pisa, september 2004 infrastructural language resources & standards for multilingual...

Pisa, September 2004

Infrastructural Infrastructural

Language Resources Language Resources

& &

Standards for Multilingual Standards for Multilingual

Computational LexiconsComputational Lexicons

Nicoletta CalzolariNicoletta Calzolari

… with many others

Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale - CNR - Pisa

[email protected]

Infrastructural Infrastructural

Language Resources Language Resources

& &

Standards for Multilingual Standards for Multilingual

Computational LexiconsComputational Lexicons

Nicoletta CalzolariNicoletta Calzolari

… with many others

Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale - CNR - Pisa

[email protected]


The ENABLER MissionThe ENABLER Mission

Language Resources (LRs) & Evaluation: central Language Resources (LRs) & Evaluation: central component of the component of the ““linguistic infrastructurelinguistic infrastructure””

LRs supported by national funding in LRs supported by national funding in National ProjectsNational Projects

Availability of LRsAvailability of LRs also a “sensitive” issue, touching also a “sensitive” issue, touching the sphere of linguistic and cultural identity, but also the sphere of linguistic and cultural identity, but also with economical and political implicationswith economical and political implications

The The ENABLER Network of National initiativesENABLER Network of National initiatives, aims , aims at “enabling” the realisation of a at “enabling” the realisation of a cooperative cooperative frameworkframework

formulate aformulate a common agenda of medium- & long-term common agenda of medium- & long-term research prioritiesresearch priorities contribute to the contribute to the definition of an overall framework for the definition of an overall framework for the provision of LRsprovision of LRs


towards ….towards ….

Only Only Combining the strengths of different initiatives & communitiesCombining the strengths of different initiatives & communities

Exploiting at best the ‘modus operandi’ of the national funding Exploiting at best the ‘modus operandi’ of the national funding authorities in different national situationsauthorities in different national situations

Responding to/anticipating needs and priorities of R&D & Responding to/anticipating needs and priorities of R&D & industrial communitiesindustrial communities

Promoting the adoption of Promoting the adoption of [[de factode facto]] standards, best standards, best practicespractices

With a clear distinction of tasks & roles for different actorsWith a clear distinction of tasks & roles for different actors

We can produce theWe can produce the

synergies, economy of scale, convergence & critical mass synergies, economy of scale, convergence & critical mass

necessary to provide thenecessary to provide the infrastructural LRs infrastructural LRs needed to realise needed to realise the full potential of a the full potential of a multilingualmultilingual global information society global information society


Lexicon and Corpus:Lexicon and Corpus:a multi-faceted a multi-faceted

interactioninteraction

Lexicon and Corpus:Lexicon and Corpus:a multi-faceted a multi-faceted

interactioninteraction L L C C taggingtagging C C L L frequencies (of different linguistic “objects”)frequencies (of different linguistic “objects”) C C L L proper nouns, acronyms, …proper nouns, acronyms, … L L C C parsing, chunking, …parsing, chunking, … C C L L training of parserstraining of parsers C C L L lexicon updatinglexicon updating C C L L “collocational” data (MWE“collocational” data (MWE, idioms, gram. patterns ...), idioms, gram. patterns ...) C C L L “nuances” of meanings & semantic clustering“nuances” of meanings & semantic clustering C C L L acquisition of lexical (syntactic/semantic) knowledgeacquisition of lexical (syntactic/semantic) knowledge L L C C semantic tagging/word-sense disambiguation semantic tagging/word-sense disambiguation (e.g. in (e.g. in

Senseval)Senseval) C C L L more semantic information on LEmore semantic information on LE C C L L corpus based computational lexicographycorpus based computational lexicography C C L L validation of lexical modelsvalidation of lexical models C C L L …… L L C C ......


...Language as a “Continuum”...Language as a “Continuum”...Language as a “Continuum”...Language as a “Continuum”

Interesting - and intriguing - aspects of corpus use: Interesting - and intriguing - aspects of corpus use: impossibilityimpossibility of descriptions based on a of descriptions based on a clear-cut boundaryclear-cut boundary betw. betw.

what is what is admitted admitted and what isand what is not not

in actual usage, language displays a large number of properties in actual usage, language displays a large number of properties behaving as a behaving as a continuumcontinuum, , and not as properties of “yes/no” type and not as properties of “yes/no” type

the same is true for the so-called “rules”, where we find more a the same is true for the so-called “rules”, where we find more a “tendency”“tendency” towards rulestowards rules than than preciseprecise rules in corpus evidence rules in corpus evidence

difficult to constrain word meaningdifficult to constrain word meaning within a rigorously defined within a rigorously defined organisation: by its very nature it tends to evade any strict boundaryorganisation: by its very nature it tends to evade any strict boundary

BUTBUT

Lexicon & CorpusLexicon & Corpus as two viewpoints on the same ling. objectas two viewpoints on the same ling. object

……. even more in a . even more in a multilingual multilingual contextcontext


Extraction from texts vs.Extraction from texts vs.formal representation in formal representation in

lexiconslexicons

Extraction from texts vs.Extraction from texts vs.formal representation in formal representation in

lexiconslexicons It is It is difficult to constrain word meaningdifficult to constrain word meaning within a rigorously within a rigorously

defined organisation: by its very nature it tends to evade any defined organisation: by its very nature it tends to evade any strict boundarystrict boundary

TheThe rigourrigour and and lack of flexibilitylack of flexibility of formal representation of formal representation languages causes difficulties when mapping into it NL word languages causes difficulties when mapping into it NL word meaning, meaning, ambiguousambiguous and and flexibleflexible by its own nature by its own nature

No clear-cut boundaryNo clear-cut boundary when analysing many phenomena: it’s when analysing many phenomena: it’s more a continuummore a continuum

The same impression if one looks at examples of types of The same impression if one looks at examples of types of alternations:alternations:

no clear-cut classesno clear-cut classes across languages across languages or within one languageor within one language


Correlation between Correlation between different levels of linguistic different levels of linguistic

description description in the design of a lexical entryin the design of a lexical entry

Correlation between Correlation between different levels of linguistic different levels of linguistic

description description in the design of a lexical entryin the design of a lexical entry

To understand To understand word-meaningword-meaning::

Focus on the correlation between syntactic and semantic Focus on the correlation between syntactic and semantic aspectsaspects

But other linguistic levels - such as morphology, morphosyntax, But other linguistic levels - such as morphology, morphosyntax, lexical cooccurrence, collocational data, etc. - are closely lexical cooccurrence, collocational data, etc. - are closely interrelated/involvedinterrelated/involved

These relations must be captured when accounting for These relations must be captured when accounting for meaning discrimination meaning discrimination

The The complexity complexity of these of these interrelationshipsinterrelationships makes makes semanticsemantic disambiguationdisambiguation such such a hard task in NLPa hard task in NLP

Textual corporaTextual corpora as a device to discover and reveal the as a device to discover and reveal the intricacy of these relationshipsintricacy of these relationships

Frame/SIMPLE semanticsFrame/SIMPLE semantics as a device to unravel and as a device to unravel and disentangle the complex situation into elementary and disentangle the complex situation into elementary and computationally manageable piecescomputationally manageable pieces


towardstowards Corpus based Semantic Corpus based Semantic LexiconsLexicons

… at least in principle… at least in principle

towardstowards Corpus based Semantic Corpus based Semantic LexiconsLexicons

… at least in principle… at least in principle

both in the design of the model , &both in the design of the model , & in the building of the lexiconin the building of the lexicon (at least partially)(at least partially)

with (semi-)automatic meanswith (semi-)automatic means

Design of the Design of the lexical entrylexical entry with a combined approach: with a combined approach:

theoretical:theoretical: e.g. Fillmore Frame Semantics/ e.g. Fillmore Frame Semantics/

Pustejovsky Generative Pustejovsky Generative Lexicon, …Lexicon, …

empirical:empirical: Corpus evidence Corpus evidence

o even ifeven if: : not always there are sound and explicit criteria for not always there are sound and explicit criteria for classification according to “frame elements”/qualia relations/...classification according to “frame elements”/qualia relations/...


ButBut … they will never be “complete” … they will never be “complete”

Semantic networksSemantic networks: Euro-/ItalWordNet: Euro-/ItalWordNetLexiconsLexicons: PAROLE/SIMPLE/CLIPS: PAROLE/SIMPLE/CLIPSTreeBanksTreeBanks

Infrastructure of Language Infrastructure of Language Resources...Resources...

Lexical acquisitionLexical acquisition systemssystems (syntactic & semantic) from corporafrom corporaInfrastructure of toolsInfrastructure of tools

•Robust morphosyntactic & syntactic analysersmorphosyntactic & syntactic analysers•Word-senseWord-sense disambiguation systemsdisambiguation systems•Sense classifiersSense classifiers•......

...static...static

……dynamicdynamic

International International StandardsStandards


ItalWordNet ItalWordNet Semantic NetworkSemantic Network

[Italian module of EuroWordNetEuroWordNet]

~ 50.00050.000 lemmas organized in synonym groupssynonym groups (synsetssynsets), structured

in hierarchieshierarchies & linked by ~ 130.000130.000 semantic relations

~ ~ 50.000 hyperonymy/hyponymy relations~ 16.000 relations among different POS (role, cause, derivation, etc..)~ 2.000 part-whole relations~ 1.500 antonymy relations, …etc.

