Ideology Ideology means origin, evolution and nature of ideas. It is a set of ideas on which political, cultural, social or economic system is based. Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideal a group or a nation subscribe to, this set of principles or ideals has to been ingrained over a period of time in the social consciences of the society. Ideology offers a review of the existing political, cultural or economic arrangements.

“Ideology is a set of ideas with a mission’’

Elements of IdeologyThere are five elements of ideology which are given as;

Common Race Common Religion Common Customs Common Political Purposes Common Language and Residency

Significance of Ideology Ideology of Pakistan provides the base of, creation of Pakistan, base of unity Muslims and provide base for strong political achievements.

Conclusion Existence of nation is endangered, if ideas are ignored Ideas regulate national rights and duties of citizens Ideas provide discipline in life

NationThe word “Nation” is derived from Latin route “NATUS” of “NATIO” which means “Birth” of “Born”. Therefore, Nation implies homogeneous population of the people who are organized and blood-related. We can define nation as a people who have some common attributes of race, language, religion or culture and united and organized by the state and by common sentiments and aspiration. A nation becomes so only when it has a spirit or feeling of nationality.

NationalityNation and Nationality differ in their meaning although they were used interchangeably. A nation is a people having a sense of oneness among them and who are politically independent. In the case of nationality it implies a psychological feeling of unity among a people, but also sense of oneness among them. The sense of unity might be an account, of the people having common history and culture. But nationality largely requires the element of political independence either achieved or aspired. Secondly, a nation must have a political organization of passionate desire for such an organization. But a nationality is a political, cultural, spiritual and unified community of a people.

Two Nation TheoryThe two-nation theory in its simplest way means that cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims of the Sub-continent. The two-nation theory means that the Hindus and the Muslims are two different nations. On the basis of two-nation theory the Quaid-e-Azam demanded the partition of India into two states, a Muslim state to be called Pakistan and the other Hindu India that is Bharat.

Difference between Ideology and Two Nation TheoryIdeology Two Nation TheoryStarted in 19th century Started in 8th centuryUnited for Pakistan United against HindusDepend on Two Nation Theory Itself talk about Two Nation

Personalities The three most important personalities are

Quaid e Azam (Jinnah) Allama Iqbal Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan

Sir Sayed Ahmed KhanSir Sayed Ahmed Khan is known as the father of Pakistani ‘nationalism’ because he expounded ‘The Two Nation Theory’ in modern form.

Nationalism Nationalism means “sense of belonging towards each other”

IntroductionSir Sayed was the first Muslim leader who called Muslims as a ‘Nation’. Sir Sayed known that there exist two nations in the sub-continent, the Muslims and the Hindus. Moreover, he also knew that the Muslims and the Hindus were unable to live together because they were having different culture, religion, language, customs, heroes, civilizations.

Moreover, the Hindus deny to eat, drink, talk and workship along with the Muslims because the Hindus were polytheist and the Muslims were monotheist (Touheed and Risalat)

Objectives of Sir Sayed;The objectives of Sir Sayed were;

To remove the misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British. Protection of Muslim rights Keep Muslims away from the politics which is based on violence

Services and Impact

Political Services The political services of Sir Sayed were;

Reconciliation and re-approachment between the Muslims and the British Basic rights of the Muslims citizens were ensured Unity among Muslims

Political Views The political views of Sir Sayed were;

India was a continent not a country It was inhabited by a vast population of different races and different creeds Hindus and Muslims were two major nations in the sub-continent on the basis of

nationality, religion, culture, history, tradition and civilization. After the British quit, political powers must not be shared equally Indian National Congress was not acceptable by the Muslims

Educational Services Sir Sayed started educational revivalist movement in India which played an important role in the protection of Muslim rights through education. Some of the educational services were

Madrassa in Ghazipur (1859) Madrassa in Moradabad (1862) Scientific Society (1864) Aligarh School (1875) Aligarh College (1877) Muslim Educational Conference (1886) Translation of various books in different disciplines Wrote 228 articles in Aligarh Institutional magazine for educational promotion

Through Muslims Educational conference he tried to solve the various problems faced by educational institutions in India.

