and properly. The benefit of this research English

learner can apply the language especially in a test like TOEFL and teaching-

learning process. This research will also encourage English learners to be able to

use English in the conversations appropriately, especially to avoid the

misinterpretation or misunderstanding.

2. Readers

This study will provide some important information and will enrich

readers’ knowledge of pragmatics in relation to utterances based on the maxims of

conversation and speech acts for its readers. Thus, readers are capable of applying

a good concept of communication as efficient and effective way in speaking.

3. Future Researchers

This study will hopefully become the beneficial research for future

researchers, especially in an academic reference to conduct further research on


6

pragmatics under the same topic. This study will also contribute to speech acts

study related to Grice theory and enrich the information related to efficient and

effective speaking.

F. Definition of Terms

In order to help the readers in understanding the topic discussed, the terms

used in this study are defined as follows.

1. Maxims of Conversation

According to Grice (1989), “the conversational contribution such as is

required at the stage. It is occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the

conversation exchange in which you are engaged” (p. 26). This study explains the

cooperative principle from Grice’s theory. The principle states that the speaker

gives contribution in conversation in which the speaker is engaged. In the

cooperative principle, the speaker and the hearer shall always assume that all

parties involved are cooperating, the speaker’s implied meaning based on their

knowledge on conversational maxim. This cooperative principle contains four

categories, which are formulated as basic rules or maxims. Maxim is a set of the

norms which language users adhere in order to uphold the effectiveness and the

efficiency of communication (Hatim & Mason, 1990, p. 242). Those four maxims

are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of

manner. In this study, maxims of conversation refer to the way of a

communication in a conversation, especially in our daily activities by using the

language in effective and efficient ways.


7

2. Speech Acts

Speech acts cannot be separated from the speaker’s intention because the

speaker’s utterances in expressing speech acts determine what someone means.

Searle (2010) states that speech acts consist of three things, namely act of saying

something, act of doing something, and act of affecting someone (p. 54). In order

to distinguish the importance of those three things in producing an utterance

related to the three terms which are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary

acts.

3. Iron Man Movie

Iron Man is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel

Comics character of the same title. The story revolves around Tony Stark, a

genius, rich, womanizer man and a philanthropist, who is attacked when he is

assigned to give a weapons presentation to an Iraqi unit and left bruised with a

chest full of shrapnel and a car battery attached to his heart. He, therefore,

miniaturizes the battery and figures out that the battery can empower something

else. The term Iron Man describes Tony Stark himself, an exceptionally strong or

robust man in his iron suit, which is facilitated with high technology.

4. Characters

A character is described by Abrams (1981) as “the person presented in a

dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed

with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in the dialogue and action” (p.

20). The term characters in this study refer to individuals who possess their own


8

traits and motivations. The study focuses on five characters, namely Tony Stark,

Lt. Colonel James "Rhodey" Rhodes, Pepper Potts, Obadiah and J.A.R.V.I.S.


9

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The writer provides two parts in this section: theoretical description and

theoretical framework. The theoretical description includes the discussion of

pragmatics, speech acts, and sociolinguistics theory. Furthermore, the theoretical

framework is used to synthesize all the theories elaborated in the theoretical

description to relate the theories to the current study.

A. Theoretical Description

The writer discusses four parts in this section. The first part that will be

discussed is pragmatics. Since the study deals with the utterances produced by the

characters of a movie called Iron Man, it is necessary to include the discussion

pragmatics because it is closely related with meaning in contexts. The second part

is speech acts. Speech acts is a part of pragmatics and the focus is language as a

tool for communication. Sociolinguistics is included as well because the theory

clarifies the context of conversation based on the situation, setting, plot and also

the characters’ utterances. Sociolinguistics needs to be defined and included as a

part of the underlying theory in order to make clear understanding on the topic

discussed.

1. Pragmatics

Van Dijk (2009) states that, “pragmatics is one of the fields of linguistics

and discourse studies that has most systematically studied the relations between


10

context and language” (p. 13). Levinson (1983) writes, “pragmatics covers both

context-dependent aspects of language structure and principles of language usage

and understanding that have nothing or little to do with linguistic structure” (p. 9).

Pragmatics clarifies the language usage and language structure as the basic

concepts in understanding language within contexts. The focus of pragmatics is

how the speakers use language to convey information in communication.

Meanwhile, Leech (1992) mentions that, “pragmatics is the study of how language

is used to communicate and also how someone uses language within context in

particular ways in communication” (p. 19). Thus, based on the theories the writer

states, pragmatics is the language that is used to show our language usage and

language structure in our daily communication.

a. Grice’s Cooperative Principle

It is important for speakers to deliver the accurate information to the

hearer so the conversation is going to run well. According to Grice (1989), “the

conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at it occurs, by the

accepted purpose of the conversation exchange in which you are engaged” (p. 26).

Based on the definition, the writer tries to infer that the language in conversations

should be conducted in the right rules. It makes the conversation will be efficient

and effective in speaking. In the cooperative principle, the speaker and the hearer

shall always assume that all parties involved are cooperative, so that the speaker’s

implied meaning based on their knowledge on a conversational maxim.


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b. Maxims of Conversation

The principle states that the speaker gives contribution in conversation in

which the speaker is engaged. This cooperative principle contains four categories,

which are formulated as basic rules or maxims. Maxim is a set of norms which

language users adhere to in order to uphold the effectiveness and efficiency of

communication (Hatim & Mason, 1990, p. 242). Those four maxims are maxim of

quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner.

a. Maxim of quantity demands the speaker’s contribution is informative as is

required and no more informative than is required.

Example of obeying:

A: “Where are you going?”

B: “I’m going to the post office.”

In the example, B gives comments to A’s statement without adding other

information.

b. Maxim of quality requires the speaker not to say what is believed to be false

and for which the speaker lacks adequate evidence.

Example of obeying:

A: “Why did you come late last night?”

B: “The car was broken down”

In t he example, B gives the truth that his car was broken down so that he

came late.

c. Maxim of relevance required the speaker to be relevant.

Example of obeying:

A: “Where is my box of chocolates?”

B: “It is in your room.”

In the example, B’s reply is related to the question, not talking about

something else.


12

d. Maxim of Manner requires the speaker to avoid obscurity of expression and

ambiguity. Maxim of manner demands the speaker to be brief and orderly.

Example of obeying:

A: Where was Alfred yesterday?

B: Alfred went to the store and bought some whiskey.

In the example, B’s answer obeys the maxim of manner: be orderly, because

she gives a clear explanation where A was.

Levinson (1983) states that, Grice’s maxims above specify what

participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, and

cooperative way: the participant should speak sincerely, relevantly, and clearly

while providing sufficient information (p. 103). In this study, the writer tries to

use some theories that can help the reader in knowing the utterances based on the

maxims of conversation.

c. Conversational Implicature

In daily life, a person unconsciously communicates with others in many

ways such as language, gestures and expressions. In communication, he or she is

expected to give or share information with others. According to Mey (2001),

implicature is derived from the word that implies something like expressing an

idea or feeling without saying it directly to the hearer (para. 45). The

philosophical approach of Grice to conversation added further dimensions to a

research of the language use by introducing the notion of implicatures. Whereas,

traditional approaches in semantics, philosophy and logic sentences, stated that

implicatures are less strict inferences based on contextual conditions. Grice also

formulated what he called maxims as principles of conversational cooperation,


13

such as telling the truth, saying no more and no less than necessary, being relevant

and being clear. Most of these norms pertain to text and talk itself (such as

avoiding ambiguity or speaking relevantly and hence-coherently), but again with a

strong contextual dimension of speaking appropriately.

This is the example of the connection between implicature and

conversational maxims, and cooperative principle:

A: where is my book?

B: your young sister is drawing something.

Based on the examples above, Grice’s cooperative principle and the four

maxims aimed to make the conversation effective. B did not answer A with the

right amount of information and the answer is not relevant to the question. B gave

the answer which implied something indirectly.

d. Context of Utterance

In the conversation, a context is very important in a sentence or utterance.

The context would be different in many ways based on the situation or social

condition in speaking. In the context of the utterance, there is an aspect which can

be the criteria in conversations. According to Leech (1983), the context is any

background of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and hearer which

contributes to the hearer’s interpretation of what speaker means by a given

utterance. Therefore, the context is important in an utterance to derive relevant

meaning to the hearer.


14

2. Speech Acts

Speech acts cannot be separated from the speaker’s intention because the

speaker’s utterances in expressing speech acts determine what he/she means.