•Synsets linked to the InterLingual Index linked to the InterLingual Index (ILI=Princeton WordNet),

•Through the ILIILI link to all the European European WordNets WordNets (de-facto standard) & to the common Top OntologyTop Ontology

•Possibility of plug-in withplug-in with domain terminological lexiconsdomain terminological lexicons(legal, maritime)

•Usable in IR, CLIR, IE, QA, ...


hond

dog

cane

perro

dog Italian WN

TOP ONTOLOGY

Spanish WN

Dutch WN

English WN

ANIMAL

ILI

LIVING

HUMAN

French WN German

WN

Estonian WN

Czech WN

EuroWordNet EuroWordNet Multilingual Data StructureMultilingual Data Structure


{{Casa, abitazione, dimora Casa, abitazione, dimora }}

Hyperonym: {edificio,..}

Hyponym:{villetta }{catapecchia, bicocca, .. }{cottage}{bungalow }

Role_location: {stare, abitare, ...}

Role_target_direction: {rincasare}

Role_patient: {affitto, locazione}

Mero_part: {vestibolo}

{stanza}Holo_part: {casale}

{frazione} {caseggiato}

home, domicile, ..house

TOP TOP ConceptsConcepts:Object,Artifact,Building

Synsets linkedSynsets linkedby Semantic by Semantic Relations in Relations in ItalWordNetItalWordNet


JurJur--WordNetWordNetWith ITTG-CNR (Istituto di Teoria e Tecniche dell’informazione With ITTG-CNR (Istituto di Teoria e Tecniche dell’informazione

Giuridica)Giuridica)

JurJur-WordNet-WordNet EExtension for the xtension for the juridical juridical domaindomain of ItalWordNet of ItalWordNet

Knowledge base for multilingual access to sources of Knowledge base for multilingual access to sources of legal informationlegal information

Source of metadata for semantic mark-up of legal textsSource of metadata for semantic mark-up of legal texts

To be used, together with the generic ItalWordNet, in To be used, together with the generic ItalWordNet, in applications of Information Extraction, Question applications of Information Extraction, Question Answering, Automatic Tagging, Knowledge Sharing, Answering, Automatic Tagging, Knowledge Sharing, Norm Comparison, etc.Norm Comparison, etc.


Terminological LexiconTerminological Lexicon of Navigation & Sea of Navigation & Sea TransportationTransportation

NoloNolo

Synsets Synsets 1.614 1.614Lemmas Lemmas

2.1162.116Senses Senses 2.232 2.232Nouns Nouns 1.621 1.621Verbs Verbs 205 205Adjectives Adjectives 35 35Proper Nouns Proper Nouns

236 236


PAROLEPAROLEItal. Synt. Lex.Ital. Synt. Lex.

’96-’98

PAROLEPAROLEItal. Synt. Lex.Ital. Synt. Lex.

’96-’98

SIMPLESIMPLEItal. Sem. Lex.Ital. Sem. Lex.

’98-2000

CLIPSCLIPS2000-20042000-2004

morphology: 20,000 entriesmorphology: 20,000 entriessyntax: 20,000 wordssyntax: 20,000 words

semantics: 10,000 senses semantics: 10,000 senses

phonologyphonologymorphology 55,000 morphology 55,000 words words

syntaxsyntax

semantics: 55,000 semantics: 55,000 sensessenses

SGMLSGML SGMLSGML

XMLXML

PAROLEPAROLE CorpusCorpusPAROLEPAROLE CorpusCorpus

PAROLE/SIMPLEPAROLE/SIMPLE12 harmonised 12 harmonised computational lexiconscomputational lexicons

http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/







machine language learningmachine language learning


machine language learningdevelopment of conceptual networksdevelopment of conceptual networks

linguistic learninglinguistic learning

adaptive classification systemsadaptive classification systems

information extractioninformation extraction

bootstrappingbootstrapping of grammars of grammars

linguistic change modelslinguistic change models

language usage modelslanguage usage models

bootstrapping bootstrapping of lexical informationof lexical information


structuredstructuredknowledgeknowledge

lexica

unstructuredtextdata

annotationtools

annotateddata

machine machine learninglearning

for linguistic for linguistic knowledge knowledge acquisitionacquisition

lexica

cross-lingualinformation

retrieval

multi-lingualinformationextraction

multi-lingual textmining

userneed

s

lexiconmodel

Architecture for linguisticArchitecture for linguistic knowledge acquisitionknowledge acquisition ... ...

LKGLKG

……. towards “dynamic” lexicons, able to auto-enrich. towards “dynamic” lexicons, able to auto-enrich

terminologyterminology


Harmonisation:Harmonisation:More & moreMore & more Need of a Global ViewNeed of a Global View

for Global for Global InteroperabilityInteroperability

Integration/sharingIntegration/sharing of data & software/tools of data & software/tools Need of Need of compatibility among various componentscompatibility among various components An “exemplary cycle”:An “exemplary cycle”:

FormalismsFormalisms

GrammarsGrammars

Software: Taggers,Software: Taggers,Chunkers, Parsers, …Chunkers, Parsers, …

Representation Representation AnnotationAnnotation

Lexicon Lexicon CorporaCorpora

TerminologyTerminology

Software: Software:

Acquisition SystemsAcquisition SystemsI/O InterfacesI/O Interfaces

LanguageLanguage

ss


A short guide to A short guide to ISLE/EAGLES ISLE/EAGLES

http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/isle/ISLE_Home_http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/isle/ISLE_Home_Page.htmPage.htm

Multilingual Computational Lexicon Multilingual Computational Lexicon

Working GroupWorking Group


Target: Target: … the Multilingual ISLE … the Multilingual ISLE

Lexical EntryLexical Entry (MILE)(MILE) General methodological principles (from EAGLES):General methodological principles (from EAGLES):

high granularity: high granularity: factor outfactor out the (maximal) set ofthe (maximal) set of primitive primitive units of lexical info (units of lexical info (basic notionsbasic notions) with the highest degree of ) with the highest degree of inter-theoretical agreementinter-theoretical agreement

modular and layered:modular and layered: various degrees of specification various degrees of specification possiblepossible

explicit representationexplicit representation of info of info

allow for underspecification (& hierarchical structure)allow for underspecification (& hierarchical structure)

leading principle: leading principle: edited unionedited union of existing of existing lexicons/models (lexicons/models (redundancyredundancy isis not a problem)not a problem)

open to different paradigms ofopen to different paradigms of multilingualitymultilinguality

oriented to the creation oforiented to the creation of large-scalelarge-scale & & distributed distributed

lexiconslexicons


Paths to Discover thePaths to Discover theBasic Notions of MILEBasic Notions of MILE

clues in dictionariesclues in dictionaries to decide on target equivalent to decide on target equivalent guidelines for lexicographersguidelines for lexicographers clues (to disambiguate/translate) in clues (to disambiguate/translate) in corpus concordancescorpus concordances lexical requirements from various types of lexical requirements from various types of transfer transfer

conditions & actionsconditions & actions in MT systems in MT systems lexical requirements from lexical requirements from interlinguainterlingua-based systems-based systems ……

a list of critical information typescritical information types that will compose each module of the MILE


Designing MILEDesigning MILESteps towards MILE:Steps towards MILE:

Creating Creating entries entries (Bertagna, Reeves, Bouillon)(Bertagna, Reeves, Bouillon) Identifying the Identifying the MILE Basic Notions MILE Basic Notions

(Bertagna,Monachini,Atkins,Bouillon)(Bertagna,Monachini,Atkins,Bouillon)

Defining the Defining the MILE Lexical Model MILE Lexical Model (Lenci, Calzolari, etc.)(Lenci, Calzolari, etc.)

Formalising Formalising MILE MILE (Ide)(Ide)

Development of the Development of the ISLE Lexical Tool ISLE Lexical Tool (Bel)(Bel)

ISLE &ISLE & spoken language & multimodality spoken language & multimodality (Gibbon)(Gibbon)

Metadata Metadata for the lexicon for the lexicon (Peters, Wittenburg)(Peters, Wittenburg)

A case-study: A case-study: MWEs in MILE MWEs in MILE (Quochi, lenci, Calzolari)(Quochi, lenci, Calzolari)

the MILE Basic NotionsMILE Basic Notions the MILE Lexical ModelMILE Lexical Model


The MILE Basic Notions The MILE Basic Notions (the (the EAGLES/ISLE CLWG)EAGLES/ISLE CLWG)

Basic Basic lexical dimensionslexical dimensions & info-types relevant & info-types relevant to establish multilingual linksto establish multilingual links

Typology of Typology of lexicallexical multilingual multilingual correspondencescorrespondences (relevant conditions & (relevant conditions & actions)actions)

Identified by:Identified by:

creating creating sample multilingual lexical sample multilingual lexical entries entries (Bertagna, Reeves)(Bertagna, Reeves)

investigating the use of investigating the use of sense indicatorssense indicators in in traditional bilingual dictionaries traditional bilingual dictionaries (Atkins, (Atkins, Bouillon)Bouillon)

……..


The MILE Lexical Classes The MILE Lexical Classes – –

Data Categories for Content Data Categories for Content InteroperabilityInteroperability

Francesca Bertagna*, Alessandro Francesca Bertagna*, Alessandro Lenci°, Monica Monachini*, Lenci°, Monica Monachini*,

Nicoletta Calzolari*Nicoletta Calzolari*

*ILC–CNR – Pisa *ILC–CNR – Pisa °Pisa University°Pisa University


OverviewOverview

1.1. MILE Lexical Model with Lexical MILE Lexical Model with Lexical Objects and Data CategoriesObjects and Data Categories

2.2. Mapping of existing lexicons onto Mapping of existing lexicons onto MILEMILE

3.3. RDF schema and DC Registry for RDF schema and DC Registry for some pre-instantiated lexical objects some pre-instantiated lexical objects together with a sample entry from the together with a sample entry from the PAROLE-SIMPLE lexicons in MILEPAROLE-SIMPLE lexicons in MILE

4.4. Future …Future …


GENELEXModel

GENELEXModel

PAROLE-SIMPLELexicons

PAROLE-SIMPLELexicons

MultilingualLexicons

(EuroWordNet, etc.)

MultilingualLexicons

(EuroWordNet, etc.)

MILE Lexical Model

The MILE Lexical ModelThe MILE Lexical ModelGuidelines

syntactic

semantic

lexicons

Guidelines

syntactic

semantic

lexicons

Computational Lexicon Working Group

… … where

where

after?

after?