“Sir Sayed was the prophet of education” (Gandhi)

Impact of his Educational Services The impact of his educational services were;

Formation of Muslim Leadership Economic Survival of Muslims Job Security (as jobs were available for the Hindus) Establishment of All India-Muslim League

In the annual session of Muslim Educational Conference in Dhaka (1906) All India-Muslim League was formed.

Social ServicesThe social services of Sir Sayed were

Through Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq magazine he tried to remove the bad social values from Muslims.

He wrote several articles for purification of Muslims and tried to minimize the class difference among Muslims.

Religious ServicesThe religious services of Sir Sayed were;

Response to William Muir (a Christian writer) book “Life of Muhammad (P.B.U.H)’’ by writing a book “Kutbat-e-Ahmediyah”

Wrote “Tabeen-e-Alkalam” a commentary on Bible in a philosophical style and explained the similarities between the Islam and Christianity with solid argument.

Tried to combine religion with Islam because religion and Islam both believe in logic and reason.

Allama IqbalAllama Iqbal was a great poet, philosopher, writer and a politician. Iqbal had a sensitive heart and a deep thinking inquisitive mind. He was the first important figure who presented the idea of a separate electorate on the basis of “Two Nation Theory”. He provided practical implication to idea of Pakistan which existed in the minds of Muslim political leadership. He said, “Islam is a state” which means that Islam and state are inter-related and interdependent to each other (one cannot exist without another). He gave the idea of millet and Muslim Ummah. Allama Iqbal served as bridge between Sir Sayed and Jinnah. Allama Iqbal delivered historical address at Allahabad. He said, “The units of Indian society are not territorial as in the European countries. India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages and professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race-consciousness”.

Presidential AddressIn his presidential address to the Allahabad session of the Muslim League in 1930 he said, “Personally I would go further___ I would like to see the Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a single consolidated North-west India-Muslims state appears to me the final destiny of the Muslims at least of North-west India. In short the prophecy of Iqbal acted as a spur for the Muslims of India who carved out an independent state Pakistan for themselves.

Quaid-e-Azam (Jinnah)Jinnah is known as the father of Pakistani nation, who brought unity among Muslims and united them at the platform of All India-Muslim League. The whole struggle for creation of Pakistan revolves around the personality of Jinnah. Jinnah expounded the “Two Nation Theory” in such a

detail that most of the Muslims and even Hindus came to believe in its truth. He said, “Muslims are not a minority, they are one nation by every definition of the word nation. By every definition of the world, by all canons of international law we are a nation”. Jinnah was a firm advocate of “Two Nation Theory”. He gave Muslims the status of a separate nation in every respect. He said, “Muslims are a nation, they had a separate homeland, territory and a state.

Presidential Address In his presidential address on 23rd March 1940, he said, “the Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs, and literatures. They have different epics, heroes and different episodes. It would be better for the British government to announce the partition of the subcontinent by keeping in view the interest of the two nation.

“Jinnah was the greatest champion of minorities”. (Nelson Mandela)

Quick Facts about Jinnah 1906 Started his political career 1913 Joined All-India Muslim League1916 Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity1917 Member of Indian Legislative Assembly 1920 Left All-India Muslim League1928 Formation of Jinnah League1929 14th points of Jinnah1930 Participation in Round Table conferences 1931 First Round Table Conference1934 Went to self-exile imposed 1937 Iskandar- Jinnah Treaty 1940 Lahore Resolution 1942 Response to Cripps Mission1944 Jinnah-Gandhi Talks1946 Response to Cabinet Mission1947 Speech in 1st Constituent Assembly

Democracy and Authoritarianism

DemocracyDemocracy is the most powerful form of government. It has also been regarded as the most favorable and deceive form of government, which requires active participation of the people in decision making progress because without public collaboration democracy couldn’t be flourished properly. The etymology of “Democracy” is “Demo” means “peoples” and “Cracy” means “rule”.

According to Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is a form of government, for the people, by the people and through the people”.