Searle (2010) states that, speech acts consists of three things, namely act of saying

something, act of doing something, and act of affecting someone (p. 54). In order

to differentiate a kind of speech acts in producing the utterances, Searle

determined that speech acts have three terms which explain every detail about

expressing an idea in utterances. The terms are locutionary, illocutionary, and

perlocutionary acts.

a. Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary Acts

In this part, the researcher will explain the theories related to locutionary,

illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. The researcher gives further explanation on

the use of these theories.

1) Locutionary Act

Searle (1987) mentions that, “locutionary act is an act contains the way

people produce an utterance which has a meaningful sentence semantically and

literally” (p. 23). For example, in the utterance “this class is really cold” could be

perceived as its literal meaning that the temperature inside is really cold or the

temperature outside is really cold.

2) Illocutionary Act

Curse (2000) states, “Illocutionary acts are the internal to the locutionary

act and also an act which performs a locutionary act” (p. 332). In the illocutionary

acts the speaker performs the utterances in speaking with the context. The


15

illocutionary act is closely connected to speaker’s intentions. For instance, stating,

requesting, apologizing, complaining and threatening are included in illocutionary

act. For instances, “Will you close the door?” could mean that the speaker wants

the listener to close the door and “The room is too dark” could mean that he or she

wants the listener to turn on the light because the situation in the room is too dark.

3) Perlocutionary Act

According to Cruse (2000), perlocutionary acts are “the acts performed by

means of language, using language as a tool” (p. 332). Searle (1987) states that

perlocutionary is also the production of illuctionary acts which contains acts of

persuading, embarrassing, intimidating and inspiring the listener. For example,

someone says, “Come on. You can do it!” The way a speaker persuades the

listener is by speaking to him or her, but the listener or the one that is being

persuaded also needs to do what the speaker is urging.

3. Sociolinguistics

Language possesses various types of context in daily life. This part will

elaborate a particular language, especially about the language and society.

Sociolinguistics is a part of linguistics that describes the relation between

language and society in social context. This theory will also reveal a fact about

human’s ability in speaking which is described how the factors such as age,

gender, and also social class can affect the conversation. Llamas and Stockwell

(2009) argue that “societies differ from each other and change over time which

shows that language is variable” (p. 21). Thus, this theory explains how the

speakers use language in context of a personal or social.


16

Sociolinguistic aspects in a conversation are the major situation when the

speakers need to pay attention in language usage. The speakers should be able to

produce language choice in a good concept of communication. It is related to

speech acts because the speaker’s utterances in expressing the idea and language

usage determine what he or she means in the daily communication.

Sociolinguistics provides facts about human speech in relation to their

conversation in the society and speech acts included in the sociolinguistic itself.

Thus, they have a strong relation and complete one another.

B. Theoretical Framework

The purpose of this study is to analyze the maxims of conversations and

speech acts by the main character in Iron Man movie. The research problems are

(a) What are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man

movie? (b) What are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron

Man movie? The research problems are solved by some theories proposed by

Grice (1989). On the other side, maxim is a set of norms which language users

adhere to in order to uphold the effectiveness and efficiency of communication

(Hatim & Mason, 1990, p. 242). The theories present detailed information and

understandable explanation related to the research problems.

Moreover, pragmatics study aims at comprehending the characters’

utterances related to Grice’s cooperative principle, maxims of conversation,

conversational implicature and it deals with meaning in context of utterance,

especially, the maxims of conversation. These theories are applied to analyze the


17

data from the utterances in the movie. Speech acts are also presented because it is

a part of pragmatics in which the utterances produced by someone can mean

requesting, commanding, and stating. In other words, someone can produce an

utterance than conveys one or more than one meanings. Those components might

be appropriate for further explanations for the findings especially related to the

characters’ utterances. Theory of sociolinguistics is a part of the theories because

it is the study of language in society. Analyzing the characters’ conversations

means dealings with the concept of language use in the scope of society,

especially for the utterances. The theories of maxims of conversation by Grice

(1989) are included as the main sources to help the writer work on the findings

later in chapter four.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides an analysis of the methodology which is used to find

data of the particular research. There are six parts in this section, namely research

method, research setting, data source, instruments and data gathering technique,

data analysis technique, and research procedure. Research method contains the

definition of the research type that is chosen by the writer.

A. Research Method

In this study, the writer focuses on the utterances produced by the

characters in Iron Man related to maxims of conversation and speech acts. The

method that was used by the writer in this study is to answer the two research

problems, what are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in

Iron Man movie? and what are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters

in Iron Man movie?

In order to answer the research problems, the study adopted a qualitative

research because it focuses on the utterances of Iron Man’s characters. The results

of the research problems needed to be explained and interpreted by the words.

This study qualitative research is used to analyze the data and to identify the

pattern of data based on the data collected through observation or document

analysis.


19

More specifically, this study used a document analysis. Ary, Jacob, and

Razavieh (2002) conclude that “document analysis provided narrative description

and interpretation rather than a numerical analysis of data” (p. 22-25). It means

that the method used by the writer in this study to answer the research questions

was narrating and interpreting the analysis of Iron Man. The researcher employed

the document analysis method to apply the method in maxims of conversation and

speech acts especially the utterances in Iron Man movie.

Besides, Ary, Jacob, and Razavieh (2002) define “content or documents

analysis as a research method applied to written or visual materials, the materials

can be in the form of scripts, newspapers, textbooks, advertisements, and any

other types of the documents” (p. 442). In this study, the utterances of the

characters in Iron Man movie subtitle are taken as the data. The first character is

Tony Stark who is known as an ambitious yet genius man. The second is Lt.

Colonel James "Rhodey. The third is Pepper Potts. The fourth is Obadiah. The last

one is J.A.R.V.I.S.

B. Research Setting

The researcher analyzed the script of Iron Man. The analysis was started

from August 2013 until May 2014. Specifically, the writer watched the movie to

know the setting, situation, plot and characters. After that, the writer analyzed the

subtitle related to the movie. Besides, the writer categorized the character’s

utterances on the basis of theories in the study. The last step, the writer identified


20

the character’s utterances based on maxims of conversation and speech acts, and

then writing the report.

C. Data Source

The data sources used in this study were the subtitle of the Iron Man

movie, particularly the utterances of the five characters. The first character is

Tony Stark. The second is Lt. Colonel James "Rhodey" Rhodes. The third is

Pepper Potts. The fourth character is Obadiah, and the last one is J.A.R.V.I.S.

Those five characters play important roles in the movie. They also experience

more emotions and expressions dealings with characters’ utterances itself. For

instance, J.A.R.V.I.S. asked “Sir, there are still terabytes of calculations needed

before an actual flight is...” Tony Stark cut and uttered “J.A.R.V.I.S.! Sometimes

you got to run before you can walk”, it showed how J.A.R.V.I.S.’ utterances were

irrelevantly answered by Tony by implying something else. The writer analyzed

how characters modified their utterances due to the utterances by the other

characters.

D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

There were two instruments used in the study. They were the researcher as

the human instrument and Iron Man movie subtitle as the document. Instrument

each of them will be described in the following part.


21

1. The Researcher as Human Instrument

The writer gathered the data in the form of expressions or utterances

produced by the characters of Iron Man by watching the movie and reading the

subtitle. The writer also searched for more information from books, journals, and

internet regarding the theories. Arikunto (2002) says that “Human instrument is

the only primary instrument that is possibly used to collect the data needed” (p.

126). According to Lincoln and Guba (1998) state that human as an instrument in

the research is to underline the very unique role played by qualitative research in

their inquiries (p. 76). Therefore, it can be concluded that a qualitative research

studies human experiences and situation. After that, the researcher needs to be

able to capture the uniqueness of the human instrument.

2. Iron Man Movie Subtitle as the Document

The writer analyzed the document, Iron Man subtitle, to answer the

research problems. The analysis result is the narrative description and

interpretation of the characters of Iron Man. As Ary et al. (2002) mention,

documents can be personal such as diaries, official such as files, or documents of

popular culture, such as books, etc (p. 435). The researcher used the Iron Man

subtitle as a document to collect some utterances from the subtitle. In this study,

as mentioned previously, the movie was used to answer the research questions:

what are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man

movie? and what are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron

Man movie? In order to answer the research question, the writer selected certain


22

utterances or expressions dealings with maxims of conversation and speech acts in

the subtitle which were produced by the five characters.