The MILE Main The MILE Main FeaturesFeatures

A general architecture devised as a common A general architecture devised as a common representational layer for multilingual representational layer for multilingual Computational LexiconsComputational Lexicons both for hand-coded and corpus-driven lexical databoth for hand-coded and corpus-driven lexical data

Key features:Key features: ModularityModularity Granularity Granularity Extensibility and “openess”Extensibility and “openess” - User-- User-

adaptabilityadaptability Resource SharingResource Sharing Content InteroperabilityContent Interoperability ReusabilityReusabilitySemantic Web technologies & Semantic Web technologies &

standards standards applied at Lexicon modellingapplied at Lexicon modelling


The MILE Lexical Model The MILE Lexical Model (MLM)(MLM)

The MLM The MLM corecore is the is the Multilingual ISLE Multilingual ISLE Lexical EntryLexical Entry ( (MILEMILE)) a general a general schemaschema for multilingual lexical resources for multilingual lexical resources a a lexical meta-entrylexical meta-entry as a common representational as a common representational

layer for multilingual lexiconslayer for multilingual lexicons Computational lexicons can be viewed as Computational lexicons can be viewed as

different different instancesinstances of the MILE schemaof the MILE schema

MILELexical Model

lexicon#1 lexicon#3lexicon#2


MILEMILEthe building-block modelthe building-block model

The MILE architecture is designed The MILE architecture is designed according to the according to the building-block modelbuilding-block model:: Lexical entries are obtained by combining Lexical entries are obtained by combining

various types of various types of lexical objectslexical objects (atomic and (atomic and complex)complex)

Users design their lexicon by:Users design their lexicon by: selecting and/or specifying the relevant lexical selecting and/or specifying the relevant lexical

objectsobjects combine the lexical objects into lexical entriescombine the lexical objects into lexical entries

Lexical objects may be Lexical objects may be sharedshared:: within the same lexicon (intra-lexicon reusability)within the same lexicon (intra-lexicon reusability) among different lexicons (inter-lexicon reusability)among different lexicons (inter-lexicon reusability)


syntacticframe

phraseslot Synfeature

Lexical Objects

Semfeature

MILEMILEthe building-block modelthe building-block model

Lexical entry 1 Lexical entry 2 Lexical entry 3


morphologicallayer

syntactic layer

semantic layer

linkingconditions

mono-MILE

Modularity in MILEModularity in MILE

multi-MILE

multilingualcorrespondence

conditions

mono-Mile

multiple levels of

modularity

Horizontal organization, where independent, Horizontal organization, where independent, but interlinked, modules allow to express but interlinked, modules allow to express different dimensions of lexical entriesdifferent dimensions of lexical entries


The Mono-MILEThe Mono-MILE

Each monolingual layer within Mono-MILE Each monolingual layer within Mono-MILE identifies a identifies a basicbasic unitunit of lexical description of lexical description

morphological layer MU

basic unit to describe the inflectional and derivational morphological properties of the word

syntactic layer SynU

basic unit to describe the syntactic behaviour of the MU

semantic layer SemUbasic unit to describe the semantic properties of the MU


The Mono-MILEThe Mono-MILE

MU

SynU

SynU

SynU

SynU

SemUSemU

SemU

SemUSemU

SemU

SemU

Within each layer, a basic linguistic information unit is identified


Granularity in MILEGranularity in MILE Concerns the vertical dimension. Within a Concerns the vertical dimension. Within a

given lexical layer, varying degrees of given lexical layer, varying degrees of depth of lexical descriptions are alloweddepth of lexical descriptions are allowed, , both shallow and deep lexical both shallow and deep lexical representationsrepresentations


Defining the MLMDefining the MLM

The MLM is designed as an The MLM is designed as an E-R modelE-R model ((MILE Entry SchemaMILE Entry Schema)) defines the lexical objects and the ways they can defines the lexical objects and the ways they can

be combined into a lexical entrybe combined into a lexical entry The MLM includes 3 types of lexical objects:The MLM includes 3 types of lexical objects:

MILE Lexical ClassesMILE Lexical Classes (MLC) (MLC) MILE Lexical Data CategoriesMILE Lexical Data Categories (MDC) (MDC)

MILE Lexical OperationsMILE Lexical Operations (MLO) (MLO)


The MILE Lexical ObjectsThe MILE Lexical Objects

Within each layer, Within each layer, basic lexical basic lexical notions notions are represented by are represented by lexical lexical objectsobjects:: MILE Lexical Classes MLCMILE Lexical Classes MLC MILE Data Categories MDCMILE Data Categories MDC Lexical operationsLexical operations

They are an They are an ontology of lexical ontology of lexical objectsobjects as an abstraction over different as an abstraction over different lexical models and architectureslexical models and architectures


The MILE E/R diagramsThe MILE E/R diagrams

The The lexical objectslexical objects are described are described with E-R diagrams which define them with E-R diagrams which define them and the and the ways they can be ways they can be combinedcombined into a lexical entry into a lexical entry


MILE Lexical Objects: MILE Lexical Objects: Syntactic LayerSyntactic Layer

MLC:SynU

MLC:SyntacticFramehasSyntacticFrame

MLC:FrameSethasFrameSet

MLC:Compositioncomposedby

correspondTo MLC:SemU

MLC:CorrespSynUSemU

1..*

*

*

*


SyntacticFrame

Construction Self

Slot Slot

SynU

Function

Phrase

… expanding one node.

…

…


MLC:SemU

MLC:SynsetbelongsToSynset

MLC:SemanticFramehasSemFrame

MLC:SemanticFeaturehasSemFeature

MLC:CollocationhasCollocation

semanticRelation MLC:SemU

MLC:SemanticRelation

MILE Lexical Objects: MILE Lexical Objects: Semantic LayerSemantic Layer

*

0..1

*

*

*


MLC:CorrespSynUSemU

MLC:SynUhasSourceSynu

hasTargetSemuMLC:SemU

hasPredicativeCorresp MLC:PredicativeCorresp

IncludesSlotArgCorresp MLC:SlotArgCorresp

MILE Lexical Objects: Synt-Sem MILE Lexical Objects: Synt-Sem LinkingLinking

1

1

1

0..*


Syntax-Semantics Syntax-Semantics LinkingLinking

CorrespSynUSemU

PredCorresp

Slot0:Arg1

Slot1:Arg0

SemU

Predicate

Arg_0

Arg_1

SynU

Frame

Slot1

Slot0

filters&

conditions


Syntax-Semantics Syntax-Semantics LinkingLinking

John gave the book to Mary

John gave Mary the book

SynU#1

obj_NP obl_PP_to

SemU#1

Semantic_Frame:GIVE

Arg1Agent

subj_NP

SynU#2

obj_NP obj_NPsubj_NP

Arg2Theme

Arg3Goal


CorrespSynUSemU

Syntax-SemanticSyntax-Semantic Linking in Linking in SIMPLESIMPLE

Syntax-SemanticSyntax-Semantic Linking in Linking in SIMPLESIMPLE

Transitive structure

Slot0 Slot1

SemU1_migliorare SemU2_migliorare

CHANGE_OF_STATECAUSE_CHANGE_OF_STATE

PRED_ migliorare

ARG0:Agent ARG1:Patient

isomorphic non-isomorphic non-isomorphic

SynU_migliorare

FramesetIntransitive structure

Slot0 Ø

CorrespSynUSemU

SlotArgCorresp SlotArgCorresp


MultiCorresp

MUMUCorresphasMUMUCorr

SynUSynUCorresphasSynUSynuCorr

SemUSemUCorresphasSemUSemUCorr

SynsetMultCorresphasSynsetMultCorr

hasSemFrameCorrSemanticFrameMultCorresp

The Multilingual layerThe Multilingual layer

1..0

1..0

1..0

1..0

1..0


MILE approach to MILE approach to multilingualitymultilinguality

Open to various approachesOpen to various approaches transfer-basedtransfer-based

monolingual descriptions are used to state monolingual descriptions are used to state correspondences (tests and actions) between correspondences (tests and actions) between source and target entriessource and target entries

interlingua-basedinterlingua-based monolingual entries linked to language-monolingual entries linked to language-

independent lexical objects (e.g. semantic independent lexical objects (e.g. semantic frames, “primitive predicates”, etc.)frames, “primitive predicates”, etc.)


The Multi-MILEThe Multi-MILE

Multi-MILE specifies a formal Multi-MILE specifies a formal environment to express multilingual environment to express multilingual correspondences between lexical itemscorrespondences between lexical items

Source and target lexical entries can be Source and target lexical entries can be linked by exploiting (possibly combined) linked by exploiting (possibly combined) aspects of their monolingual aspects of their monolingual descriptionsdescriptions monolingual lexicons act as monolingual lexicons act as pivot lexical pivot lexical

repositoriesrepositories, on top of which language-to-, on top of which language-to-language multilingual modules can be language multilingual modules can be defineddefined


The Multi-MILEThe Multi-MILE

Multi-MILE may include:Multi-MILE may include: Multlingual operations to establish transfer Multlingual operations to establish transfer

links between source and target mono-MILElinks between source and target mono-MILE Multlingual lexical objectsMultlingual lexical objects

enrich the source and target lexical descripotions, enrich the source and target lexical descripotions, butbut

do not belong to the monolingual lexiconsdo not belong to the monolingual lexicons Language-independent lexical objects:Language-independent lexical objects:

Primitive semantic frames, “interlingual synsets”, Primitive semantic frames, “interlingual synsets”, etc.etc.

Relevant for interlingua approaches to Relevant for interlingua approaches to multilingualitymultilinguality


MU_1

SynU_2

SemU_2

SynU_1

SemU_1

Italianmono-MILE IT-to-EN multi-MILE

Multi-MILEMulti-MILE

IT_SemU_2 En_SemU_1

IT_SynU_2 En_SynU_1

IT_Slot_0 EN_Slot_1

IT_Slot_1 EN_Slot_0

MU_1

SynU_1

SemU_1

Englishmono-MILE

AddFeature to source SemU

+HUMAN

AddSlot to target SynU

MODIF [PP_with]


Multi-MILEMulti-MILE

dito

finger

toe

modif(mano)

modif(piede)

multilingual conditions

run + PP_intoentrare“to enter” +PP_di_corsa

multilingual conditions

IT Lexicon EN Lexicon


MILE Lexical ClassesMILE Lexical Classes

Represent the main building blocks of lexical Represent the main building blocks of lexical entriesentries

Formalize the MILE Basic NotionsFormalize the MILE Basic Notions Define an Define an ontology of lexical objectsontology of lexical objects

represent lexical notions such as semantic unit, represent lexical notions such as semantic unit, syntactic feature, syntactic frame, semantic syntactic feature, syntactic frame, semantic predicate, semantic relation, synset, etc.predicate, semantic relation, synset, etc.

