BioSciLab Valdez, Dennis Bryan A.

Experiment 3: Metaplasmic Materials in Cells

Metaplasmic Materials

- non-living - not a natural part of function of a cell - aid in cell defense, structural maintenance, and storage

3 Categories

1. Reserved Material - carbohydrates, fats, oils, nitrogenous substances (e.g. protein)

2. Secretory Material

- enzymes (catalyzes reactions) o AST Aspartate Aminotransferase

Found in RBC, Lymphocytes - nectar, pigment

3. Waste Material

- nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous substances - e.g. Ammonia, creatinine - others: alkaloids, glucosides, tannins, gums, mucilages, resins, latex, organic acids, essential oils,

mineral crystals, raphides, sphaerophides.

Sliced Section

Stain / Reagent

Positive Result Reactive Material Additional Remarks

Potato Iodine

Violet, Blue Blue-violet, Black

Starch - amylopectin (80% - 90%) - amylose (10% - 20%)

Iodine slides into starch coil to give a positive result.

Banana Benedict Solution

Yellow, orange, yellow orange

Sugar - reducing sugar

Also used to test presence of sugar in urine

Peanut Sudan III

Red Triglycerides

Sudan III is a Lysochrome (lipid soluble dye) Also used to detect fat in stool DZ: Streotorrhea

White Bean

10% HNO3 - heat NH3

Orange Yellow green

Tryptophan Tyrosine

a.k.a. Xanthoproteic test - nitration of aromatic compounds

BioSciLab Valdez, Dennis Bryan A.

Experiment 4: HOMEOSTASIS AND THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CELLS

HOMEOSTASIS balance or equilibrium

- State of equilibrium in the body with respect to functions, composition of fluids and tissues.

1. OSMOSIS

- movement of water across the selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

a. Osmotic Pressure - force required to prevent the movement of water

across a selectively semi-permeable membrane. b. Osmotic potential - Minimum pressure required to prevent fluid from

moving as a result of osmosis.

HYPOTONIC (0.5% NaCl)

ISOTONIC (0.9% NaCl NSS)

HYPERTONIC (5% NaCl)

HEMOLYSIS - swell,

burst (lysis)

NORMAL - equilibrium

- no net movement

CRENATION - shrink, crenate

NSS - Normal Saline Solution

- wash RBC to make RCS - RCS Red Cell Suspension

o Blood transfusion for cross matching. 2. DIFFUSION

- tendency for solute molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in solution

- the product of the constant random motion of all atoms, molecules, or ions in a solution.

a. In a liquid o Water + KMnO4

b. In a colloidal medium o Eosin dye on solidified gelatin

c. Through a membrane o Sugar solution (osmometer)

3. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

- carrier-mediated process that requires ATP and can move substances against a concentration gradient.

- movement of solute from lower concentration to higher concentration.

- needs ATP (energy) Ex: Sodium-Potassium Pump

4. FILTRATION

- movement, due to a pressure difference, of a liquid through a filter that prevents some or all of the substances in the liquid from passing through.

- the fluid movement results from the pressure or weight of the fluid, pushing against the partition.

- the fluid or substance small enough to pass through the holes move to the substances larger than the holes do not pass through. Ex: kidney (glomerular filtration)

5. ADSORPTION

- bring substances near each other thus, promoting chemical reaction; molecules continually pass into and away from it.

- Adhesion stick on the surface 6. IMBIBING ACTION

- To drink, suck, receive Ex: sponge

7. SURFACE TENSION

- molecules in the interior of the homogenous liquid are attracted in all directions by surrounding molecules to move freely in all directions.

8. VISCOSITY

- resistance of fluid to flow

Research:

5% NaCl 5% Glucose

Hypertonic Isotonic

Not same concentration of NaCl in blood

Same glucose concentration in the

blood

EXPERIMENT 5: BUFFER - chemical that resists change of pH by either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing a buffer. - when an acid is added to a buffered solution, the buffer binds to the [H+] from causing a decrease in pH of the

solution. - any substance that can reversibly bind H+.

Example: 1. Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System - H+ + HCO3

- H2CO3 CO2 + H2O