pitch changes result from changing the length and tension of the vocal folds the pitch you produce...

• Pitch changes result from changing the length and tension of the vocal folds

• The pitch you produce is based on the number of cycles (vocal fold vibrations) per second • Hertz (Hz) = cycles/second

• Loudness changes result from increasing the length of time that the vocal folds are closed• This allows for increased subglottal pressure• Laryngeal musculature compresses medially, & larger subglottal pressure is needed to initiate vibration of the vocal folds

• Doesn’t always change how far the vocal folds move, but affects how the vocal folds come together• Softer voice = softer impact• Louder voice = harder impact

• In class DVD example

• Length:• Women: 14.7 cm• Men: 17.5 cm• Children: 8.75 cm

• Can be thought of as a system of tubes

Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

• The vocal folds create the fundamental frequency (“pitch”)

• The vocal tract gives us formants (resonances)


• Remember from the hearing section:

Enhancement of the intensity of a particular frequency component(s) with respect to the intensity of the other components that occurs when its frequency equals or is close to the natural frequency of vibration of an object.


• As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease• Shortening leads to formant frequency increase

• Lengthening: lower larynx and/or lip rounding

• Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting

• For nasal sounds (m, n, ng) and nasalized vowels, the soft palate is lowered• Allows air to enter the nasal cavity

• This adds an extra formant • Usually between 300-500 Hz

• 3 Types:• Pharyngeal• Oral• Nasal

Zemlin, pg 32.

• Introduction to vocal tract resonance• Terms and theory

• Sound waves • Basics and for speech

• Vocal tract formants

Zemlin, pg 32.

• Length:• Women: 14.7 cm• Men: 17.5 cm• Children: 8.75 cm

• Can be thought of as a system of tubes


• The vocal folds create the fundamental frequency (“pitch”)

• The vocal tract gives us formants (resonances)


Source-Filter Theory of Voice ProductionSource = vocal folds (glottis)Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity)

“Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth.”

Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does not change the pitch

Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

• Resonance:Enhancement of the

intensity of a particular frequency component(s) with respect to the intensity of the other components that occurs when its frequency equals or is close to the natural frequency of vibration of an object.

• Formant:A resonance of the vocal

tract


• Remember from hearing physiology:• Resonance of ear canal: Around 2.5 kHz• Resonance of the concha: Around 5 kHz

• The vocal tract also has multiple resonances (formants)• When talking about vowels, we usually discuss the first 2-3 formants, which vary based on the speech sound being produced

Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.


• Sound waves • Basics for speech


Zemlin, pg 32.

GlottisMouth

Reflected IncidentTransmitted

Pharynx

Impedance

• N = node• A = antinode

• Only occur in the vocal tract at resonant (formant) frequencies




Zemlin, pg 32.

• 4 x length of vocal tract = wavelength of the formant

• This equation works for the first formant

• As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease• Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies

• Some ways you can influence vocal tract length:• Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding• Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting

• Your book states that the larynx can be raised or lowered by as much as 2 cm

• Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant)

• The following equation is used to find the frequency of a specific formant:

Fn = (2n-1)(c/4L)

F = formant n = formant number L = vocal tract length




Zemlin, pg 32.

• Lips• Teeth• Tongue• Mandible• Palate

• Hard• Soft

Zemlin, pg 227.

Innervated by CN VII: Facial Orbicularis oris

• Principle muscle acting on the lips

• Sphincter (circular) muscle

• Contraction: closes and puckers lips

Zemlin, pg 234.

• Buccinator• Principle muscle of the cheeks

• Inserts into the corners of the mouth

• Contraction: compresses the lips and cheeks against the teeth, laterally pulls corners of mouth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_muscle

• Risorius• Latin risus “laughter”• Parallel to buccinator• Inserts in corners of mouth

• Contraction: laterally pulls corners of mouth

Zemlin, pg 234.

• Labii• Levator labii• Insert into the upper lip• Contraction: elevate upper lip

• Depressor labii• Inserts into lower lip• Contraction: pulls lower lip down

Zemlin, pg 234.

• Zygomatic muscles• Insert into orbicularis oris, including at corners of mouth

• Contraction: draws corners of the mouth into a smile

Zemlin, pg 234.

Mentalis• Connects the mandible (jaw bone) and chin

• Contraction: raises the lower lip, helps with lower lip protrusion

Zemlin, pg 234.

Anguli oris• Levator anguli oris• Insert: both upper and lower lips

• Contraction: draws corners of the mouth upward, helps close mouth by drawing lower lip up

• Depressor anguli oris• Insert: orbicularis oris, mouth angles

• Contraction: draws corners of the mouth downward, helps close mouth by drawing upper lip down

Zemlin, pg 234.

Incisivus labii• Incisivus labii superior• Insert: corners of lips• Contraction: puckers lips pulling corners of mouth up and inward

• Incisivus labii inferior• Insert: orbicularis oris, mouth angles

• Contraction: puckers lips pulling corners of mouth down and inward

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

pitch changes result from changing the length and tension of the vocal folds the pitch you produce...

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