Similar to class definitions in OO languagesSimilar to class definitions in OO languages specify the relevant attributesspecify the relevant attributes define the relations with other classesdefine the relations with other classes hierarchically structuredhierarchically structured


MILE Lexical ClassesMILE Lexical Classesan ontology of lexical objectsan ontology of lexical objects

MLM:SemU

id: xs:anyURI comment: xs:string example: xs:string

MLM:Synset correspondsToSynset

*

MLM:SemanticFrame

MLM:semValues

hasSemanticFrame

0..1

MLM:SemU semURelation

*

MLM:SemURelation

MLM:Collocation hasCollocation

*

semFeature

*


MILE Lexical Data MILE Lexical Data CategoriesCategories

MDC are instances of the MILE lexical MDC are instances of the MILE lexical ClassesClasses Can be used Can be used ““off the shelfoff the shelf”” or as a departure point for the or as a departure point for the

definition of new or modified categoriesdefinition of new or modified categories Enable Enable modular specificationmodular specification of lexical entities using all or parts of lexical entities using all or parts

of the lexical information in the repositoryof the lexical information in the repository

Each MDC respresents a Each MDC respresents a resourceresource uniquely identified by a URIuniquely identified by a URI

Two types of MDC:Two types of MDC: Core MDCCore MDC

belong to shared repositories (belong to shared repositories (Lexical Data Lexical Data Category RegistryCategory Registry))

lexical objects and linguistic notions with wide consensuslexical objects and linguistic notions with wide consensus User Defined MLDCUser Defined MLDC

user-specific or language specific lexical objects user-specific or language specific lexical objects


User-defined MDC

The MILE Data CategoriesThe MILE Data Categories

Instances of the MILE Lexical Classes are Instances of the MILE Lexical Classes are Data CategoriesData Categories

MDC can belong to a shared repository or be MDC can belong to a shared repository or be user-defined user-defined

CoreMDC

MLC


The MILE Data CategoriesThe MILE Data Categories User-adaptability and User-adaptability and

extensibilityextensibility

HUMANARTIFACTEVENTANIMALGROUP

AGEMAMMAL

instance_of

Core

UserDefined

MLC:SemanticFeature


MILE Lexical Data MILE Lexical Data CategoriesCategories

MLM:Feature

MLM:SemFeature

MLM:SynFeature

HUMANARTIFACTUALEVENTDURATIONGROUP

AGEANIMATE

instance_of

Core

UserDefined

MDC

GENDERCASEPERSONTENSECONTROL

ASPECT

Core

UserDefined

instance_of

MDC

MLM:GrammaticalFunction

SUBJOBJIOBJPREDX_COMPC_COMP

Core

UserDefined

instance_of

MDC


MILE Lexical OperationsMILE Lexical Operations

They are used to They are used to state conditionsstate conditions and and perform operationsperform operations over lexical entries over lexical entries Link syntactic slots and semantic Link syntactic slots and semantic

argumentsarguments Constrain the syntax-semantic linkConstrain the syntax-semantic link Express tests and actions in the transfer Express tests and actions in the transfer

conditions in the multi-MILEconditions in the multi-MILE ……

They provide the “They provide the “glueglue” to link various ” to link various independent independent intra-lexicalintra-lexical and and inter-inter-lexicallexical components components


Multilingual OperationsMultilingual Operations

Source-to-target language Source-to-target language transfer conditionstransfer conditions can be expressed by combining multilingual can be expressed by combining multilingual operationsoperations

Three types of multingual operations:Three types of multingual operations: Multilingual correspondencesMultilingual correspondences

Link a Link a source lexical objectsource lexical object (MU, SemU, SynU, semantic (MU, SemU, SynU, semantic argument, syntactic slot) and a argument, syntactic slot) and a target lexical objecttarget lexical object (MU, (MU, SemU, SynU, semantic argument, syntactic slot)SemU, SynU, semantic argument, syntactic slot)

Add-operationsAdd-operations Add lexical information relevant for the cross-lingual link, Add lexical information relevant for the cross-lingual link,

but not present in the source or target mono-MILEbut not present in the source or target mono-MILE Constrain-operationsConstrain-operations

Constrain the transfer link to some portions of source and Constrain the transfer link to some portions of source and target mono-MILEtarget mono-MILE


Defining the MLMDefining the MLM

MILEEntry Schema

MILE LexicalClasses

User DefinedMDC

MDCRegistry

RDF/SDescriptions

Monolingual/MultilingualLexicon


RDF Instantiation of the RDF Instantiation of the MLMMLM

Lexicon#1Lexicon#2

Lexicon#3 Resources

LexicalObjects

LexicalClasses

LexicalData Categories

Resources

Metadata


MILE Lexical ModelMILE Lexical Model

Ideal structure for rendering in RDF:Ideal structure for rendering in RDF: hierarchy of lexical objects built up by hierarchy of lexical objects built up by

combining atomic data categories via combining atomic data categories via clearly defined relationsclearly defined relations

Proof of concept:Proof of concept: Create an Create an RDF schemaRDF schema for the MILE for the MILE

Lexical ModelLexical Model version 1.2version 1.2

Instantiate MILE Lexical Data CategoriesInstantiate MILE Lexical Data Categories


User-Adaptability and User-Adaptability and Resource Sharing in Resource Sharing in

MILEMILE Compatible with different models of lexical Compatible with different models of lexical

analysis:analysis: Relational semantic models (e.g. WordNet)Relational semantic models (e.g. WordNet) Syntactic and semantic framesSyntactic and semantic frames Ontology-based lexiconsOntology-based lexicons

Compatible with different degrees of specification:Compatible with different degrees of specification: Deep lexical representations (e.g. PAROLE-SIMPLE)Deep lexical representations (e.g. PAROLE-SIMPLE) Terminological lexiconsTerminological lexicons

Compatible with different paradigm of Compatible with different paradigm of multilingualitymultilinguality Lexicons for Transfer Based MTLexicons for Transfer Based MT Interlingua-based lexiconsInterlingua-based lexicons ……


The MILE Lexical ModelThe MILE Lexical Model

MILELexical Model

lexicon_1 lexicon_2 lexicon_3

DTD_1 DTD_2…

DTD_n


RDF Instantiation of the RDF Instantiation of the MLMMLM

Enable universal access to sophisticated Enable universal access to sophisticated linguistic infolinguistic info

Provide means for inferencing over lexical info Provide means for inferencing over lexical info Incorporate lexical information into the Incorporate lexical information into the

Semantic WebSemantic Web

W3C standards:W3C standards: Resource Definition Framework (Resource Definition Framework (RDFRDF) ) Ontology Web Language (Ontology Web Language (OWLOWL) )

Built on the XML web infrastructure to enable the Built on the XML web infrastructure to enable the creation of a Semantic Webcreation of a Semantic Web web objects are classified according to their propertiesweb objects are classified according to their properties semantics of relationssemantics of relations (links) to other web objects precisely (links) to other web objects precisely

defineddefined


The RDF SchemaThe RDF Schema

Defines classes of objects (MLC) and Defines classes of objects (MLC) and their relations to other objectstheir relations to other objects

Like a class definition in Java, etc.Like a class definition in Java, etc. Classes and properties in the schema Classes and properties in the schema

correspond to the E-R model correspond to the E-R model Can specify sub-classes/sub-Can specify sub-classes/sub-

properties and inheritanceproperties and inheritance


GoalsGoals

Lexical information will form a Lexical information will form a central component of semantic central component of semantic informationinformation

Need a standardized, machine Need a standardized, machine processable format so that processable format so that information can be used, merged information can be used, merged with otherswith others

Main task: Main task: get the data model rightget the data model right

See Semantic WebSemantic Web


Advantages of RDFAdvantages of RDF

ModularityModularity Can create “instances” of bits of lexical Can create “instances” of bits of lexical

information for re-use in a single lexicon or across information for re-use in a single lexicon or across lexiconslexicons

Instances can be stored in a central repository for Instances can be stored in a central repository for use by othersuse by others

Can use partial information or all of itCan use partial information or all of it Building block approach to lexicon creationBuilding block approach to lexicon creation

Web-compatibleWeb-compatible RDF instantiation will integrate into Semantic WebRDF instantiation will integrate into Semantic Web Inferencing capabilitiesInferencing capabilities


ExampleExample

Three parts:Three parts: RDF Schema for lexical entriesRDF Schema for lexical entries

Defines classes and properties, sub-Defines classes and properties, sub-classes, etc.classes, etc.

Sample repository of RDF-Sample repository of RDF-instantiated lexical objectsinstantiated lexical objects Three levels of granularityThree levels of granularity

Sample lexicon entriesSample lexicon entries Use repository information at different Use repository information at different

levelslevels


Sample RepositoriesSample Repositories

1 repository of repository of enumerated classesenumerated classes for lexical objects at the lowest for lexical objects at the lowest level of granularitylevel of granularity

• definition of sets of possible values for definition of sets of possible values for various lexical objectsvarious lexical objects

2 repository of repository of phrasesphrases for common for common phrase types, e.g., NP, VP, etc.phrase types, e.g., NP, VP, etc.

3 repository of repository of constructionsconstructions for for common syntactic constructionscommon syntactic constructions

<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-enumerated-classes#FunctionType"><owl:oneOf> <rdf:Seq> <rdf:li>Subj</rdf:li> <rdf:li>Obj</rdf:li> <rdf:li>Comp</rdf:li> <rdf:li>Arg</rdf:li> <rdf:li>Iobj</rdf:li> </rdf:Seq></owl:oneOf> </rdfs:Class>

<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-enumerated-classes#SynFeatureName"><owl:oneOf> <rdf:Seq> <rdf:li>tense</rdf:li> <rdf:li>gender</rdf:li> <rdf:li>control</rdf:li> <rdf:li>person</rdf:li> <rdf:li>aux</rdf:li> </rdf:Seq></owl:oneOf> </rdfs:Class>

<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-enumerated-classes#SynFeatureValue"><owl:oneOf> <rdf:Seq> <rdf:li>have</rdf:li> <rdf:li>be</rdf:li> <rdf:li>subject_control</rdf:li> <rdf:li>object_control</rdf:li> <rdf:li>masculine</rdf:li> <rdf:li>feminine</rdf:li> </rdf:Seq></owl:oneOf> </rdfs:Class>

Enumerated Enumerated classesclasses


<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:mlc="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-schema-v.6#">

<Phrase rdf:ID="NP" rdfs:label="NP"/>

<Phrase rdf:ID="Vauxhave"> <hasSynFeature> <SynFeature> <hasSynFeatureName rdf:value="aux"/> <hasSynFeatureValue rdf:value="have"/> </SynFeature> </hasSynFeature></Phrase>

</rdf:RDF>

Sample LDCR for a Sample LDCR for a Phrase ObjectPhrase Object


Sample LDCR entry for a Sample LDCR entry for a Construction objectConstruction object

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-schema-v.6#"> <Construction rdf:ID="TransIntrans"> <slot> <SlotRealization rdf:ID="NPsubj"> <hasFunction rdf:value="Subj"/> <filledBy rdf:resource= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-datcats/Phrases#NP"/> </SlotRealization> </slot> <slot> <SlotRealization rdf:ID="NPobj"> <hasFunction rdf:value="Obj"/> <filledBy rdf:resource= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-datcats/Phrases#NP"/> </SlotRealization> </slot></Construction></rdf:RDF>


Full entryFull entry<Entry rdf:ID="eat1"> <hasSynu rdf:parseType="Resource"> <SynU rdf:ID="eat1-SynU"> <example>John ate the cake</example> <hasSyntacticFrame> <SyntacticFrame rdf:ID="eat1SynFrame"> <hasSelf> <Self rdf:ID="eat1Self"> <headedBy> <Phrase rdf:ID="Vauxhave"> <hasSynFeature> <SynFeature> <hasSynFeatureName rdf:value="aux"/> <hasSynFeatureValue rdf:value="have"/> </SynFeature> </hasSynFeature> </Phrase> </headedBy> </Self> </hasSelf>Continued…


Continued from previous slide…

<hasConstruction> <Construction rdf:ID="eat1Const"> <slot> <SlotRealization rdf:ID="NPsubj"> <hasFunction rdf:value="Subj"/> <filledBy rdf:value="NP"/> </SlotRealization> </slot> <slot> <SlotRealization rdf:ID="NPobj"> <hasFunction rdf:value="Obj"/> <filledBy rdf:value="NP"/> </SlotRealization> </slot> </Construction> </hasConstruction> <hasFrequency rdf:value="8788" mlc:corpus="PAROLE"/> </SyntacticFrame> </hasSyntacticFrame> </SynU> </hasSynu> </Entry> </rdf:RDF>


Entry Using Entry Using PhrasePhrase

<Entry rdf:ID="eat1"> <hasSynu rdf:parseType="Resource"> <SynU rdf:ID="eat1-SynU"> <example>John ate the cake</example> <hasSyntacticFrame> <SyntacticFrame rdf:ID="eat1SynFrame"> <hasSelf> <Self rdf:ID="eat1Self"> <headedBy rdf:resource= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-datcats/Phrases#Vauxhave"/> </Self> </hasSelf> <hasConstruction> <Construction rdf:ID="eat1Const"> <slot> <SlotRealization rdf:ID="NPsubj"> <hasFunction rdf:value="Subj"/> <filledBy rdf:resource= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-datcats/Phrases#NP"/> </SlotRealization> </slot> <slot> <SlotRealization rdf:ID="NPobj"> <hasFunction rdf:value="Obj"/> <filledBy rdf:resource= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-datcats/Phrases#NP"/> </SlotRealization> </slot> </Construction> </hasConstruction> <hasFrequency rdf:value="8788" mlc:corpus="PAROLE"/> </SyntacticFrame> </hasSyntacticFrame> </SynU> </hasSynu> </Entry>


Entry Using ConstructionEntry Using Construction<Entry rdf:ID="eat1"><hasSynu rdf:parseType="Resource"> <SynU rdf:ID="eat1-SynU"> <example>John ate the cake</example> <hasSyntacticFrame> <SyntacticFrame rdf:ID="eat1SynFrame"> <hasSelf> <Self rdf:ID="eat1Self"> <headedBy rdf:resource= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-datcats/Phrases#Vauxhave"/> </Self> </hasSelf> <hasConstruction rdf:resource= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-datcats/Constructions#TransIntrans"/> <hasFrequency rdf:value="8788" mlc:corpus="PAROLE"/> </SyntacticFrame> </hasSyntacticFrame> </SynU> </hasSynu> </Entry>


Semantic RepresentationSemantic Representation

The The data modeldata model underlying RDF/UML, etc underlying RDF/UML, etc. . is universal, is universal, abstract enough to capture all types of infoabstract enough to capture all types of info

Semantic representations:Semantic representations: Registry of basic data categoriesRegistry of basic data categories

““meta”-categories: addressee, utterance, etc.meta”-categories: addressee, utterance, etc. Information categories: eyebrow movement, gestures, pitch, …Information categories: eyebrow movement, gestures, pitch, … Supporting ONTOLOGY of information categoriesSupporting ONTOLOGY of information categories

Interpretative procedures yield another level of meaning Interpretative procedures yield another level of meaning represent.represent. Registry of categories….Registry of categories….

UNINTERPRETED REPRESENATION INTERPRETATION

PROCESS

INTERPRETED INTERPRETED REPRESENTATIONREPRESENTATION


MILE Lexical Data MILE Lexical Data Category Registry (MDC)Category Registry (MDC)

Instantiation of pre-defined lexical objectsInstantiation of pre-defined lexical objects Extension of the shared class schema with Extension of the shared class schema with

lexicon-specific sub-classes and sub-propertieslexicon-specific sub-classes and sub-properties Can be used “Can be used “off the shelfoff the shelf” or as a departure ” or as a departure

point for the definition of new or modified point for the definition of new or modified categories categories

Enables modular specification of lexical entitiesEnables modular specification of lexical entities eliminate redundancyeliminate redundancy identify lexical entries or sub-entries with shared identify lexical entries or sub-entries with shared

propertiesproperties


MLC in RDF/SMLC in RDF/S featuresfeatures

mlm:LexObject mlm:Valuesmlm:feature

mlm:SemValues

mlm:SynValues

rdfs:subClassOfmlm:semFeature

rdfs:subClassOf

mlm:synFeature

rdfs:subPropertyOf

features are properties of lexical objects


MLC in RDF/SMLC in RDF/S syntactic featuressyntactic features

<rdfs:Property rdf:ID=“synCat"><rdfs:subPropertyOf

rdf:resource="http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/isle/mile-schema-v.1#synFeature"/>

<rdfs:rangerdf:resource=“http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/isle/mile-schema-v.1#SynCatValues”/>

</rdfs:Property>

<rdfs:Class rdf:ID=“SynCatValues”><rdfs:subClassOf

rdf:resource=“http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/isle/mile-schema-v.1 #SynValues”/>

<owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"><owl:Thing rdf:about="#Noun"/><owl:Thing rdf:about="#Verb"/><owl:Thing rdf:about="#Adjective"/>...

</owl:oneOf> </rdfs:Class> </rdfs:RDF>

feature values


MLC in RDF/SMLC in RDF/S semantic featuressemantic features

<rdfs:Property rdf:ID=“domain"><rdfs:subPropertyOf

rdf:resource="http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/isle/mile-schema-v.1#semFeature"/>

<rdfs:rangerdf:resource=“http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/isle/mile-schema-v.1 #DomainValues”/>

</rdfs:Property>

<rdfs:Class rdf:ID=“DomainValues”><rdfs:subClassOf

rdf:resource=“http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/isle/mile-schema-v.1#SemValues”/>

<owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"><owl:Thing rdf:about="#Finance"/><owl:Thing rdf:about="#Medicine"/><owl:Thing rdf:about="#Sport"/>...

</owl:oneOf> </rdfs:Class> </rdfs:RDF>

“domain ontology”


Synsets in RDF/SSynsets in RDF/S

mlm:Synset rdfs:literalmlm:word

mlm:Synset

mlm:synsetRelation

mlm:Values

rdfs:literalmlm:gloss

mlm:feature

cf. also http://www.semanticweb.org/library/wordnet/wordnet-20000620.rdfs


<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Synset"><rdfs:label>Synset</rdfs:label><rdfs:comment>This class formalizes the notion of synset as defined in WordNet (Fellbaum 1998).</rdfs:comment><rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“#LexObject”/>

</rdfs:Class>

<rdfs:Property rdf:ID="synsetRelation"><rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Synset"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Synset"/>

</rdfs:Property>

<rdfs:Property rdf:ID="hypernym" mlm:source="WordNet1.7"><rdfs:comment>The WordNet hypernym relation</rdfs:comment><rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#synsetRelation"/>

</rdfs:Property><rdfs:Property rdf:ID="meronym" mlm:source="WordNet1.7">

<rdfs:comment>The WordNet meronym relation</rdfs:comment><rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#synsetRelation"/>

</rdfs:Property>

Synsets in RDF/SSynsets in RDF/S

relation between synsets

different types of synset relations


<mlm:Synset rdf:about="http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn1.7/concept#01752990“ mlm:source="WordNet1.7">

<mlm:gloss>A member of the genus Canis</mlm:gloss><mlm:word>dog</mlm:word><mlm:word>domestic dog</mlm:word><mlm:word>Canis familiaris</mlm:word><mdc:synCat rdf:resource="#Noun"/><mdc:domain rdf:resource="#Zoology"/><mdc:hypernymrdf:resource="http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn1.7/concept

#01752283"/></mlm:Synset>

WordNet 1.7 SynsetsWordNet 1.7 Synsets

featureshypernym


Foundations of the Foundations of the Mapping ExperimentMapping Experiment


1. The MILE building-1. The MILE building-block modelblock model

The MILE The MILE Lexical ClassesLexical Classes and the MILE and the MILE Lexical Data CategoriesLexical Data Categories are the main are the main building blocksbuilding blocks of the MILE lexical of the MILE lexical architecturearchitecture

Building blocks allow two kinds of Building blocks allow two kinds of reusabilityreusability: : intra-lexicon reusability (within the same intra-lexicon reusability (within the same

lexicon)lexicon) inter-lexicon reusability (among different inter-lexicon reusability (among different

lexicons)lexicons)


syntacticframe

phrasephraseslot Synfeature

Lexical Objects

Semfeature

How building-blocks work?How building-blocks work?

Lexical entry 1Lexical entry 1 Lexical entry 2Lexical entry 2 Lexical entry 3Lexical entry 3


2. MILE: a meta-entry2. MILE: a meta-entry MILEMILE isis

a general a general schemaschema for multilingual lexical for multilingual lexical resourcesresources

a a lexical meta-entrylexical meta-entry, a common representational , a common representational layer for multilingual lexiconslayer for multilingual lexicons

Computational lexicons can be viewed as Computational lexicons can be viewed as different different instancesinstances of the MILE schema of the MILE schema

MILE

lexicon#1 lexicon#3lexicon#2


MILE and MILE and Content Content InteroperabilityInteroperability

This common shared compatible representation of This common shared compatible representation of lexical objects is particularly suited to lexical objects is particularly suited to manipulate objects available in different lexical manipulate objects available in different lexical

resourcesresources understand their deep semanticsunderstand their deep semantics apply the same operations to lexical objects of the same apply the same operations to lexical objects of the same

typetype

key elements of Content Interoperabilitykey elements of Content Interoperability


The Mapping The Mapping Experiment: Why?Experiment: Why?

It is a concrete experiment aimed to test the It is a concrete experiment aimed to test the expressive potentialities and capabilities of expressive potentialities and capabilities of the MILEthe MILE

The idea is that if the MILE atomic notions The idea is that if the MILE atomic notions combined together in different ways suit the combined together in different ways suit the different “visions” underlying two lexicons different “visions” underlying two lexicons such as such as FrameNetFrameNet andand NOMLEXNOMLEX, , the MILE will come out fortified the MILE will come out fortified its adoption as an interface between differently its adoption as an interface between differently

conceived lexical architectures can be pushed moreconceived lexical architectures can be pushed more key issues for content interoperability between key issues for content interoperability between

resources can be addressedresources can be addressed


The mapping scenariosThe mapping scenarios

1.1. High level mapping of the objects of a High level mapping of the objects of a lexicon into the objects of the abstract lexicon into the objects of the abstract model model

the native structure is maintained and no the native structure is maintained and no format conversion is performedformat conversion is performed

2.2. Translate instances of lexical entries Translate instances of lexical entries directly in MILEdirectly in MILE

acts as a true interchange formatacts as a true interchange format


FrameNet to MILEFrameNet to MILE


FrameNet-MILE: FrameNet-MILE: ObservationsObservationsThe mapping is promisingThe mapping is promising

Frame ↔ Predicate (Frame ↔ Predicate (primitiveprimitive) ) Frame Elements ↔ Argument (Frame Elements ↔ Argument (enlarge the set of possible enlarge the set of possible

values)values) Lexical_Unit ↔ SemULexical_Unit ↔ SemU Link SemU-Predicate (Link SemU-Predicate (obligatoryobligatory) should become ) should become

underspecifiedunderspecified

But …But … Lack of inheritance mechanism in the Predicate does not Lack of inheritance mechanism in the Predicate does not

allow to represent the hierarchical organization of allow to represent the hierarchical organization of Frames and Sub-frames, temporal ordering among Frames and Sub-frames, temporal ordering among Frames, subsumption relations among FramesFrames, subsumption relations among Frames

We could add a new object We could add a new object PredicateRelationPredicateRelation to allow for to allow for the description of relations occurring between predicates the description of relations occurring between predicates and sub-predicatesand sub-predicates


MLC:SynU MLC:SemU MLC:SemanticFrame

TypeOfLinkAgentnom

IncludedArg 0

MLC:Predicate

MLC:ArgumentMLC:Argument

MLC:CorrespSynUSemU

:nom-type ((subject))


NOMLEX-MILE: NOMLEX-MILE: ObservationsObservations

The mapping is promisingThe mapping is promising Notions represented in NOMLEX have a correspondent in Notions represented in NOMLEX have a correspondent in

MILEMILE

But ..But .. are expressed with two opposite lexical structuresare expressed with two opposite lexical structures In NOMLEX, In NOMLEX,

lexical information is expressed in a very compact waylexical information is expressed in a very compact way no clear cut boundaries between the levels of linguistic no clear cut boundaries between the levels of linguistic

descriptiondescription In MILE In MILE

compressed info should be decompressed and spread over compressed info should be decompressed and spread over different MILE lexical layers and objects: SynU, SemU, different MILE lexical layers and objects: SynU, SemU, SemanticFrame with its Predicate and relevant Arguments to SemanticFrame with its Predicate and relevant Arguments to account for the incorporation of the Agent.account for the incorporation of the Agent.


Lesson Learned from the Lesson Learned from the mappingmapping The results of the experiments are promisingThe results of the experiments are promising

FrameNet offers the possibility to be FrameNet offers the possibility to be confronted with two similar lexical models, confronted with two similar lexical models, but not perfectly overlapping lexical objects but not perfectly overlapping lexical objects test the adequacy of the linguistic objectstest the adequacy of the linguistic objects

NOMLEX gives the opportunity to work with NOMLEX gives the opportunity to work with two lexicons where linguistic notions two lexicons where linguistic notions correspond but are expressed with an correspond but are expressed with an opposite lexicon structure opposite lexicon structure test the test the adequacy of the architectural modeladequacy of the architectural model

The high granularity and modularity of MILE The high granularity and modularity of MILE allow the compatibility with differently packaged allow the compatibility with differently packaged

linguistic objectslinguistic objects allow the addition of new objects and relations allow the addition of new objects and relations

without perverting the general architecturewithout perverting the general architecture


RDF and MILE: Why?RDF and MILE: Why?Some reasons (from Nancy IdeSome reasons (from Nancy Ide et al. et al. 2003) 2003) MILE as a hierarchy of lexical objects built up by MILE as a hierarchy of lexical objects built up by

combining data categories via clearly defined combining data categories via clearly defined relations is an ideal structure for rendering in relations is an ideal structure for rendering in RDFRDF

RDF mechanism, with the capacity of expressing RDF mechanism, with the capacity of expressing named relations between objects, offers a web-named relations between objects, offers a web-based means to represent the MILE architecturebased means to represent the MILE architecture

RDF representation of linguistic information is RDF representation of linguistic information is an invaluable resource for language processing an invaluable resource for language processing applications in the Semantic Webapplications in the Semantic Web

RDF description and instantiation is in line with RDF description and instantiation is in line with the goal of the goal of ISO TC37 SC4ISO TC37 SC4


RDF Representation of RDF Representation of MILEMILE

MILE was already supplied withMILE was already supplied with an an RDF schemaRDF schema for the MILE Syntactic Layer for the MILE Syntactic Layer an instantiation of pre-defined syntactic objectsan instantiation of pre-defined syntactic objects

We increased the repository of shared We increased the repository of shared lexical objects with the RDF description lexical objects with the RDF description and (and (partial!partial!) instantiations of the objects of ) instantiations of the objects of the semantic and linking layersthe semantic and linking layers

This has been carried out with the intent to This has been carried out with the intent to be submitted within the be submitted within the ISO TC37/SC4ISO TC37/SC4 foster the adoption of MILE, by offering a foster the adoption of MILE, by offering a

librarylibrary of RDF objects ready-to-use of RDF objects ready-to-use

An RDF Schema for the synt-An RDF Schema for the synt-sem linkingsem linking

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:owl ="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# xmlns:mlc ="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-schema-v.6#

xmlns:mlc ="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#"> 

<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#CorrespSynUSemU"> <rdfs:label>CorrespSynUSemU</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>This class links a SynU to a SemU</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class>

<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#PredicativeCorresp"> <rdfs:label>PredicativeCorresp</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>This class contains the associations between the syntactic slots and semantic argument</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class>

<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#SlotArgCorresp"> <rdfs:label>SlotArgCorresp</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>This class links a syntactic slots to a semantic argument</rdfs:comment>

</rdfs:Class>

Classes

An RDF Schema for the synt-An RDF Schema for the synt-sem linkingsem linking



<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#hasSourceSynU"> <rdfs:label>hasSourceSynU</rdfs:label> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#CorrespSynUSemU"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-schema-v.6#SynU"/> </rdf:Property>

<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#hasTargetSemU"> <rdfs:label>hasTargetSemU</rdfs:label> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#CorrespSynUSemU"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/isle-schema-v.6#SemU"/> </rdf:Property>

<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#hasPredicativeCorresp"> <rdfs:label>hasPredicativeCorresp</rdfs:label> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#CorrespSynUSemU"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#PredicativeCorresp"/> </rdf:Property>

<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#includesSlotArgCorresp"> <rdfs:label>includesSlotArgCorresp</rdfs:label> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#PredicativeCorresp"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-schema-syntsemlinking_v.1#SlotArgCorresp"/> </rdf:Property>

Properties


The The librarylibrary of Pre- of Pre-instantiated objectsinstantiated objects

Enable modular specification of lexical Enable modular specification of lexical entitiesentities eliminate redundancyeliminate redundancy identify lexical entries or sub-entries with identify lexical entries or sub-entries with

shared propertiesshared properties create ready-to-use packages that can be create ready-to-use packages that can be

combined in different wayscombined in different ways Can be used “Can be used “off the shelfoff the shelf” or as a ” or as a

departure point for the definition of departure point for the definition of new or modified categoriesnew or modified categories

MDCR for some objectsMDCR for some objects

Author: Monachini -->

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" … … … … <PredicativeCorresp rdf:ID="<PredicativeCorresp rdf:ID="isobivalentisobivalent"> "> <includesSlotArgCorresp<includesSlotArgCorresp rdf:resource=“http://rdf:resource=“http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-datacats/SlotArgCorresp#Arg0Slot0 SlotArgCorresp#Arg0Slot0

Arg1Slot1“/>Arg1Slot1“/> </includesSlotArgCorresp></includesSlotArgCorresp></PredicativeCorresp></PredicativeCorresp>

<SlotArgCorresp rdf:ID="Arg0Slot0"<SlotArgCorresp rdf:ID="Arg0Slot0" SlotNumber="0" SlotNumber="0" ArgNumber"0">ArgNumber"0"></SlotArgCorresp></SlotArgCorresp> <SlotArgCorresp rdf:ID="Arg1Slot1"<SlotArgCorresp rdf:ID="Arg1Slot1" SlotNumber="1" SlotNumber="1" ArgNumber"1">ArgNumber"1"></SlotArgCorresp></SlotArgCorresp>

</rdf:RDF></rdf:RDF>

Pre-Pre-instantiatedinstantiated PredicativeCo

rresp

Pre-instantiated

SlotArgCorresp


A Sample Entry in MILE A Sample Entry in MILE The entry is shown in a double alternative: The entry is shown in a double alternative:

1.1. the full specification of a lexical object the full specification of a lexical object PredicativeCorrespPredicativeCorresp

2.2. an already instantiated object an already instantiated object PredicativeCorrespPredicativeCorresp

The advantage is that The advantage is that the object does not need to be specified in the the object does not need to be specified in the

entry entry and can be and can be used and reusedused and reused in other entries in other entries

explore the potential of MILE for explore the potential of MILE for representation of lexical datarepresentation of lexical data

Sample full entry for Sample full entry for amareamareVV

 <correspondsTo><correspondsTo> <CorrespSynUSemU><CorrespSynUSemU> <hasSourceSynU mlcp:ID="SYNUamareV"><hasSourceSynU mlcp:ID="SYNUamareV"> </hasSourceSynU></hasSourceSynU> <hasTargetSemU mlcp:ID="SEMUamareEXPEVE"><hasTargetSemU mlcp:ID="SEMUamareEXPEVE"> </hasTargetSemU></hasTargetSemU> <hasPredicativeCorresp><hasPredicativeCorresp>

<PredicativeCorresp mlcp:ID="amare-PredCorresp"><PredicativeCorresp mlcp:ID="amare-PredCorresp"> <includesSlotArgCorresp><includesSlotArgCorresp> <SlotArgCorresp SlotNumber="0" <SlotArgCorresp SlotNumber="0" ArgNumber="0">ArgNumber="0"> </SlotArgCorresp></SlotArgCorresp>

<SlotArgCorresp SlotNumber="1" <SlotArgCorresp SlotNumber="1" ArgNumber="1">ArgNumber="1"> </SlotArgCorresp></SlotArgCorresp> </includesSlotArgCorresp></includesSlotArgCorresp> </PredicativeCorresp></PredicativeCorresp>

</hasPredicativeCorresp></hasPredicativeCorresp> </CorrespSynUSemU></CorrespSynUSemU> </correspondsTo> </correspondsTo> </SynU></SynU></hasSynu></hasSynu>

The “full” object

PredicativeCorresp

… … the abbreviated entrythe abbreviated entry

 <correspondsTo><correspondsTo> <CorrespSynUSemU><CorrespSynUSemU> <hasSourceSynU mlcp:ID="SYNUamareV"><hasSourceSynU mlcp:ID="SYNUamareV"> </hasSourceSynU></hasSourceSynU> <hasTargetSemU mlcp:ID="SEMUamareEXPEVE"><hasTargetSemU mlcp:ID="SEMUamareEXPEVE">

</hasTargetSemU></hasTargetSemU> <hasPredicativeCorresp<hasPredicativeCorresp

rdf:resource=“http://rdf:resource=“http://www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/isle-datacats/PredicativeCorresp#isobivalent“/>PredicativeCorresp#isobivalent“/> </CorrespSynUSemU></CorrespSynUSemU>

</correspondsTo> </correspondsTo> </SynU></SynU> </hasSynu></hasSynu>

Instantiated object

PredicativeCorresp


The RDF Schema, the DCR for MILE objects and the entries are available at

www.ilc.cnr.it/clips/rdf/


and INTERA? …and INTERA? …

INTERA Multilingual Terminological INTERA Multilingual Terminological Lexica will follow and merge the two Lexica will follow and merge the two frameworksframeworks

The MILE and The MILE and ISO TMF (Terminological Markup ISO TMF (Terminological Markup

Framework)Framework)


MILE Lexical Model oriented towards anMILE Lexical Model oriented towards an Open Distributed Lexical Open Distributed Lexical InfrastructureInfrastructure::

Lexical Information ServersLexical Information Servers for multiple access for multiple access to lexical information repositoriesto lexical information repositories

Enhance Enhance user-adaptivityuser-adaptivity resource sharingresource sharing cooperative creationcooperative creation

Develop integration and interchange toolsDevelop integration and interchange tools

Beyond MILE: future Beyond MILE: future workwork


Broadening MILE:Broadening MILE: ... ... other languagesother languages

Ongoing enlargement to Ongoing enlargement to Asian languagesAsian languages (Chinese, (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Hindi ...)Japanese, Korean, Thai, Hindi ...) promote common initiatives between Asia & Europe (e.g. promote common initiatives between Asia & Europe (e.g.

within the EU 6th FP)within the EU 6th FP)

The creation of an Open Distributed Lexical The creation of an Open Distributed Lexical Infrastructure, also supported by Asian Institutions: Infrastructure, also supported by Asian Institutions: AFNLPAFNLP University of Tokyo (Dept. of Computer Science)University of Tokyo (Dept. of Computer Science) Korean KAIST and KORTERMKorean KAIST and KORTERM Academia Sinica (Taiwan)Academia Sinica (Taiwan) ……

To valorise results & increase visibility of LR & standardisation initiatives in a world-wideworld-wide context, while concretely promoting the launching of a new common platform platform for multilingual LR creation &

management


Using semantically tagged corpora to …Using semantically tagged corpora to … acquire semantic info and enhance acquire semantic info and enhance

LexiconsLexicons

evaluate the disambiguating power of the semantic types of the lexiconevaluate the disambiguating power of the semantic types of the lexicon assess the need of integrating lexicons with attested senses and/or assess the need of integrating lexicons with attested senses and/or

phraseologyphraseology identify the inadequacy of sense distinctions in lexiconsidentify the inadequacy of sense distinctions in lexicons check actual frequency of known senses in different text typescheck actual frequency of known senses in different text types have a more precise and complete view on the semantics of a lemma have a more precise and complete view on the semantics of a lemma

identify the most general sensesidentify the most general senses capture the most specific shifts of meaningcapture the most specific shifts of meaning

Capture just the core, basic distinctions in a core Capture just the core, basic distinctions in a core lexiconlexicon

Corpus analysis must not lead to excessive granularity of Corpus analysis must not lead to excessive granularity of

sense distinctionssense distinctions, , but but draw a distinction between draw a distinction between sense discriminationsense discrimination – to be kept “under control” - – to be kept “under control” - clustering clustering

(manually or automatically) (manually or automatically) additional, additional, more granularmore granular information (often of information (often of collocationalcollocational

nature) which can/must be nature) which can/must be acquired/acquired/encoded within the broader encoded within the broader senses, e.g. to help translationsenses, e.g. to help translation


… … Dynamic lexiconDynamic lexicon Current Current computational lexicons (even WordNets) are computational lexicons (even WordNets) are static static

objects, still shaped on traditional dictionaries objects, still shaped on traditional dictionaries suffering from the limitations induced by paper support suffering from the limitations induced by paper support

Thinking at the complex relationships between lexicon and corpus Thinking at the complex relationships between lexicon and corpus towards a towards a flexible model of dynamic lexiconflexible model of dynamic lexicon

extending the expressiveness of a core static lexicon extending the expressiveness of a core static lexicon adapting to the requirements of language in use as attested adapting to the requirements of language in use as attested in corporain corpora

with semantic clustering techniques, etc.with semantic clustering techniques, etc.

Convert the extreme flexibility & multidimensionality of Convert the extreme flexibility & multidimensionality of meaning into large-scale and exploitable (VIRTUAL?) meaning into large-scale and exploitable (VIRTUAL?)

resourcesresources

a Lexicon and Corpus a Lexicon and Corpus togethertogether


What to annotate?What to annotate?

Mix of:Mix of: Word-sense annotation (implicit semantic Word-sense annotation (implicit semantic

markup)markup) Semantic/conceptual markupSemantic/conceptual markup ……

Syntagmatic relationsSyntagmatic relations Dependency relations Dependency relations Semantic rolesSemantic roles ……


Need for a common Encoding Need for a common Encoding Policy ?Policy ?

Agree on common policy issues? Agree on common policy issues? is it feasible? is it feasible? desirable? desirable? to what extent?to what extent?

This would imply, among others:This would imply, among others: analysis of analysis of needs needs – also applicative/industrial - before any large – also applicative/industrial - before any large

development initiativedevelopment initiative base semantic tagging on commonly accepted base semantic tagging on commonly accepted standards/guidelinesstandards/guidelines ? ???

up to which level?up to which level?

Common semantic tagset: Common semantic tagset: Gold Standard??Gold Standard??

build a build a core set of semantically tagged corporacore set of semantically tagged corpora, encoded in a , encoded in a harmonised way, for a number of languages??harmonised way, for a number of languages??

make annotated corpora available to the community by largemake annotated corpora available to the community by large involve the community, collect and analyse existing semantically tagged involve the community, collect and analyse existing semantically tagged

corporacorpora devise devise common set of parameters for analysiscommon set of parameters for analysis


A few Issues for discussion:A few Issues for discussion:

MILE & lexicon standardsMILE & lexicon standardsMore standardisation initiatives?More standardisation initiatives?

