piracy final

7/30/2019 Piracy Final

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Ben Hendel

American Studies

5/12/2012

You wouldn't steal a car. You wouldn't steal a handbag. Downloading pirated movies and

software is stealing, says the commercial, as scenes of a masked burglar flash by (You Wouldn't Steal

A Car) . This particular commercial, part of the the MPAA's anti-piracy ad campaign, drew much ire

from internet users, who claimed that piracy was not an act of theft and could not be personified as a

menacing criminal. P2P file-sharers and piracy advocates clarified that, since the originally pirated

software is not removed from the hands of the owner, it cannot be considered stealing. The one critical

flaw in this counter-argument lies in the question of profit: The purpose of most software and popular

creative content is profit, and if someone distributes your work for free, you have lost that profit. Piracy

is, indeed, a form of theft, as the perpetrator robs an individual or group of the profit they would have

earned.

Piracy refers to the unauthorized use or copying of intellectual property. There is no question

that it is big; in the past years, it has risen steadily; the Fifth Annual IDC and BSA Global Software

Study finds that worldwide losses from software piracy increased 20%, or more than $8 billion from

2006 to 2007 (Fifth Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study). Conservative

research estimates of the Information Technology & Innovation Foundation show that digital piracy

takes up 24 percent of global Internet bandwidth (IDC, ITIF). From 2004 through 2009 alone,

approximately 30 billion songs were illegally downloaded on file-sharing networks (Fifth Annual

BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study). The Pirate Bay, a popular worldwide file-

sharing website, has over 25 million estimated users alone, according to Variety Magazine.


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The magnitude of piracy is not something to be taken lightly- since piracy is the theft of

potential profit, $20 billion dollars worth of music is not being payed for. The economic consequences

are vast. Commissioned by the International Chamber of Commerce's Business Action to Stop

Counterfeiting and Piracy group, a 2010 study concludes that the entertainment sectors of the European

Union could lose 240 billion ($324.6 billion) in revenue and 1.2 million jobs by 2015 (BASCAP). To

put it into perspective, that is three times the amount of the workers employed by McDonalds

worldwide. According to the Motion Picture Association of America, more than $58 billion is lost

from the U.S. economy annually due to content theft, including more than 373,000 lost American jobs,

$16 billion in lost employees earnings, plus $3 billion in badly needed federal, state and local

governments tax revenue.(MPAA) Obviously, this has not gone unnoticed. The Obama administration

has held a firm anti-piracy stance; Vice President Joe Biden has said on more than one occasion that

Piracy is flat, unadulterated theft, and it should be dealt with accordingly." (Sanchez, ArsTechnica)

The rise of internet piracy prompts some important questions: Is piracy morally wrong? What is

the impact? Are the steps we take to stop piracy not enough? This research paper intends to answer all

those questions and more- offer an in-depth analysis of intellectual piracy in sectors such as music,

software, movies, and even the economy as a whole.

Efforts have been made to confront piracy several times, but the history of anti-piracy has been

riddled with barriers. During Obama's term in office, but perhaps the biggest effort was SOPA, or the

Stop Online Piracy Act, introduced October 26, 2011. Under SOPA, websites that had infringed

copyright would not be displayed in the results of a search engine. Furthermore, they would not receive

income from advertisements, and sometimes be made inaccessible. The key piece here was that

intellectual property owners could take these actions without a single court appearance, so essentially

websites could be restricted and controlled under their good judgement (H.R.3261, 2011). The

potential for abuse would be rampant, as no one would monitor who is on the internet blacklist. The

bill deservedly received harsh criticism for restricting innovation and freedom of speech, and the


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response was overwhelming. Major websites such as Wikipedia launched anti-SOPA campaigns and

even blackouts to get people's attention. Google created a petition that received over seven million

signatures (Thomas, RT). The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a US-based international digital rights

advocacy non-profit, confirmed to RT that the online protests over SOPA and PIPA were the biggest in

Internet history, with over 115 thousand sites somehow altering their webpages (Thomas, RT). Nine

democrats, as well as representative Ron Paul , warned that SOPA would result in "an explosion of

innovation-killing lawsuits and litigation." in a letter to Congress (Sanchez, ArsTechnica). Finally, on

January 14, President Obama announced he would not support SOPA if it passed (John Gaudiosi,

Forbes). That day, Lamar S. Smith, the representative who introduced the bill, announced in a

statement that The House Judiciary Committee will postpone consideration of the legislation until

there is wider agreement on a solution, postponing SOPA indefinitely (Jonathan Weisman, New York

Times). Since then, no effort has been made to revive the bill.

In the post-SOPA political landscape, proponents of anti-piracy legislation understand that such

a bill would be very difficult to pass. CISPA, or The Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act,

received similar opposition to SOPA for its breaching of privacy (Patrick Steele, eff.org). The aim of

CISPA, however, was not to combat online piracy but to provide information to government in the case

of a cyber threat (H.R. 3523). ACTA, or the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, was a multinational

effort; The intent being to combat intellectual property rights infringement, in particular trademark

counterfeiting and copyright or related rights piracy" (ACTA 20). ACTA amassed 30 nations'

signatures, including the US, but has yet to be ratified or considered seriously (Europa). Similar

opposition arose from groups such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation , who aim to bring ACTA to

the national spotlight (Eddan Katz, eff.com). Currently, the only major legislation limiting online

piracy is the DMCA, or the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, signed in 1998 by Clinton. It

criminalizes circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work, or,

in layman's terms, it provides penalties for developing technology that bypasses copyright for digital


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media (DMCA 5).