E. Data Analysis Technique

The researcher used descriptive analysis to analyze the data. Miles and

Hubberman (2004) defined analysis as a consisting of three current flows of

activity (p. 10). Those are data reduction, data display, and conclusion

drawing/verification.

1. Data Reduction

In this step, the writer organized the data for the analysis. In addition, the

writer gathered all conversations of the Iron Man’s characters in the script and

observed how they try to convey their messages as well as how they respond to

the conversations. The writer classified certain expressions of utterances proposed

by Grice (1989, p. 41), and then listed the data into some categories through a

process of coding Creswell (2007).

Table 3.1 Code ListTheme Code Research Problem No.

Maxim of Quality MoQl 1Maxim of Quantity MoQn 1Maxim of Relevance MoR 1Maxim of Manner MoM 1Locutionary L 2Illocutionary IL 2Perlocutionary PL 2None - 1 & 2


23

This coding process should provide this study with helpful information about the

utterances based on the movie subtitle, especially the utterances related to maxims

of conversation and speech acts.

2. Data Display

Data display is the next step after data reduction. The data would be

displayed in short description form. The characters’ utterances which belong to

the maxims of conversation are the main concern in this study and especially

focus on the four maxims of conversation theory that is found in the conversation.

The four maxims are the maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of

relevance, and maxim of manner. Moreover, the utterances analyzed based on the

speech acts are especially focused on the locutionary, illocutionary, and

perlocutionary related to the expressions.

3. Conclusion Drawing and Verification

The third stream of analysis activity is conclusion drawing and verification

from the collection process related to the utterances. Therefore, the researcher

tries to reduce the data especially the utterances based on the characters. It

consists of drawing initial conclusions based on cross-case data displays and then

subjecting these initial conclusions to confirm the procedures. The results of this

study is the utterances based on maxim of relevance, quantity, quality, manner,

and speech acts used in speaking by the main characters in Iron Man movie.

Further, the result of the study would be verified and deemed appropriate.


24

Table 3.2 Utterances Produced Based on Maxim of Conversation in Iron ManMovie

Maxims ofConversation

Utterance Percentage (%)

QualityQuantityRelevanceMannerTOTAL

After classifying the utterances from maxim of conversation, the

researcher analyzed the utterances in some categories based on the characters’

utterances.

Table 3.3 Utterances Produced by the Main Characters in Iron Man MovieCharacter Maxim of…Tony StarkPepper PottsColonelObadiahJ.A.R.V.I.STOTAL

The illustration led the researcher to make a classification table of utterances

based on the first and second research question based on code 1 and 2.

Table 3.4 Utterances Produced by the Main Characters Based on Code 1 and 2in Iron Man Movie

Characters Utterances Maxims ofConversation

Speech Acts

Code 1 Code 2Tony StarkPepper PottsColonelObadiahJ.A.R.V.I.S


25

F. Research Procedure

The procedures taken by the writer in this study were:

1. Analyzing the Subtitle

The writer analyzed the subtitle for further complete information related to

the expressions or utterances used by the characters in the movie. The writer,

furthermore, analyzed every conversation and every expression used by the

characters in the movie to be employed to answer the research questions.

2. Categorizing the Characters’ Utterances

The utterances produced by the characters of Iron Man were categorized

into some types of the maxims of conversation (Grice, 1989, p. 41). Each

utterance in the movie subtitle was put into each category to help the writer in

analyzing further data as well as in answering the research question.

3. Identifying the Speech Acts Used by the Characters

The writer analyzed the expressions of conversations between the

characters in the movie. Then, the writer identified each expression used by the

main characters to find the speech acts used in speaking. There are three terms of

speech acts which used to analyze the expressions, they are locutionary,

illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.

4. Writing up the Report

The writer started to write a report on the study especially to solve the

research problems in this study. Besides, the writer gathered all the utterances to

obtain the data which were connected to the theories. The writer provided


26

explanation on each character’s utterances presented as the data which covered the

findings based on the theories by Grice (1989) and Searle (1987).


27

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This part will provide the discussion of the research findings and the

discussion of the research problems. The first research problem is the maxims of

conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie. The second research

problem is the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man movie.

The data will be presented based on the order of the research problems. The

content of this chapter is divided into two parts. Part A will discuss the maxims of

conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie and part B will

present the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man movie.

A. The Maxims of Conversation Used by the Main Characters in Iron Man

Movie

This part discusses the maxims of conversation used by the main characters

in Iron Man movie. The maxims divided into four parts, there are the maxim of

quantity, quality, relevance and manner. The identified maxims of conversation

are based on the utterances produced by the five characters in Iron Man movie.

The data were taken from the movie subtitle. The characters are Tony Stark, Lt.

Colonel James “Rhodey” Rhodes, Obadiah, Pepper Potts, and J.A.R.V.I.S. The

following discussion concerns on the analysis of the utterances based on maxims

that are produced by the five characters. The data are presented with the examples

of the dialogues as well as the explanation for each dialogue.


28

According to Grice (1989), the term maxims of conversation are derived

from the word “imply” which means expressing an idea or feeling without saying

it directly in conversation (para. 80). Based on the meaning of the root,

conversational maxims can be defined as an idea or a feeling that is indirectly

expressed in a conversation. Grice (1989) suggests that there is an effective way

to communicate, which we all accept as standard behavior. They are Grice’s

cooperative principle and the four maxims aimed to make conversation effective.

Table 4.1: Utterances Produced Based on Maxim of Conversation in Iron ManMovie

Maxim ofConversation

Utterances Percentage (%)

Quality 30 times 24.4 %Quantity 21 times 17.1 %Relevance 47 times 38.2 %Manner 25 times 20.3 %TOTAL 123 100

1. Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance

Similar to its name, this maxim expects the speaker to be relevant of the

conversation. It is important because when the hearer gets irrelevant answers in

conversation, it means that the communication would be failed. When a person

flouts the maxim of relevance, she/he does not intend to mislead the hearer when

he or she changes the subject. The speaker expects the hearer to see the other

meaning. There is a reason the speaker flouts the maxim of relevance in

conversation.

Characters’ utterance that is related to maxim of conversation, especially

for maxim of relevance was frequently flouted by some characters in the movie.

Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S sometimes make it in some conversations. Those two


29

characters were preparing some projects which are planned by Tony Stark. In the

project, J.A.R.V.I.S was the conductor in making the suit of war Iron Man, while

Tony Stark is a person who uses it. He could be called as an Iron Man. Tony Stark

asked J.A.R.V.I.S to deliver some information about preparations, especially to

import all preferences from home interface, connection, calibrating virtual

environment and control surface.

In this scene Tony Stark used the maxim of relevance, while J.A.R.V.I.S

made some preparations for the suit. Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S were scheduled

to start the machine. J.A.R.V.I.S had tested the preparation to power down and to

begin diagnostics. Before J.A.R.V.I.S wanted to start all of calculations needed,

Tony Stark decided to know some information of the weather and ATC. He had to

remember and also start to listen it as listed. It is to make sure that J.A.R.V.I.S

knew all of them when they run the Iron man.

Dialogue 1Setting : Tony Stark’s HouseSituation : Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S are testing Iron Man.Participants : Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S

Tony Stark : Do a check on control surfaces.J.A.R.V.I.S : As you wish.

(Preparation)Test complete. Preparing to power down and begindiagnostics.

Tony Stark : Yeah. Tell you what. Do a weather and ATC check.Start listening in on ground control.

J.A.R.V.I.S : Sir, there are still terabytes of calculations neededbefore an actual flight is...

Tony Stark : J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to run before you canwalk.


30

Utterance based on maxim of relevance was flouted by Tony Stark when

J.A.R.V.I.S tried to give the information about terabytes of the calculations which

was needed before an actual flight. Tony Stark actually knew that they have to

wait for a moment, especially for the calculation needed. However, he was not

tolerant to run the suit of war. Tony Stark had a limited time to finish the project,

especially to show up in front of many people. He tried to help people and just

gave the simple statement. Tony Stark uttered, “J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to

run before you can walk”. It showed how J.A.R.V.I.S’ utterances were

irrelevantly answered by Tony Stark. The answer implied that he did not have

much time for waiting for the terabytes of calculations, what he wanted is to run

the suit and fix an error after the flight.

Tony Stark did not only flout the maxim of relevance in the house, but also

manage to use it more in the conference where the ceremony of Apogee Award.

Lt. Colonel Rhodey was presenting the award to Tony Stark. However, he felt that

Tony Stark did not follow the ceremony. Colonel felt was confused because Tony

Stark did not care much about the award. On the other hand, Obadiah tried to

replace Tony Stark’s position as his partner of a job especially in Stark Industry.

Lt. Colonel Rhodey was impatient to wait for him because he had to delegate the

award. Finally, Colonel found Tony Stark in a bar, playing gambling. He was

exasperated by Tony Stark and he just answered all of the statements with

irrelevant responses until the conference finished. When Tony Stark wanted to go

home, he was interviewed by Christine as a journalist. He also flouted many

maxim of relevance to answer all of the questions.


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The conversation of Tony Stark, Colonel and Christine is presented in the

dialogue 2:

Dialogue 2Setting : conferenceSituation : Tony Stark followed the conference.Participants : Tony Stark, Colonel and Christine E.

Colonel : If I presented you with an award,you'd be deeply honored.

Tony Stark : Of course I'd be deeply honored.And it's you, that's great. So when do we do it?

Colonel : It's right here. Here you go.Tony Stark : There it is. That was easy. I'm so sorry.Colonel : Yeah, it's okay.Tony Stark : Wow! Would you look at that? That's something else.

I don't have any of those floating around.We're gonna let it ride!(Out of conference)

Christine E. : You've been calledthe da Vinci of our time.What do you say to that?

Tony Stark : Absolutely ridiculous. I don't paint.Christine E. : And what do you say to your other nickname?

"The Merchant of Death"?Tony Stark : That's not bad.

The utterances based on maxim of relevance were also shown within Tony

Stark’s utterances. He carried out innocent face acts toward Colonel in his

utterances by using harsh expressions in high tone and flouted, “Wow! Would you

look at that? That's something else, I don't have any of those floating around,

we're gonna let it ride!” These expressions showed the innocent face as if great

changeover all of attentions from Colonel because he was angry before. The

utterances implied that Tony Stark wanted to invite Colonel for playing the

gambling. He forgot about the award which was not attended by Tony Stark. The

same thing occurred when he uttered, “Absolutely ridiculous. I don't paint”. It


32

showed how Christine’s utterances were answered irrelevantly by Tony Stark. The

answer implied that he did not know the relationship between him and Da Vinci.

He just worked to continue his father's dream. Moreover, in the last answer, he

just uttered “That's not bad”. Tony Stark committed the action of implying a

meaning beyond and certainly he did not like the nickname, especially for the

"The Merchant of Death"

Evidently, Tony Stark was the one who mostly flouted the utterances based

on the maxim of relevance. He applied it to show urgency, flattery, efficiency and

effectiveness in speaking. “I'd be prepared to lose a few with you” The statement

was used to seduce Christine. He also flouted the maxim of relevant to imply her

for joining with him in his house. In another scene, Tony Stark felt annoyed and

was angry with Obadiah. It was because he did not attend the award ceremony to

meet him and suddenly come to take his burger. Tony Stark uttered the maxim of

relevance by stating, “There's only one left” His utterance was intended to not

give it because it was the last one. Tony Stark showed there is an effective way to

communicate which we all accept as standard behavior.

The maxim of relevance was often applied by Tony Stark in his

conversations as shown in dialogue 1 and 2. Table 4.2 presents the number of

utterances based on maxim of relevance produced by each character. There were

totally forty four utterances. It was the first most maxims of conversation by the

characters in Iron Man Movie.


33

Table 4.2: Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance Produced by the CharactersCharacter Maxim of RelevanceTony Stark 28 timesPepper Potts 6 timesColonel 2 timesObadiah 4 timesJ.A.R.V.I.S. 4 timesTOTAL 44

Of the five characters in the movie, five of them – Tony Stark, Pepper

Potts, Colonel, Obadiah, and J.A.R.V.I.S. produced some utterances based on

maxim of relevance in their dialogues. There were two utterances of Colonel

concerning with maxim of relevance. He used it less frequently than the other

characters, because he never intended to surprise his addressees. He produced two

statements only on maxim of relevance to show welcomes and efficiency in

speaking. Obadiah and J.A.R.V.I.S produced the utterances concerning with the

maxim of relevance four times. Pepper Potts was involved in the dialogues and

mentioning maxim of relevance six times. Tony Stark was involved as many as

twenty eight times. Thus, Tony Stark contributed more utterances based on

maxim of relevance in the dialogues. He uttered to apply the maxim of relevance

more than the others because he was the one who mostly appeared in the movie.

He applied maxim of relevance to show urgency, flattery, efficiency and

effectiveness way in speaking.

2. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity

According to Grice (1989), there are two specific maxims of quantity in

conversation. The first one is about the contribution which provides information

than is required. The second one is the contribution that provides more


34

information than is required. On the other hand, this maxim deals with the amount

of information that is given by the speaker in conversation. This maxim of

quantity frequently happens when the speaker aims to make an effective

conversation.

Maxim of quantity was frequently used by some characters in the Iron Man

movie. Those characters are Tony Stark, Lt. Colonel James “Rhodey” Rhodes,

Obadiah, Pepper Potts, and J.A.R.V.I.S who use the utterances based on maxim of

quantity. It was started when Tony Stark wanted to show up his technology in

front of the soldier. The soldier tried to keep up and guarded him until the last

destination. On the way to a project of Tony Stark, he attempted to seduce soldiers

with his words. Finally, Tony Stark was interviewed by the soldier.

Dialogue 3Setting : Desert, Kunar Province, Afghanistan.Situation : Guardianship of Tony Stark.Participants : Tony Stark and Soldier

Soldier : Is it true you went 12 for 12 with last year's Maxim covermodels?

Tony Stark : That is an excellent question. Yes and no.March and I had a scheduling conflict, but fortunately, theChristmas cover was twins. Anything else? You're kiddingme with the hand up, right?

Soldier : Is it cool if I take a picture with you?Tony Stark : Yes. It's very cool.Soldier : All right.Tony Stark : I don't want to see this on your MySpace page.

Please, no gang signs. No, throw it up. I'm kidding.Yeah, peace. I love peace. I'd be out of a job with peace.

Tony Stark felt that he was like a stranger in the car. He tried to be friendly

with the soldier so that he made a conversation. He attempted to ask the soldier

like and to make a joke or to give them a strange statement. However, the soldiers


35

felt awkward to be near with him. Suddenly, one of the soldiers asked something

that was not relevant to the conversation. The soldier tried to lighten the situation

by making a question about maxim cover models. Tony Stark loudly answered

and gave the response like this “That is an excellent question. Yes and no. March

and I had a scheduling conflict, but fortunately, the Christmas cover was twins.

Anything else? You're kidding me with the hand up, right?” Based on the

statement, Tony Stark just flouted the maxim of quantity when soldier asked “Is it

true you went 12 for 12 with last year's Maxim cover models?” Tony Stark was

flouting it by giving the more informative answer. The utterance implied that

Tony Stark just wanted to make a joke, because the soldiers seemed to be so

serious in the car.

Tony Stark also employed the maxim of quantity in his conversation with

Pepper Potts. It was shown by the intense of maxim of relevance that he had

applied at his conversation previously. After the incident, Tony Stark and Pepper

Potts planned to have a vacation. The conversation indicated that the relationship

between Tony Stark and Pepper Potts took a favorable turn as boss and assistance.

It was shown by the compliments they gave to one another optimistically.

Dialogue 4Setting : Tony Stark’s HouseSituation : Pepper Potts was dressing up Tony Stark, before went to

vacation.Participants : Tony Stark and Pepper Potts

Tony stark : Tell me you never think about that night.Pepper Potts : What night?Tony stark : You know.Pepper Potts : Are you talking about the night that

we danced and went up on the roof,and then you went downstairs


36

to get me a drink, and you left me there, by myself?Is that the night you're talking about?

Tony Stark : Mmm-mmm…Pepper Potts : Thought so.

There are two specifications on maxim of quality according to Grice

(1989), the first is the contribution is less informative than is required, and second

is the contribution is more informative than is required. It was shown by one of

the characters based on the conversation above. Tony Stark was implying

something else that had another meaning, especially the maxim of quantity by

giving uninformative answer. When Pepper Potts asked many questions about the

night in the party, Tony Stark just uttered “Mmm-mmm…” to answer Pepper’s

question. He did not know what to say when she asked him the question again.

This fact showed that she did not understand that Tony Stark was embarrassed

and speechless. He gave less information than what Pepper Potts wanted to know.

His answer meant that he knew everything about that night. He just made Pepper

Potts curious and he just tried to entice her. Tony Stark was more selfish as a boss

in front of her.

Moreover, based on the data that were calculated in this movie by main

characters, Tony Stark was also the one who mostly applied this maxim. He

flouted it to show flattery, amusement, and efficiency in the conversation.

Besides, the characters that implied maxim of quantity were Pepper Potts and

Colonel. The example taken from the movie showed the utterance was applied by

saying, “I'm not part of the press conference, but it's about to begin right now”. It

was started when Agent Coulson wanted to ask Pepper Potts, but spontaneously

she flouted the statement which implied something. She meant that for now she


37

did not want to be disturbed by everyone, she just focused on her boss so that her

statement really uninformative. In another scene, Tony Stark wanted to know

more information about training exercise which was related to the conference.

Colonel just uttered “It's not that simple” He implied the utterance. It is because

he wanted to make an effective conversation, and also he would save his secret in

front of many people. Colonel showed that there is an effective way to

communicate as standard behavior. Thus, he gave less information than what

Tony stark wanted to know.

Based on the utterances, Tony Stark, Pepper Potts, and Colonel were

engaged in conversations where they frequently uttered maxim of quantity to each

other. However, the total number of the utterances concerning with maxim of

quantity was smaller than the maxim of relevance. Therefore, the least utilized

maxim among other maxim of conversation which shown in Iron Man movie was

owing to the fact that statements of friendship and solidarity were rarely shown by

the characters. It was also uttered to show the effectiveness in speaking. Table 4.3

shows the number of utterances concerning with utterances based on maxim of

quantity.

Table 4.3: Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity Produced by the CharactersCharacter Maxim of QuantityTony Stark 9 timesPepper Potts 4 timesColonel 4 timesObadiah -J.A.R.V.I.S 1 timesTOTAL 18


38

There were totally eighteen utterances expressing the maxim of quantity.

Tony Stark flouted more utterances based on maxims in his conversations as

many as nine times. He often uttered the expression based on maxim of quantity

to give compliments to his assistant and close friends. Pepper Potts and Colonel

employed four utterances in his dialogue. J.A.R.V.I.S contributed one utterance

each concerning with maxim of quantity in his dialogues especially to respond to

Tony Stark in another way. Obadiah was the only one who did not flout the

maxim of quantity since he never gave any compliments to others.

3. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality

The function of this maxim is to make sure that a speaker has given the

correct information to the hearer. Moreover, the maxim quality is one of maxims

that support the effective conversation. The maxim of quality has two

subcategories under the super maxim, namely the speaker should not tell a lie in

conversation and the speaker should not tell something without enough

knowledge or lack of evidence.

The utterance based on maxim of quality was the second maxim which is

more flouted after maxim of relevance in the movie subtitle. It was shown by

some characters, especially Tony Stark who flouted it the most than the others. He

tried to imply some statements that were believed to be false. Tony Stark and

Colonel, in the middle scene of the movie, were trying to finish his project for the

first time and no one knew it. He forced to finish it as soon as possible to help

many people in the outskirts of Gulmira by using Iron Man. There were many

farmers and herders from peaceful villages who were attacked by warlords. He


39

already knew that the mastermind who attacked the peaceful villages was

Obadiah. Tony attempted to help them. After that, he did not know that what had

been done in Gulmira was included of monitoring by Colonel. Tony Stark was

trying to deceive everyone involved in the incident. Their conversation can be

seen in dialogue 5.

Dialogue 5Setting : The Outskirts of GulmiraSituation : Tony Stark was attacked back by Colonel’s soldiersParticipants : Tony Stark and Colonel

Tony Stark : Speak up, please.Colonel : What in the hell is that noise?Tony stark : Oh, yeah, I'm driving with the top down.Colonel : Yeah, well, I need your help right now.Tony stark : It's funny how that works, huh?Colonel : Yeah. Speaking of funny, we've got a

weapons depot that was just blown up a few clicks fromwhere you were being held captive.

Tony stark : Well, that's a hot spot.Sounds like someone stepped in and did your job for you, huh?

Colonel : Why do you sound out of breath, Tony?Tony stark : I'm not, I was just jogging in the canyon.Colonel : I thought you were driving.

In the conversation above, Tony Stark clearly showed lack adequate

evidence to one another that was considered as an example of maxim of quality.

Lack of evidence was frequently used by a speaker to utter something to their

addressee. When maxim of quality was applied by someone who flouted it in

maxim of quality, it was utilized to show the expression, compliment, and fun by

deceiving someone. Thus, the untruth was usual flouted in maxim of quality and

sometimes what you had believed, it can be false. It was shown when Tony Stark

said, “Oh, yeah, I'm driving with the top down.” He flouted the maxim of quality

because he said what he believed to be false. He did not say the truth by telling


40

something that implied another meaning. It was just an expression to keep his

secret and also to divert the attention because someone in the suit of Iron Man is

Tony Stark. Moreover, for the second time he deceived colonel “I'm not, I was

just jogging in the canyon.” Colonel was not sure because Tony Stark did not

have enough evidence to prove. He was flouting a maxim to make a fun of

Colonel.

Moreover, Pepper Potts was the one who applied the most maxim of quality

after Tony Stark in conversation. In the dialogue about the arrival of Tony Stark

was a sign after the incident that involved him and Colonel in Afghanistan. He

was kidnapped by Obadiah’s subordinate. Besides, Colonel had lost contact in a

few days and because of Tony Stark’s expertise, he could escape from the

abduction and eventually was helped by colonel. This is the conversation between

Tony Stark and Pepper Potts.

Dialogue 6Setting : The AirportSituation : The arrival of Tony Stark after incident in AfghanistanParticipants : Tony Stark and Pepper Potts.

Tony Stark : Are you kidding me with this?Get rid of them.Your eyes are red.A few tears for your long-lost boss?

Pepper Potts : Tears of joy. I hate job hunting.Tony Stark : Yeah, vacation's over

It was obvious that Tony Stark asked Pepper Potts about his arrival after

long-lost in a few days. Pepper Potts was already looking forward to this situation

when she met Tony with the joy. Indirectly, she shed tears in front of him. Tony

Stark seduced her by asking a simple question. Pepper Potts just uttered the


41

maxim of quality, “Tears of joy. I hate job hunting” It was only the expression

that everyone especially Tony Stark cloud know about it. Pepper Potts flouted the

maxim of quality by implying something what she had believed to be false.

Certainly, Tony Stark already knew that Pepper Potts lied. She tried to say the

untruth in front of him because she was ashamed of her boss. It was just an

expression that implied something to cover up her feelings toward Tony Stark.

In the movie, the writer mostly found utterances of the five characters

except J.A.R.V.I.S. They gave messages indirectly to their addressees and let

them guess the meaning. Besides, they flouted maxim of quality to imply some

statements by breaking the maxim. “You don't need to apologize to me. I'm your

man. Just indifferent right now” was another example based on the maxim of

quality uttered by Colonel to inform Tony Stark that he was not angry to him

because Tony Stark came late. He did not keep his promises. However, Tony

Stark really knew that he was angry to him. Indirect statement which was flouted

by Colonel was the lack of evidence because Tony Stark had known the truth.

Besides, Obadiah was also included the character who used the maxim, when they

talked about the project which was planned. Tony Stark wanted to ask about the

optimism in the project only 40 points at minimum. He cut and uttered “Yep”. In

reality, Obadiah was not sure about the target that had been achieved because he

did not have enough evidence to prove actually. He just implied something to

make sure that Tony Stark worked for him. Another utterance which was flouted

by Tony Stark “I think you lost objectivity. I think they just... People... We just

danced.” The word ‘I think’ indicated that the speaker was not sure about


42

something that had been believed and it could be false and also need to have

enough evidence.

The maxim of quality was applied less frequently than maxim of relevance

but was applied more frequently than maxim of quantity. Nonetheless, not all

characters applied the strategy. Table 4.4 shows the number of utterances

produced by the characters.

Table 4.4: Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality Produced by the CharactersCharacter Maxim of QualityTony Stark 15 timesPepper Potts 8 timesColonel 3 timesObadiah 2 timesJ.A.R.V.I.S -TOTAL 28

There were twenty eight utterances concerning about this maxim. Tony

Stark, as usual, flouted the maxim more than the others. He uttered it fifteen

times. Pepper Potts, contributed eight utterances. Colonel contributed three

utterances. The least flouted maxim was Obadiah’s. He uttered two utterances.