MILE MILE - a general schema for encoding multilingual lexical - a general schema for encoding multilingual lexical info, info, as a meta-entryas a meta-entry, as a common representational layer , as a common representational layer

Short & medium term requirements wrt Short & medium term requirements wrt standards for standards for multilingual lexicons and content encodingmultilingual lexicons and content encoding, also , also industrial requirementsindustrial requirements

Relation with Relation with Spoken Spoken language language communitycommunity (see ELRA) (see ELRA)

Semantic Web standardsSemantic Web standards & the needs of & the needs of content content processing technologies: processing technologies: importance of reaching importance of reaching consensus on (linguistic & non-linguistic) consensus on (linguistic & non-linguistic) “content”“content”,, in in addition to agreement on formats & encoding issues (…addition to agreement on formats & encoding issues (…wordswords convey content & knowledge) convey content & knowledge)

Define Define further stepsfurther steps necessary to converge on common necessary to converge on common prioritiespriorities


NLP, lexicons, terminologies, ontologies, Semantic NLP, lexicons, terminologies, ontologies, Semantic Web: Web:

a continuum?a continuum?

Knowledge management is critical. Knowledge management is critical. For For “content” interoperability“content” interoperability, need, need to converge to converge around around

agreed standards also for the semantic/conceptual levelagreed standards also for the semantic/conceptual level is the field is the field ‘mature’ enough to converge‘mature’ enough to converge around agreed around agreed

standards also for the semantic/conceptual level (e.g. to standards also for the semantic/conceptual level (e.g. to automatically establish links among different languages)?automatically establish links among different languages)?

Is the field of multilingual lexical resources Is the field of multilingual lexical resources ready to tackle the ready to tackle the challenges set by the Semantic Webchallenges set by the Semantic Web development? development?

Foster better integration with Foster better integration with corpus-driven datacorpus-driven data terminology/ontology/semantic webterminology/ontology/semantic web communities communities multimodal & multimedialmultimodal & multimedial aspects aspects

Broadening MILE: ... Broadening MILE: ... other other communitiescommunities

Oriented towards open, distributedopen, distributed lexical resources:

Lexical Information ServersLexical Information Servers for multiple access to lexical information repositories


A few Issues for discussion:A few Issues for discussion:

NLP, lexicons, content, ontologies,NLP, lexicons, content, ontologies, Semantic Web: … a continuum?Semantic Web: … a continuum?

Need for Need for robust systems, able to robust systems, able to acquire/tune acquire/tune multilingualmultilingual lexical/linguistic/conceptual knowledgelexical/linguistic/conceptual knowledge, to , to auto-enrich static basic resourcesauto-enrich static basic resources

Relation betw. lexical standards & Relation betw. lexical standards & acquisitionacquisition & text annotation protocols & text annotation protocols


Target…..Target….. Multilingual Knowledge ManagementMultilingual Knowledge Management Technical Feasibility:Technical Feasibility:

Prerequisite:Prerequisite: is it an is it an achievable goalachievable goal a a commonly agreedcommonly agreed text/lexicon annotation text/lexicon annotation protocol also for the semantic/conceptual protocol also for the semantic/conceptual levellevel (to be able to automatically establish links (to be able to automatically establish links among different languages)?among different languages)?

YesYes, at the, at the lexicallexical level level

More complex, for corpus annotation?More complex, for corpus annotation?

EAGLES/ISLEEAGLES/ISLE


Natural convergence with HLTHLT:

•multilingual semantic multilingual semantic

processingprocessing•ontologiesontologies•semantic-syntactic semantic-syntactic

computational lexiconscomputational lexicons

To make the Semantic Web To make the Semantic Web a reality ...a reality ...

……need to tackle the twofold challenge of need to tackle the twofold challenge of content availabilitycontent availability && multilingualitymultilinguality


… … enables a new role of enables a new role of Multilingual Multilingual LexiconsLexicons: :

to become essential component for theto become essential component for the Semantic WebSemantic Web

Language - & lexicons - Language - & lexicons - are theare the gateway to knowledge gateway to knowledge Semantic Web developers need Semantic Web developers need repositories of wordsrepositories of words & &

termsterms - & knowledge of their relations in language use & - & knowledge of their relations in language use & ontological classificationontological classification

The cost of adding this structured and The cost of adding this structured and machine-machine-understandable lexical informationunderstandable lexical information can be one of the can be one of the factors that delays its full deploymentfactors that delays its full deployment

The effort of making available The effort of making available millions of ‘words’ for millions of ‘words’ for dozens of languagesdozens of languages is something that is something that no small groupno small group is is able to affordable to afford

A radical shift in the lexical paradigmradical shift in the lexical paradigm - whereby many participants add linguistic content - whereby many participants add linguistic content

descriptions in an open distributed lexical framework -descriptions in an open distributed lexical framework - required to make the Web usablerequired to make the Web usable


Create Create a first repository of shared lexical entriesa first repository of shared lexical entries “extracted” from different lexical resources & “extracted” from different lexical resources & mapped to MILEmapped to MILE ((choosing e.g. lexical entries in areas related to the choosing e.g. lexical entries in areas related to the Olympic GamesOlympic Games)) to test mapping different lexicon models to MILEto test mapping different lexicon models to MILE provide a grid with all the ISLE Basic Notions, short descriptions, provide a grid with all the ISLE Basic Notions, short descriptions,

attributes and sub-elements,to be filled with the correspondent attributes and sub-elements,to be filled with the correspondent "notions”"notions”

Create a list Create a list (Open Lexicon Interest Group)(Open Lexicon Interest Group)

......

Beyond MILE: Beyond MILE: next steps...next steps... …. …. towards antowards an

Open Distributed Lexical Open Distributed Lexical InfrastuctureInfrastuctureLanguageLanguage

•Enhance user-adaptivityuser-adaptivity, , resource sharing, cooperative creation & managementresource sharing, cooperative creation & management

•Lexical Information ServersLexical Information Servers for multiple access to lexical information repositories

Knowledge


A new paradigm forA new paradigm for a “new generation” of a “new generation” of

LR?LR?

New Strategic VisionNew Strategic Vision

towards a towards a Distributed Open Lexical Distributed Open Lexical InfrastructureInfrastructure

Focus on cooperationcooperation, ,

also between different communities between different communities

• for distributed & cooperative creationdistributed & cooperative creation, management, etc. of Lexical Resources

• MILEMILE as a common platform

• technicaltechnical & organisational& organisational requirementsrequirements


Beyond MILE:Beyond MILE: towards open & distributed towards open & distributed

lexiconslexicons

Semantic LexiconSemantic Lexicon

URI = http://www.xxx…

Syntactic Syntactic ConstructionsConstructions

URI = http://www.yyy…

OntologyOntology

URI = http://www.zzz…

Monolingual/MultilingualMonolingual/Multilingual LexiconLexicon

Lex_object: semFeature

URI = http://www.xxx…#HUMAN

Lex_object: syntagmaNT

URI = http://www.zzz…#NP

corpora


A few issues for the future...A few issues for the future...

Integration betw. Integration betw. WLR/SLR/MMRWLR/SLR/MMR (see e.g. (see e.g. LRECLREC))

Integration betw. Integration betw. LRs & SemWebLRs & SemWeb

Integration of Integration of Lexicons/Terminologies/Ontologies: towards Lexicons/Terminologies/Ontologies: towards Knowledge ResourcesKnowledge Resources

MultilingualMultilingual Resources: an open infrastructureResources: an open infrastructure

Integration of Integration of Lexicon/CorpusLexicon/Corpus (see e.g. (see e.g. Framenet)Framenet)

Parallel evolution of Parallel evolution of LRs & LTechnologyLRs & LTechnology


from Computational Lexicons to from Computational Lexicons to Knowledge ResourcesKnowledge Resources

Unified framework for lexicons, ontologies, Unified framework for lexicons, ontologies, terminologies, etc.terminologies, etc.

Towards an open, distributed infrastructure Towards an open, distributed infrastructure for lexical resourcesfor lexical resources Lexical Information ServersLexical Information Servers flexible and extensibleflexible and extensible integrated with multimodal and multimedial dataintegrated with multimodal and multimedial data integrated with Web technologyintegrated with Web technology related initiatives: INTERA, ICWLRErelated initiatives: INTERA, ICWLRE


……with a with a world-wide world-wide participationparticipation

looking for an appropriate looking for an appropriate callcall

…….. pushing to launch an .. pushing to launch an Open & Distributed Lexical Open & Distributed Lexical

InfrastructureInfrastructure

for content description and for content description and content content interoperabilityinteroperability, ,

to make lexical resources usable within the to make lexical resources usable within the emerging emerging Semantic WebSemantic Web scenario scenario

for Language Resources & for Language Resources & Semantic Web….Semantic Web….


How to go to How to go to a framework allowing a framework allowing incremental creation/merging/…incremental creation/merging/…

How to:How to: "organise" creation/acquisition of "organise" creation/acquisition of multilingual multilingual

LRsLRs: evaluate different models: evaluate different models

cope with/affect cope with/affect maintenancemaintenance

organise organise technology transfertechnology transfer among languages among languages

support support BLARKBLARK ((a commonly agreed list of a commonly agreed list of minimal requirements for “national” LRs)minimal requirements for “national” LRs)

launch an international initiative linking launch an international initiative linking Semantic Web & LRsSemantic Web & LRs

bootstrap this by bootstrap this by "opening" a few LRs"opening" a few LRsrolerole of standardsof standards


Lexical WEB & Lexical WEB & Content InteroperabilityContent Interoperability

As a critical step for semantic mark-up in As a critical step for semantic mark-up in the SemWebthe SemWeb

ComLex

SIMPLE

WordNetsWordNets

WordNets

FrameNetLex_x

Lex_y

MILEMILE

with intelligent agents????

NomLex


Semantic Lexicon

http://www.xxx…

Syntactic Lexicon

http://www.yyy…

Ontology

http://www.zzz…

corpora

A new paradigm forA new paradigm for a “new generation” of LRs?a “new generation” of LRs?

Cross-lingual

Cross-linguallinkslinks

pisa, september 2004 infrastructural language resources & standards for multilingual...

Documents

c lcorpus

provision of lrs slide

different national situations

multilingual context

c lcollocational data

infrastructural lrs

linguistic infrastructure

national funding authorities