Regardless of past measures to combat piracy, current enforcement is lacking, mostly due to the

inherent difficulties in fully putting an end to piracy. In the first chapter of their nonfiction bookThe

Starfish and the Spider, Ori Brafman and Rod A. Beckstrom examine the Supreme Court caseMGM

Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. and its significance in shutting down file-sharers. In this case, Grokster, a

P2P music-sharing service, lost to MGM and a slew of other huge corporations in a piracy suit.

However, instead of weakening P2P file-sharing, MGM's victory strengthened it. Within weeks came

Kazaa, an improved music pirating service that amassed over 250 million users in its first year

(Brafman 23). After an inevitable lawsuit against Kazaa, a similar service was formed: Kazaa Lite.

Kazaa Lite led to eDonkey, which led to eMule, and many other similar services. Brafman and

Beckstrom argue that piracy is difficult to combat because it is decentralized, and fighting it makes it

regroup and return even stronger. The harder you fight a decentralized opponent, the stronger it gets.

The labels had the power to annihilate Napster and destroy Kazaa. But waging that battle was possibly

the worststrategic move the labels made. It started a chain reaction that now threatens the entire

industry (Brafman 26). It is this quality that presents challenges for any anti-piracy legislation.

Assuming that a piracy service can be taken down, what is to prevent another from popping up just as

fast? The processes of buearocracy and litigation take time, whereas the process of creating a web page

takes relatively little time at all. All future measures taken to counteract intellectual piracy must take

this into account.

A critical question to address when before discussing piracy is the question of morals: If piracy

is theft, and theft is a crime, why do people still do it? The answer is that piracy is not a crime in most

people's minds. A recent Danish study found that 70% of respondents saw piracy as completely

acceptable (Golijan, MSNBC). So why are people OK with stealing copyrighted content? Part of the

answer, mentioned earlier, is that piracy makes a copy and does not remove the content from the


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distributor. This seems to give file-sharers the picture that what they are doing is acceptable. Another

reason is online piracy's popularity. It is the classic excuse of but everyone else is doing it; teens tend

to follow established social trends, and the presence of other perpetrators gives gives them reprieve.

Since piracy is so widespread, consequences will never be met because of the amount of people

committing the crime; it would be too tiresome to reprimand all file-sharers. Clearly, if there were only

a handful of file-sharers, then the deed would appear to be far more sketchy. The final reason involves

the negative aspects of the music industry. It is necessary to point out that piracy gives even less to

artists than purchasing their content; if you really cared about their profits, you would buy it anyway.

I conducted original research by interviewing five different high school students about internet

piracy are their attitudes to it. I asked them three guideline questions, and I asked them to elaborate

with whatever thoughts they had on the subject. The questions asked were: Do you pirate content, if so

what form? Is it morally correct to pirate? Why or why not? What are your feelings on this issue?

The five students had different views and opinions, but some common themes were established.

Music piracy was the only form of piracy they engaged in, and three of them agreed that it was at least

somewhat ethically wrong. Three out of five said that they pirated, one said he did not, and one said

from time to time. Two admitted that it was morally wrong, one insisted on doing it anyway. Three

times, the justification involved the relative lack of significance or impact of the crime (I don't really

care about the few dollars their losing, The artists I listen to are already successful and rich anyway,

I can live with it since I don't do it too often). Two other justifications were about the inherent

unfairness of the current music business, pointing to the cost, hassle, and artist profit involved. (if the

profits truly were more to the artists, then I wouldn't support piracy, it's simpler, I believe I'm

overpaying when i pay for music, and it's easy). The reason for why music piracy is considered wrong

varied from i think it's wrong cause you are actually stealing basically and instead of paying for it, i

get it online for free, instead of giving an artist money/ buying work that is theirs I get it online without

consent of the artist to I'm breaking a law, which is morally wrong.


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Interestingly, the four people who pirated stayed away from pirating movies, games, and

software because it was more unethical and even more frowned upon. One person said music piracy

exists because it is so easy and popular, unlike other forms of piracy. Another said I stay away from

movies and games. One person didn't pirate movies due to services which provide them while still

earning a profit (since the advent of Netflix and Hulu i don't pirate movies.). One person defended

piracy as an honest and beneficial way of consumption. They said Piracy isn't as bad as they make it

seem, it can help artists become recognized quickly. And it increases the amount of tours a band will do

to earn money, which is good.

Some important pieces of information can be inferred from these interviews. First of all, music

piracy is big among high school students in the area, while other forms are less popular and less

accepted. Second, many people understand that piracy is breaking the law and theft of potential profit

from artists. They justify the act by pointing out the minuteness of the crime and flaws in the music

selling business. Third, services that legally offer commonly pirated entertainment, such as Netflix and

Hulu, can be popular and effective.

Online piracy comes in many different forms. