Pitsch_Fig.3

Flame E Flame E

500

15

10

X/D

R/D

5

0-2 0 2

1000 1500 2000

Flame D

O2

T

X/D = 7.5

Mixture fraction0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0

O2

T

X/D = 15

Co

ndit

iona

l mea

n te

mp

erat

ure

[K]

Co

ndit

iona

l mea

n te

mp

erat

ure

[K]

Temperature [K]

Co

nditio

nal mean O

2 mass fractio

ns

Co

nditio

nal mean O

2 mass fractio

ns

Mixture fraction0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0

O2

T

X/D = 15

Mixture fraction0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0

O2

T

X/D = 7.5

Mixture fraction0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0

Vegetative growth

Conjugation

Miconucleardivision

YaoFig01

Macronuclear divisionCytokinesis

2 h Meiosis 4 h

6 h

Post-zygoticnuclear division

14 h Newmacronucleus development

(DNA rearragement )

Cross-fertilization

a

b Dnm1p

Mdv1p/Caf4pFis1p

OM

Dnm1p

Dnm1p conformational change?Membrane constriction?

Dnm1p disassemblyFission

Dnm1p assemblyFission ring formation

GTP GDP + Pi

?

ShawFig07

nymph

ColeopteraHeteroptera Diptera StrepsipteraOrthoptera

adult

Zygentoma

naiadadult

Paleodictyoptera Emphemeroptera

extinction forewingsmodifiedto tegmina

forewingsmodified tohemelytra

forewingsmodifiedto elytra

T2/T3 homeosis (?)

Pterygota

appearance of wings

Holometabola

Eumetabola

loss of paranotal lobes

reappearanceof paranotallobes innymphs (?)

Neoptera

Insecta

halteres evolvedfrom hindwings (?)

Halteria (?)

KaufmanFig02

PN = paranotal lobe

F = forewingNF = nymphal forewingFP = forewing pad

H = hindwingNH = nymphal hindwingHP = hindwing pad

T = tegminaE = elytraHE = hemelytraHA = haltereG = gills

PLPL

PLPL

PLPL FW

FW

FWFW

FWFW

HAHA

HAHA

HWHW

HWHWHWHW

HWHW

TT

HWHW

HEHE EEEE

HWHW

HPHP

FPFP

GG

PLPL

NFNFNHNH

Nicolson_Fig.1

oo

pc

ac

oo

a b

ac

am mc

pcpm

c

*

d

us

l

Breaker_fig.3 p1

Y

GU

C

A

G

U

C

A

RY

RY

R

RR

Y

K

K

G

C

A

GA

R

Y

R

R

R

C

CGGU

G AG

AY

R

CG

GU

A

RR

Y

CU

YY

R

GG

G

A

GCC

G

CC

G

C

GG

AA

U

U

Y

Y

RC

GG

C

GR

YGA

U

DG

G

D

RA

GA

C

GA

C

UA GC

GA

AUGC

GC

C

GA

AA

CCG

G

R U RR

AG

CC

G

G

CG

C R

G A RYAR

A

G

CC

G

G

U

AR

U

ARU

G CG

CCC

GA

AA

GCG

C

GU

GY

G

U UG

C

C

U

CC

A

GUA

A

A

U

A

GG

RU

AAA

CYAU

G

UR

U R

A

AG

G

CR

Y

GG

C G

C GU

N

GR

C

N

R

UUA

R

UA

A

GAG

CC

G

CC

CC

G

YA

G

A

A

A

Y G

G

CAG

U

Y

R

N

N

N

N

aN

NCo+O

OO

O

O

N

N N

N

HNHO

HO

OHOH

O

P O-O

-O

O

OS+

a

b

b

O

O

HO OH

O

O

O

NH2

+NH3 CH3

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

N

N

N

NH2

H2N

H2N

c

c

O

O-

flavin mononucleotide[FMN]

PO O

OH

N NH

N O

O

NOH

OH OHP4 P5

P2 P6

P1

P3

P2

P4

P5

P1

P3

var.

P3a

6-nt loop

P1P3

P4 P6 P7 P8

P2

TPP aptamerconsensus

SAM aptamerconsensus

FMN aptamerconsensus

purine aptamerconsensus

P5

P12

P9

P10

P11

5'

5'

5'

5'

5'

guanine adenine

P1

P2P3

C or U

P3

P2

P1

P2a

P4

c

d e

a

b

coenzyme B12aptamer consensus

adenosylcobalamin[coenzyme B12]

S-adenosylmethionine[SAM]

0 to 1nt

0 to 2additionalbase pairs

possiblepseudoknot

2 to 3nt

O

P O-O

O

-O P O

N+ SN

N

thiaminepyrophosphate

[TPP]OH

NH2

NH2N N

NH

H

NNH2

N NN

H

N

0-2 nt

South Asia (SOAS)Northeast Africa (NEAF)

West Africa-B (WEAF-B): endemicWest Africa-B (WEAF-B): re-establishedWest Africa-B (WEAF-B): sporadic

South Asia (SOAS)Central Africa (CEAF)

West Africa (WEAF): endemicWest Africa (WEAF): sporadic

Kew_fig.4

01

00 94

96

95

93

9387

91

89

90

86

93

95

89

79

85

97

96

97

89

00

00

91

95

93

93

00

88

89

97

99

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Cummings_Fig.2

Partly viscous-effects dominatedTransition laminar-turbulentLow density effectsSurface radiationStrong real-gas effects

IonizationRadiationStrong real-gas effectsLow density effects

Ascent and ReentryVehicle (ARV)

Limit of continuum regime

Slip-flow regime

Reentry Vehicle (RV)

Pressure-effects dominatedStrong real-gas effectsSurface radiationLow density effects Strong

real-gaseffects

Cruise Vehicle (CV)

Viscous-effects dominatedTransition laminar-turbulentSurface radiationWeak real-gas effects

Stage separation ofTwo-Stage-to-Orbit (TSTO) system

Predominantlylaminar flow

Aeroassisted OrbitalTransfer Vehicle (AOTV)

Transitionlaminar-turbulent

configuration not to scale

100

50

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

h (km)

U∞ (km/s)

Katz_Fig.11

CL

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

-2.5

-3.00 10 20 30 40 50

Skirt gap height (mm)

frontwing

rearwing

Venturiflow

side pod

vertically sliding skirts

0

h

Time (s)

Flu

ore

scen

ce (∆

F/F

) VA1

VA2

VA3

VA5

VA7

VA1

VA2

VA3VA5

VA7

VA1

VA2

VA3VA5

VA7

VA1 VA2

VA3VA5

VA7

0 6020 40

10 %

Receptor neurons

0 6020 40

5 %

Local neurons

0 6020 40

10 %

Projection neurons

30 µm

MisenboeckFig012x