Only four of the five characters flouted the strategy since J.A.R.V.I.S did not

utilize it. J.A.R.V.I.S did not apply the maxim of quality because he never tried to

avoid imposition on the hearers.

4. Utterances Based on the Maxim of Manner

In this maxim, Grice mentions the general understanding, especially about

“being perspicuous”. There are various types of maxim of manner, namely avoid

obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief and, and be orderly. This part is

going to explain about some utterances related to the rules.


43

There were four characters who applied some statements which directly

breaking the maxim of manner. They tend to speak longer than it was needed by

the hearer. Some statements were uttered to imply something different and the

speaker expected to know the meaning. It was shown in some dialogues that were

spoken by the characters. For instance, as seen in this case:

Dialogue 7Setting : In the FactorySituation : Pepper Potts and Agent Coulson try to stop Obie’s plan.Participants : Pepper Potts and Agent Coulson.

Pepper Potts : My key's not working. It's not opening the door.Oh, wow! What's that? It's, like, a little device?It's, like, a thing that's going to pick the lock?

Agent Coulson : You might want to take a few steps back.

The dialogue occurred when all of the plans carried out by Obadiah had

been known by Tony Stark. After that, Obadiah attacked Tony Stark and claimed

the control of the possession. Then, Colonel and Pepper Potts worked together to

defeat Obadiah. Colonel tried to help Tony Stark for preparing the suit of war

while Pepper Potts and Agent Coulson went to Obadiah’s factory with an attempt

to arrest Obadiah’s before attacking civilians with his own Iron man. Pepper Potts

found a way to Obadiah hideout and directly tried to open the door and uttered

“My key's not working. It's not opening the door. Oh, wow! What's that? It's, like,

a little device? It's, like, a thing that's going to pick the lock?” Pepper Potts

indirectly flouted maxim of manner in her statement in the dialogue. She implied

something different in this way. Besides, the utterances showed the obscurity of

expression and gave the ambiguity in speaking longer than it was needed by the

hearer. Actually, what Pepper Potts only to say was she needed a help to open the


44

door because her key was not working. Because she was in a hurry, she tended to

speak longer and flouted the maxim of manner.

In the dialogue 8, there was one statement flouted by Tony Stark who

indirectly implied something that had another meaning. It was shown by Pepper

Potts and Tony Stark in their conversation. Tony Stark clearly committed

utterances which flouted the maxim of manner in his utterance.

Dialogue 8Setting : In Tony Stark’s HouseSituation : Tony Stark needed help from Pepper Potts to do some

missions.Participants : Pepper Potts and Tony Stark

Pepper Potts : Tony, you know thatI would help you with anything, but I cannot help you ifyou're going to start all of this again.

Tony Stark : There is nothing except this. There's no art opening.There is no benefit. There is nothing to sign.There is the next mission and nothing else.

Pepper Potts : Is that so?Well, then, I quit.

Pepper Potts met Tony Stark at his office. Tony Stark wanted her to go to

the company. In the next mission, he needed her to hack the mainframe that had

been copied by Obadiah. Tony Stark began to insinuate his choice of mission by

giving indirect statements which had the opposite meanings because he would

stop them especially Obadiah and his assistance. However, Pepper Potts did not

know what Tony Stark meant, she directly refused the order. Tony Stark cut and

uttered “There is nothing except this. There's no art opening. There is no benefit.

There is nothing to sign. There is the next mission and nothing else.” The

statement implied something that had another meaning which flouted by Tony


45

Stark in maxim of manner. He just meant that he really needed help to finish his

mission by stopping Obadiah. Nevertheless, he showed the obscurity of

expression and made the long statements by speaking longer than what Pepper

Potts needed. Actually, he could show the brief utterance and orderly.

The maxim of manner was the third maxim which mostly flouted after

quality and relevance in the utterances of the five characters in the movie subtitle.

They tend to talk too much by giving statements to their addresses and made the

hearer felt obscurity and ambiguity with the statement. “No. No. I always forget to

wear deodorant and dance with my boss in front of everyone that I work with in a

dress with no back.” was another example in maxim of manner that made by

Pepper Potts to respond Tony Stark when he wanted to dance with her. Pepper

declined the invitation because she felt uncomfortable but she uttered longer and

implied something different with her statement. Besides that, it happened when

Tony Stark tried to meet Colonel in military because he needed his help to be a

part of it especially the project. He asked, “Hello, sir speaking of manned or

unmanned, you gotta get him to tell you about the time he guessed wrong at

spring break, just remember that, spring break, 1987.” The statement implied

something that he needed help from colonel to stop Obadiah. Tony Stark flouted

the maxim of manner, he tend to speak longer and talked nonsense. It sounded

amusing for the others but it was too long, not clear and showed the ambiguity.

Table 4.5 presents the number of utterances based on maxim of manner

produced by the characters. It was applied more frequently than maxim of

quantity, which made it the most utilized strategy in the movie because Tony


46

Stark and Pepper Potts, the ones who had bigger roles in applying it, flouted this

maxim to implied statements to for the others.

Table 4.5: Utterances Based on Maxim of Manner Produced by the CharactersCharacter Maxim of MannerTony Stark 18 timesPepper Potts 5 timesColonel 1 timesObadiah 1 timesJ.A.R.V.I.S -TOTAL 25

Based on the data in Table 4.5, utterances based on maxim of manner was

the third most applied maxim among the characters of Iron Man movie. The total

number of their utterances concerning the strategy was twenty five. Tony Stark

still showed the most utterance than the other character, it was eighteen. Pepper

Potts was the second who uttered it in five times, followed by Colonel and

Obadiah who flouted the maxim of manner in one time.

B. The Speech Acts Used in Speaking by the Characters in Iron Man Movie

This section discusses the speech acts used in speaking by the characters

based on the theory proposed by Searle. According to Searle (1987), speech of

acts is the expression that uttered by the speaker to show the three things, it is

namely an act of saying something, act of doing something, and act of affecting

someone (p. 54). It was adopted from Austin and the terms are locutionary,

illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.


47

1. Locutionary Acts

Locutionary act is saying something (the locution) with a certain meaning

in traditional sense (Searle, 1987). This may not constitute a speech act. Two

types of locutionary act are utterance acts, where something is said (or a sound is

made) and which may not have any meaning, and propositional acts, where a

particular reference is made.

The utterances used by the characters in this movie contain some literal

meaning from the conversation. It is not only about the maxim but it is about the

meaning of the sentence which uttered. This part will show the literal meaning

from the sentence that related to the utterances. It was started when Colonel and

Tony Stark did the conversation in a plane. Colonel employed the locutionary to

make Tony Stark understand what he felt because he was angry. It showed how

Colonel assimilated the context of situation. He was patience and uttered “I'm just

your babysitter”. It could be perceived as its literal meaning from Colonel

because babysitter is someone who takes care of baby or child but Tony Stark is

not baby or child. He just implied that he was a partner who just helped in any

situation. Besides, Colonel not only uttered the locutionary in one way to show

that he was really mad to Tony Stark. This expression had also implied another

meaning of speech act. “I'm indifferent” notice how Colonel did not respond to

Tony Stark's question by saying, "Yes, I am really mad now because you are late

to come” what he actually said. It is the way to talk from Colonel to respond the

statement from Tony Stark because the way he produces an utterance has another

meaning what he says literally.


48

2. Illocutionary Act

In this part of speech acts show the relation with the locutionary which is

about the addressee understand what the speaker means in the conversation. In the

illocutionary there were some categories which needed to be a standard in

determining the utterances related to speech act. For instance, act of stating,

apologizing, predicting, ordering, complaining, refusing, and requesting. Based on

the movie which has been analyzed, there were some expressions by the

characters uttered the illocutionary act which implied another meaning. It

happened in Tony Stark’s house, when he prepared to war with Obadiah. It was

the first time for Colonel knew that Tony Stark was Iron Man and made him

surprised. Colonel uttered “You need me to do anything else?” it was responded

by Tony Stark “Keep the skies clear”. The statement from Tony Stark was the

utterance related to illocutionary especially the act of ordering something. Tony

Stark just wanted him to monitor the situation in the air so that his soldiers did not

attack when he took off into the air. Another example from Tony Stark when he

prepared the suit of war with J.A.R.V.I.S, he was designing commencing

automated assembly especially for the estimated completion time is five hours.