Dr. Hassan Askari defined democracy as “a process initiated by the people, by conscious decision and sustain to its principles by theory and practice.”

In other words democracy is defined as, “a system of government in which government least governs”.

Types of Democracy There are two types of democracy

Direct democracy Representative democracy

Direct Democracy A system in which all the adult citizens directly participate in making laws and framing g the policies.

Representative Democracy In this system adult voters elect their representatives who conduct the affairs of the state.

Authoritarianism Authoritarianism means authority or authority to a single man (dictatorship).

Why Democracy in India and Authoritarianism in Pakistan The purpose democracy exist in India and Authoritarianism in Pakistan due to the following factors;

Constitutional Differences Leadership Vacuum Educational Differences Economic Differences

Constitutional Differences The first constitution of Pakistan came in 1956 while the first constitution of India came in 1953. This indicates that the constitution of India came three years earlier than the constitution of Pakistan. Due to this Democracy exist in India and authoritarianism in Pakistan.

Leadership VacuumJinnah the founder of Pakistan died in 1948 while Gandhi died in 1958 this indicates that the leader of Pakistan died 10 years before the death of Gandhi. Due to this Democracy exist in India and authoritarianism in Pakistan.

Educational Differences It is said that vine, tobacco and printing press was given by Queen Elizabeth to the Muslims, but the Muslims accepted the vine and tobacco and rejected the printing press (education). This

indicates that how much Muslims love Education in the earlier era. Due to this Democracy exist in India and authoritarianism in Pakistan.

Economic Differences50-55 crores of the civil society contributes a lot in economy, they possess a lot in economy. If we compare the economy between India and Pakistan we assume;

India %age Ranking Pakistan %age Ranking Unemployment 8.5% 46th Unemployment 6% 74th

Population Below Poverty Line

29.8% 19th Population Below Poverty Line

22.3% 2nd

Exports 301.9 Billion $ 19th Exports 24.71 Billion $ 69th

GDP 1.84 Trillion $ 11th GDP 231.18 Billion $ 42nd

GNI 477.01 Billion $ 12th GNI 60.05 Billion $ 39th

Human Development Index

0.554 135th Human Development Index

0.515 144th

Inflation 135.2 51st Inflation 158.74 10th

Military Intervention in Pakistan’s Politics The commitments due to which military is always interfered in Pakistan’s politics are

Weak political culture Weak economy Impudent politicians Over ambitious military Generals Military bureaucratic oligarchy Hostile neighbor’s

How this intervention can be avoided (suggestions) Strong political culture Efficient politicians Regular elections Strong economy Breakage of military bureaucratic alliance Sound relations with the neighbor’s

Objective ResolutionObjective Resolution was a basic design and purposed guidelines of the making of constitution. It is also called “Magna Carta” foundational stone of constitution of Pakistan. Objective

Resolution was passed by the first constitutional assembly in March 1949 under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan. It contained those objectives on which the first constitution was passed as stated by the father of the nation in February 1948. He said, “The constitution of Pakistan will be democratic and will be based on the fundamental rights of Islam. Islam and its ideology has taught us the lesson of democracy.”

Features Sovereignty of Allah Protection of Muslim rights Protection of basic human rights Implementation of Islamic rules Promotion of Islamic way of life Federal system of government Defense arrangements

Importance Provided ways and methods to draft a constitution Provide Islamic laws Objective Resolution remained in the prophase (preamble) of all three constitutions till

1985 But General Zia mad it the compulsory part of constitution.

Conclusion It was accepted by all class of peoples. It provided a guideline for the future constitutions of Pakistan which were introduced in 1956, 1962, and 1973. It consisted of such principles which revealed that character of constitution shall be Islamic.

Ordinance Ordinance means a temporary law issued by a president, prime minister, governor or a chief minister for a time period of just 120 days. It deals with the national matters and provincial issues.

Referendum Referendum means direct opinion from the peoples on any national issue.

The Constitutional History of Pakistan

Constitution Constitution means a body of rules and regulations used to ground a state. It is important for the progress of state. It is used to divide powers between government and state. It is used to run the machinery of government and state. It is also called law according to situation.

StateA nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. There are four types of state;

Population Territory Government (sub-part of state) Sovereignty

As government is subpart of state, it means that there are three types of government;

Judicial Legislature (Supreme Court) Executive (PM’s and CM’s)

There is always a monument in laws, you will change the law, and you will abolic the law and make the law.

Reasons or factors involved for delayi the first constitution;The reasons that were responsible for delaying the first constitution of Pakistan;

Security Issues Uneducated politics or politicians Institutional poverty Leadership vacuum Conspiracies by Hindus and British

Unemployment Unemployment means “state of being unemployed”.

Introduction The foremost problem world is facing today is unemployment. The ratio of unemployment is increasing rapidly due to lack of sources and when unemployment takes place so many crimes are automatically be created. Pakistan the Asian country has plenty of problems in these days and unemployment is one of those. Unemployment is caused numerous problems for its people. Pakistan has countless natural resources but problem is that resources are being wasted since the independence of Pakistan in 1947. You may find many Graduated Masters IT Experts, Engineers and Doctors wondering about for job opportunities due to bad employment system. The people of Pakistan are considered highly talented and hardworking in the world and there is no value of talent in Pakistan therefore it is the reason many of Engineers, Doctors, Scientists, Technicians

and Accountants travel in foreign countries to earn their livelihood. The poverty rate is also on peak therefore uneducated and unskilled people can be found easily in Pakistan. Labor class is also affected by the unemployment. Due to unemployment the living standard of Pakistanis is going down with the passage of time.

Types of Unemployment There are three types of unemployment;

Frictional Unemployment Structural Unemployment Cyclical Unemployment

Frictional Unemployment Frictional Unemployment is a type of unemployment in which, workers are simply moving between jobs.

Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment is a type of unemployment in which workers who are in regions or industries that are in persistent slump.

Cyclical Employment Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment in which the workers laid off when the whole economy suffers a great downturn.

Causes of Unemployment The causes of unemployment are;

Increase in population Absence of good governance Corruption Nepotism Lack of industrialization Absence of technical education Non-provision of micro-credit loans Political instability Lack of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Educational differences

SuggestionsThe suggestions to control unemployment are

No corruption No nepotism No lack of industrialization Presence of technical education

Provision of micro-credit loans Political stability No educational differences No lack of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Presence of good governance Controlled population

Foreign Policy Foreign policy is defines as “ plan of action adopted by one nation in regards to its diplomatic dealing with other countries”. Foreign policies are established as a systematic way to deal with issues that may arise with other countries. It is necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy. Pakistan is an important third world country in its developmental stage. It also has formulated her foreign policy keeping in mind its geography, politics and economics.

“Here is my first principle of foreign policy; good government at home” (William Gladstone)

Understanding the term Foreign PolicyForeign policy could be understand in the light of the following words;

“A body of rule and regulations used to govern inter-state relations”. As Foreign policy plays an important and vital role in the development of international relations.

“Foreign policy is really domestic policy with its hat on”. (Hubert Humphrey)

Foreign policy of Pakistan The foreign policy of Pakistan is defines as “Relation between sovereign state”. It is reflection of domestic politics and an interaction among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country quant to establish relations with another country.

“Domestic policy can defeat us, foreign policy can kill us”. (John Kennedy)

Domestic Policy Domestic policy is an area of public policy which concerns with the laws and government programs which are directly related to all issues and activity within a nations borders.

Foreign policy in the light of Jinnah Jinnah thoughts regarding foreign policy were;

“Our foreign policy is one of the friendliness towards all he nation of the world. We don’t cherish aggressive designs against any country or a nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in nationals and international dealings. Moreover, we are ready to make an outermost contribution in the promotion of peace, prosperity among the nation of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed of the United Nations Charter."

