Plagiarism

Dr. Shamsuddin ShahidAssociate Professor

Department of Hydraulics & HydrologyFaculty of Civil Engineering, UTM

E-mail: sshahid@utm.my

Wikipedia Definition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism):

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work.

Plagiarism

According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary Source: www.meriam-webster.org

Plagiarism means:

to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own

to use (another's production) without crediting the source

to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product

derived from an existing source

Plagiarism

The following are considered plagiarism (source: www. plasgiarism.org):

Turning in someone else's work as your ownCopying words or ideas from someone else without giving creditFailing to put a quotation in quotation marksGiving incorrect information about the source of a quotationChanging words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving creditCopying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules)

Plagiarism

Forms of Plagiarism

Different forms of plagiarism (source: plagiarism.org):

CloningCopyFind-replaceRemixRecycleetc. etc. etc. ….

CLONING

Submitting another’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own

Definition of cloning is taken from pasgiarism.org

Recent studies show that LAI is insensitive to elevated CO2 during the first 2 years, but there is an enhancement of LAI and increase of evapotranspiration under enhanced CO2 after two years (Harz-Rubin and Delucia, 2001; Anten et al., 2003). On the other hand, due to stomatal closure under elevated CO2 concentration it is expected that there will be a considerable decrease in actual evapotranspiration (Ainsworth and Long, 2005). Data on tropical plants under changing climate are still few, and it is very difficult to conclude on physiographic change on rice due to increased temperature and elevated CO2. Greenhouse experiments findings might also be limited in field conditions by abiotic or biotic factors. In the present study, it is assumed that there will be no overall change in crop evapotranspiration due to physiological change of rice under increased temperature and elevated CO2.

Copied from another source without citation

COPYContains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations.

Spatial Interpolation For the mapping of spatial pattern of trends from point data Kriging interpolation

method is used. Geostatistical analysis tool of ArcMap 9.1 (ESRI, 2004) is used for this purpose. Kriging is a stochastic interpolation method (Journel and Huijbregts, 1981; Isaaks and Srivastava, 1989), which is widely recognized as standard approach for surface interpolation based on scalar measurements at different points. Study showed that Kriging gives better global predictions than other methods (van Beers and Kleijnen, 2004). Kriging is an optimal surface interpolation method based on spatially dependent variance, which is generally expressed as semi-variogram. Surface interpolation using kriging depends on the selected semi-variogram model and the semi-variogram must be fitted with a mathematical function or model. Depending on the shape of semi-variograms, different models are used in the present study for their fitting.

Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space. Complete analysis of rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal extents. Hydrological investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information from many sites each with a unique geographic location (Shahid et al., 2000; Shahid et al., 2002). GIS maintains the spatial location of sampling points, and provides tools to relate the sampling data contained through a relational database. Therefore, it can be used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-meteorological data and modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial variation of rainfall trends (Shahid et al., 2012).

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org

You can’t copy significant portion even if you cite the sources

FIND – REPLACE

Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source

Recent studies show that LAI is insensitive to elevated CO2 during the first 2 years, but there is an enhancement of LAI and increase of evapotranspiration under enhanced CO2 after two years. On the other hand, due to stomatal closure under elevated CO2 concentration it is expected that there will be a considerable decrease in actual evapotranspiration. Data on tropical plants under changing climate are still few, and it is very difficult to conclude on physiographic change on rice due to increased temperature and elevated CO2.

Recent studies show that LAI increases to elevated CO2 during the first few years, but there is an enhancement of LAI and increase of evapotranspiration under enhanced CO2 after few years. On the other hand, due to stomatal closure under increased CO2 concentration it is expected that there will be a considerable decrease in actual evapotranspiration. Data on tropical plants under changing climate are still limited, and it is very not possible to conclude on physiographic change on rice due to increased temperature and elevated CO2.

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org

You need to cite the source after modification

REMIX

Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together

Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Hydrologic changes are the most significant potential impacts of global climate change in Bangladesh (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003). It has been predicted that due to climate change, there will be a steady increase in temperature and change in rainfall pattern of Bangladesh (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).

Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change. Hydrologic changes are the most significant potential impacts of global climate change in Bangladesh. It has been predicted that due to climate change, there will be a steady increase in temperature and change in rainfall pattern of Bangladesh.

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org

It should be:

You have to cite all the sources.

RECYCLE

Borrows generously from the writer’s previous work without citation

Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space. Complete analysis of rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal extents. Hydrological investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information from many sites each with a unique geographic location (Shahid et al., 2000). GIS maintains the spatial location of sampling points, and provides tools to relate the sampling data contained through a relational database. Therefore, it can be used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-meteorological data and modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial variation of rainfall trends (Shahid et al., 2002).

Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space. Complete analysis of rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal extents. Hydrological investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information from many sites each with a unique geographic location. GIS maintains the spatial location of sampling points, and provides tools to relate the sampling data contained through a relational database. Therefore, it can be used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-meteorological data and modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial variation of rainfall trends.

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org

It should be:

Recycling the paragraph, you have to cite the source as you have taken the idea

HYBRID

Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation

India is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Hydrologic changes are the most significant potential impacts of global climate change in India. It has been predicted that due to climate change, there will be a steady increase in temperature and change in rainfall pattern of India (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).

India is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Hydrologic changes are the most significant potential impacts of global climate change in India(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003). It has been predicted that due to climate change, there will be a steady increase in temperature and change in rainfall pattern of India(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org

It should be:

You have to cite all the sources.

ERROR

Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources

Climate Change will have severe implications in Southeast Asia (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).

Climate Change will have severe implications in Malaysia (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org

Though Malaysia is in Southeast Asia, you can’t change it like that.

AGGREGATOR

Includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work

India is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change Hydrologic changes are the most significant potential impacts of global climate change in India. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).

India might be the one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate. However, it is not clear how global climate change will change hydrological processes in India (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). .

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org

Original concept is modified/misinterpreted, but you are citing it as original

RE-TWEET

Includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text’s original wording and/or structure

A work from Shahid (2012)Spatial Interpolation For the mapping of spatial pattern of trends from point data Kriging interpolation

method is used. Geostatistical analysis tool of ArcMap 9.1 (ESRI, 2004) is used for this purpose. Kriging is a stochastic interpolation method (Journel and Huijbregts, 1981; Isaaks and Srivastava, 1989), which is widely recognized as standard approach for surface interpolation based on scalar measurements at different points. Study showed that Kriging gives better global predictions than other methods (van Beers and Kleijnen, 2004). Kriging is an optimal surface interpolation method based on spatially dependent variance, which is generally expressed as semi-variogram. Surface interpolation using kriging depends on the selected semi-variogram model and the semi-variogram must be fitted with a mathematical function or model. Depending on the shape of semi-variograms, different models are used in the present study for their fitting (Shahid et al., 2012).

Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space. Complete analysis of rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal extents. Hydrological investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information from many sites each with a unique geographic location (Shahid et al., 2000; Shahid et al., 2002). GIS maintains the spatial location of sampling points, and provides tools to relate the sampling data contained through a relational database. Therefore, it can be used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-meteorological data and modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial variation of rainfall trends (Shahid et al., 2012).

The concept is taken from pasgiarism.orgThe text should be modified.

Data Sources

You presenting other’s data in different format. The source should be mentioned.

Data Sources

You processed other’s data by using your method and presented it. It is the output of your work. No citation needed.

Data Sources

You have picked up data from other’s table/Figure and presented it in different format. You have to cite the source.

Always cite the source

In most of the cases, plagiarism can be avoided if you properly cite the sources from where you have taken the text, concept and idea.

Even if you change the text and rewrite in your word, the source should be mentioned.

Avoid Plagiarism

Be clear about citation

When you remix your interpretation with others interpretation, make it clear who told what and what is your words

Do not cite other sources to establish your idea.

Avoid Plagiarism

Paraphrasing

A paraphrase is a restatement of other’s work/idea in your own words.

Changing few keywords does not paraphrasing.

You must change words and sentence structure without changing the original concept.

You have to cite properly after paraphrasing.

Avoid Plagiarism

Anti-Plagiarism Software

Turnitin

Turn It In