Illocutionary was shown by Tony Stark when he requested him by saying that

“Don't wait up for me, honey”. The simple utterance was the one thing could be an

order to make the suit of war quickly before he back home again because five

hours is a long time for him.


49

3. Perlocutionary Act

A perlocutionary act is the speech acts that have an effect on the feelings,

thoughts or actions of either the speaker or the listener. In daily activities

especially in the conversations perlocutionary acts is used as the tools to push the

addressee to do something by using the language. For instance, it contains acts of

persuading, inspiring, intimidating, and embarrassing as stated by Searle (1987). It

started when Tony Stark go to the airport for the flight but Colonel almost for

three hours waiting him. Colonel complained to him, he just cut the conversation

and uttered “Wheels up! Rock and roll!.” That utterance especially the way of

communicating which persuaded by Tony Stark is a language to utter something

to Colonel and he needed to do what Tony Stark was urging at that time. Another

example from the utterance related to perlocutionary acts is “I know the math! Do

It.! The utterance is stated by Tony Stark when they were trying the suit of war

with J.A.R.V.I.S. J.A.R.V.I.S wanted to upgrade the armor but only 15% power of

reaching it. It seen Tony Stark persuaded J.A.R.V.I.S by using the language as a

motivation or a tool to be responded by J.A.R.V.I.S. He showed the acts of

persuading twice when he created the suit of war. Additionally, another

perlocutionary acts of inspiring is “J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to run before

you can walk.” The expectations came from Tony Stark when he gave the

statement to J.A.R.V.I.S because he felt doubtful in running the Iron Man with

Tony Stark. The way the characters by using the language to utter something that

had another meaning to focus on what the speaker expected.


50

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS

This part consists of conclusions, implications, and suggestions.

Conclusions aim to sum up the result especially the data and the research finding.

Implications are in reference to the involvement of the study in education.

Suggestions are given by the writer for future researchers and language learners to

conduct further studies on the similar topic.

A. Conclusions

This research deals with the use of maxims of conversation and speech

acts in Iron Man movie. This study specifically aims at revealing two research

findings. The discussion focuses on the maxims of conversation and the speech

acts in speaking by the characters in their utterances. The writer employed the

theory of Grice’s maxim of conversation (1989) to find out the utterances based

on five characters – Tony Stark, Lt. Colonel James “Rhodey” Rhodes, Obadiah,

Pepper Potts, and J.A.R.V.I.S for the first research problem. The theory of Searle

(1987) focuses on the speech acts used in speaking by the characters. This theory

was included to solve the second research problem.

In this study of the utterances based on maxims of conversation, there are

five characters who flouted four maxims of conversation, namely maxim of

quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner. The

frequency of their occurrences, however, indicated maxim of relevance was


51

employed forty four times. In other words, this maxim was the most flouted

among the others. Maxim of quality was flouted as many as twenty eight times.

Maxim of manner and maxim of quantity were flouted as many as twenty five and

eighteen times respectively as the less flouted by the characters. The speech acts

used in speaking by the characters affecting utterances in Iron Man movie are

locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutonary acts. However, the term of speech

acts was the most suitable theories as they were depicted in the movie.

B. Implications

For educational purposes, this study contributes important information to

the practice of language teaching especially for English teaching. Pragmatics is an

important subject to study as a part of language knowledge. Comprehending the

rules of conversation makes the English speakers able to speak more effectively

and efficiently. For the readers, hopefully this study is useful and also can enrich

readers’ knowledge of pragmatics in relation to the maxims of conversation and

speech acts for its readers. For the future researchers, the pragmatics study is an

interesting topic to be studied. This study can be an additional reference to make

more detailed research about pragmatics related to speaking or speech acts based

on the characters.

The study in Grice’s maxims of conversation can be an additional material

for pragmatic class. Since there are maxims of conversation and speech acts which

are taught in pragmatics language related with the conversation in the class.


52

Generally, the theories which are used in daily conversation it can be also applied

in public speaking, hot seat, and debate class.

Speech acts, nowadays, is somehow an issue to go unnoticed. English

learners, indeed, need to acquire pragmatics competence and teachers can function

as proponents to get their students apply speech acts through language. In

accordance with teaching and learning, speech acts should be considered as a

substantial strategy to develop our conversation in our daily activities. Besides,

language as a motivation especially acts of sign, persuading, and refusing which

are related to speakers’ intentions. Speech acts theory can be used in speaking

class and micro teaching. In fact, applying speech acts especially the terms and the

type of illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts during teaching process in the

classroom can definitely be a wake-up call for the students. Teachers can motivate

the students with some statements in the class. It can be used as a games, and also

make the situation in the class interesting for students.

C. Suggestions

Hereafter, the writer would like to give suggestions regarding the study.

The suggestions are addressed to future researchers and language learners. Thus,

they will be able to obtain the benefits from this study.

1. For Future Researchers

This study will provide useful information and enrich readers’ knowledge

of pragmatics in relation to utterances based on the maxims of conversation for its


53

researchers. Thus, researchers are capable of applying a good concept of

communication.

The writer would like to present the first suggestion to future researchers

to conduct other researches regarding utterances based on maxims of conversation

and speech acts as this study is simple and limited. It is expected that future

researchers can create interesting data and make more specific analyses about

speech acts especially the terms related to the cooperative principle. Therefore, it

may be highly beneficial to conduct another pragmatics study especially speech

acts related to cooperative principle specifically based on interesting data. Also,

future researchers can use other theories to support their studies.

2. For Language Learners

The writer encourages students who learn English as a second language to

pay attention to their language use based on the aspects of pragmatics. It will also

help language learners to apply English language proficiency and comprehension

appropriately in the context of the English conversation. This study will also help

English learners to be able to apply English expressions in the form of

conversations appropriately in order to avoid misinterpretation or

misunderstanding. Sometimes, language learners tend to speak longer and make

the conversation useless and inappropriate. Language learners can apply a better

strategy by applying speech acts and using maxims of conversations in which the

speakers attempt to avoid misunderstanding.


54

REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1981). A glossary of literary terms. New York: Holt Reinhartand Winston, Inc.

Arikunto, S. (2002). Prosedur suatu penelitian: Pendekatan praktek (6th ed.).Jakarta: Penerbit Rineka Cipta.

Ary, D., Jacob, L. C,. & Razavieh. A. (2002). Introduction to research ineducation (6th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixedmethods approaches (2nd ed). London: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing amongfive approaches (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.

Cruse, A. (2000). Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics andpragmatics. New York. Oxford University Press.

Basil, H & Ian, M (1990). Discourse and the translator: Language in social life.London: Longman.

Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the ways of words. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.

Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.

Leech, G. (1992). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.

Levinson, S. C (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1998). Naturalistic inquiry. London: SagePublication

Llamas, C., & Stockwell, P. (2009). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to appliedlinguistics (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnlod.

Mey, J. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.


55

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. London:Sage Publications.

Searle, J. (1987). Speech acts. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Searle, J. (2010). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Van Dijk.T. (2009). Society and discourse: How social context influence text andtalk. London: Cambridge University Press.

http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/a2/iron-man-script-transcript.html(retrieved on August 12, 2013).


56

APPENDIX

The List of Utterances Based on Maxims of Conversation and Speech ActsProduced by the Characters in Iron Man Movie

Characters Utterances Maxims OfConversation

Speech Acts

Code 1 Code 2Tony Stark Oh, I see. So it's personal? MoQl -Tony Stark Good God, you're a woman.

I honestly... I couldn't havecalled that.

MoM IL

Tony Stark That is an excellent question.Yes and no.March and I had ascheduling conflict, butfortunately, the Christmascover was twins.Anything else? You'rekidding me with the hand up,right?

MoQn -

Tony Stark I don't want to see this onyou’re my Space page.Please, no gang signs.No, throw it up. I'm kidding.Yeah, peace. I love peace.I'd be out of a job withpeace.

MoQn

MoM

MoR

-

Tony Stark What have we got? MoM -Tony Stark Of course I'd be deeply

honored.And it's you, that's great.So when do we do it?

MoQn IL

Tony Stark Yeah, you can count on it. MoR ILTony Stark Absolutely ridiculous. I don't

paint.MoR L

Tony Stark That's not bad. MoQn -Tony Stark Well, Ms. Brown, it's an

imperfect world, but it's theonly one we've got.I guarantee you, the dayweapons are no longerneeded to keep the peace,I'll start making bricks andbeams for baby hospitals.