Basic Goals The basic goals of Pakistan foreign policy are;

Maintenance of territorial integrity Maintenance of its political independence Strengthening its place on the globe Acceleration of social and economic development Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries

Guiding Principles of Pakistan Foreign Policy The guiding principles of Pakistan policy are

Protection of freedom and sovereignty Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries Non Interference in Internal Affairs of other countries Implementation of U.N Charter Promotion of World Peace Non-Alignment Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial

Protection of Freedom and SovereigntyPakistan came into being after great sacrifices of millions of Muslims, like any other country. Also considers with deep regard the need for preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to harm its freedom .Therefore, the principle of protection of independence and sovereignty is the corner stone of Pakistan's Foreign Policy.

Cordial Relations with Muslim CountriesPakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries. It has always moved its concern against Israel, India and U.S.S.R capturing Palestine, Kashmir and Afghanistan respectively. Pakistan has shouldered high responsibilities and used influence for safeguarding the rights of the Muslims. Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic Conference.

Non Interference in Internal Affairs of other countriesPakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all countries especially its neighboring countries, on the basis of universally acknowledge the principle of national sovereignty, on use of force, on-interference in the internal affairs of state.

Implementation of U.N CharterPakistan's policy is to act upon UN Charter and to support all moves by the UN to implement it. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year of its birth.

Promotion of World PeacePakistan policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive designs against any country. Neither does it support any such action. Pakistan has always held that the international disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-battlefield.

Non-AlignmentPakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away from alignment with any big power bloc and avoids taking sides in the cold war. It has also given up its association with SEATO and CENTO and was included in NAM in 1979.

Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of RacialPakistan is a staunch supporter of the right of self-determination and has been in the fore front of efforts to eliminate colonialism. It has advocated the right of self-determination of Kashmir.

DeterminantsThe determinants of Pakistan foreign policy are;

Ideological base Security issues Natural Resources (Coal, Petrol, Gas, Minerals)

Makers of Foreign policyThe makers of Pakistan foreign policy are;

Ministry of foreign affairs Ministry of internal affairs President advisors Intelligence agencies (ISI) Military Intelligence COAS

Conclusion The guiding principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are rooted in the country's Islamic ideology, its rich cultural heritage and historical experience. As an Islamic and non-aligned country, Pakistan supports Islamic causes and firmly upholds the above mentioned principles, which hold out the promise of a just and equitable world order in which nations can live in peace and security.

Governance The concept of governance is not new. Governance is the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented. Governance means management of public affairs.

Good governance plays an important role in the socio-economic and political development of country.

“The time is always right to do right” (Nelson Mandela)

Causes of bad governance Corruption Nepotism Self-interest of rulers No accountability (no system of check and balance) No equality before law Red tapism Military intervention in politics Inconsistent government policies Uneducated politics Foreign pressure

CorruptionCorruption means dishonest behavior of those who are in a position of power, such as managers, politicians, government officials or police officers Corruption include accepting or giving bribes, double dealings, laundering money and defrauding investor’s. The most common example of corruption in the world if finance is the investor manager who is actually running a Ponzi scheme.

Fighting corruption is not just good governance. It's self-defense. Its patriotism (Joe Biden)

Nepotism Nepotism means favourism granted in politics or business to relatives. The term nepotism is originated with the assignment of nephews or relatives to cardinal positions by catholic pops or bishops. Nepotism is found in the field of politics, business or in entertainment.

I don't believe in nepotism. I don't much like the idea of parents who interfere. (Anthony Hopkins)

Red-tapism Red-tapism means “delaying of files”. Or “the collection or sequences of forms and procedures required to gain bureaucratic approval for something especially when complex and time consuming”.

“Governments are too stupid to understand that too much red tape does not bind a nation together—it tears it apart.” (Jarod Kuntz)

No Equality before lawNo equality before law means “no protection of human rights”. The concept of no equality before law could be understand with the help of an example,

“An earthquake achieves what the law promise, but it is not practiced to maintain the equality of all man”.

“As long as I have any choice to live in a country, I would live in that country where political tolerance and equality before the law are the rule.” (Albert Einstein)

Suggestions No corruption No nepotism No red tapism System of check and balance (accountability) Consistent government policies No foreign pressure No self-interest of rulers No military intervention in politics Educated politicians Equality before law