MoM -


57

Tony Stark I'd be prepared to lose a fewwith you.

MoR L

Tony Stark Please don't turn down mymusic.

MoR IL

Tony Stark How'd she take it? MoR -Tony Stark Doesn't it kind of defeat the

whole purpose of havingyour own planeif it departs before youarrive?

MoR -

Tony Stark Is it a good representation ofhis spring period?

MoR -

Tony Stark I don't like it when you haveplans.

MoQl IL

Tony Stark What? MoR -Tony Stark I got caught doing a piece for

Vanity FairMoQl L

Tony Stark Waiting on you now. Let'sgo. Come on.

MoR IL

Tony Stark Hey! Heat up the sake, willyou?Thanks for reminding me.

MoR IL

Tony Stark I'm sorry, this is the "fun-vee."The "hum-drum-vee" is backthere.

MoM IL

Tony Stark Why should I do anything?They're going to kill me,you, either way. And if theydon't, I'll probably be dead ina week.

MoM IL

Tony Stark Yeah, vacation's over. MoR -Tony Stark No is a complete answer.

I don't have to do anything.I've been in captivity forthree months.

MoQl -

Tony Stark There's only one left. MoR -Tony Stark I had my eyes opened.

I came to realize that I havemore to offer this world thanjust making things that blowup. And that is why,effective immediately, I amshutting down the weaponsmanufacturing division ofStark International until such

MoM -


58

a time as I can decide whatthe future of the companywill be. I think we're gonnabe selling a lot ofnewspapers.What direction it shouldtake, one that I'mcomfortable with and isconsistent with the highestgood for this country, aswell.

Tony Stark Did I just paint a target onthe back of my head?

MoR L

Tony Stark I'm sorry I didn't give youa heads-up, okay?

MoR IL

Tony Stark How big are your hands? MoR ILTony Stark Get down here. I need you.

Let's see them.MoQn IL

Tony Stark I don't have anyone but you.Anyway...

MoR IL

Tony Stark Hello, sir.Speaking of manned orunmanned,You gotta get him to tell youabout the time he guessedwrong at spring break.Just remember that, springbreak, 1987.That lovely lady you wokeup with.

MoM -

Tony Stark Was it lvan? MoR -Tony Stark I'm doing a little better than

walking.MoR L

Tony Stark Thanks. MoQl ILTony Stark Actually, I don't know who

to trust right now.Till further notice, why don'twe just keep everything onmy private server?

MoM -

Tony Stark Doesn't mean it went bad.Sure doesn't. Oh, boy.

MoRMoM

-

Tony Stark This one stays with me.That's it, Obie. Forget it.

MoQl -

Tony Stark Good night, Obie. MoR ILTony Stark Jarvis! Sometimes you got to

run before you can walk.MoR PL


59

Tony Stark Thrill me. MoQn ILTony Stark A little ostentatious, don't

you think?MoQl -

Tony Stark Tell you what. Throw a littlehot-rod red in there

MoR L

Tony Stark Don't wait up for me, honey. MoQl ILTony Stark Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah.

The guy from the...MoM -

Tony Stark God, you need a new namefor that.

MoM -

Tony Stark That's great. Well, I got greattaste.

MoM IL

Tony Stark I'd make it a week. Sure. MoR ILTony Stark The other eight?

So I got you for the othereight.

MoM -

Tony Stark Totally harmless. MoQn LTony Stark We're dancing. No one's

even watching.MoR -

Tony Stark I think you lost objectivity. Ithink they just... People...We just danced.

MoQl -

Tony Stark Oh, yeah,I'm driving with the topdown.

MoRMoQl

IL

Tony Stark It's funny how that works,huh?

MoR IL

Tony Stark Well, that's a hot spot. MoQl LTony Stark I'm not, I was just jogging in

the canyon.MoQl IL

Tony Stark Right, I was driving to thecanyon, where I'm going tojog.

MoM IL

Tony Stark Nope!Bogey spotted!

MoQlMoR

PL

Tony Stark Hey, thanks. MoQl ILTony Stark I know the math! Do It.! - PLTony Stark Let's face it. This is not the

worst thing you've caught medoing.

MoM PL

Tony Stark There is nothing except this.There's no art opening. Thereis no benefit.There is nothing to sign.There is the next mission and

MoM IL


60

nothing else.Tony Stark Not bad, huh? Let's do it. MoQn PLTony Stark Keep the skies clear. MoR ILTony Stark Wheels up! Rock and roll!! - PLTony Stark You know, it's actually not

that bad.Even I don't think I'm IronMan.

MoM -

Tony Stark All right, suit yourself. MoQl -Tony Stark Mmm-mmm… MoQn LPepper Potts Like a champ. MoM LPepper Potts As a matter of fact, I do. MoR -Pepper Potts Tears of joy. I hate job

hunting.MoQl L

Pepper Potts I'm not part of the pressconference, but it's about tobegin right now.

MoQn -

Pepper Potts Don't look at me.I don't know what he's up to.

MoQl IL

Pepper Potts What? MoR -Pepper Potts Yes. MoQl -Pepper Potts No. No. I always forget to

wear deodorant and dancewith my boss in front ofeveryone that I work with ina dress with no back.

MoM -

Pepper Potts Oh, God. MoQl ILPepper Potts Yes, I need some air.

That was totally weird.MoQl L

Pepper Potts No, it was not just a dance.You don't understandbecause you're you. Andeverybody knows exactlywho you are and how youare with girls and all of that,which is completely fine.

MoQlMoM

-

Pepper Potts Are those bullet holes? MoR -Pepper Potts Is that so?

Well, then, I quit.MoQl -

Pepper Potts You're all I have, too, youknow.

MoR -

Pepper Potts Well, he's a complicatedperson.He's been through a lot.I think he'll be all right.

MoQn

MoQl

-


61

Pepper Potts Thank you. Thanks. MoQn ILPepper Potts My key's not working.

It's not opening the door.Oh, wow! What's that?It's, like, a little device?It's, like, a thing that's goingto pick the lock?

MoM IL

Pepper Potts Are you talking about thenight that we danced andwent up on the roof, and thenyou went downstairs to getme a drink, and you left methere, by myself?Is that the night you'retalking about?

MoM -

Pepper Potts Thought so. MoQl -Colonel It's right here. MoQn -Colonel I'm serious! MoQl ILColonel You don't need to apologize

to me. I'm your man.MoQl IL

Colonel I'm just your babysitter MoR LColonel Just indifferent right now. MoR L

Colonel Nice job. MoQn -

Colonel What's up with the love-in? MoR ILColonel Look who fell out of the sky.

Mr. Tony Stark.MoR IL

Colonel No. What you need is timeto get your mind right.I'm serious.It's nice seeing you, Tony.

MoQn -

Colonel Oh, my God, you crazy sonof a bitch. You owe me aplane.You know that, right?

MoM IL

Colonel No, no, no, no, no, no, theless I know, the better. Now,what am I supposed to tellthe press?

MoR IL

Colonel It's not that simple. MoQn -Colonel Damn! MoQl ILObadiah Look at you!

You had to have a burger,yeah? Well, come on.

MoM IL


62

You get me one of those?Obadiah What we should take away

from this is that Tony's back!MoQl IL

Obadiah Yep. MoQl -Obadiah Just because I brought pizza

back from New York.MoR -

Obadiah It'll give me a bone to throwthe boys in New York!

MoR IL

Obadiah Tony, Tony. You can't affordto be this naive

MoR IL

Obadiah Let's take a picture. Comeon.Picture time!

MoR PL

Obadiah You are a very rare woman.Tony doesn't know howlucky he is.

MoR IL

Obadiah Tony Stark was able to buildthis in a cave! With a box ofscraps!

MoR IL

J.A.R.V.I.S. Working on a secret project,are we, sir?

MoR -

J.A.R.V.I.S. It is a tight fit, sir.Sir, the more you struggle,the more this is going tohurt.

MoR -

J.A.R.V.I.S. Please, try not to move, sir. MoQn IL

Soldier No, you intimidate them. MoQn ILSoldier I'm an airman MoQn -Soldier Sir, I have a question to ask. MoQl ILSoldier Jimmy, stay with Stark!

Stay down!Yeah.

MoR PL

Christine Brown, actually. MoQn -AgentCoulson

I'm not a reporter. MoQl -

AgentCoulson

You might want to take afew steps back.

MoR IL


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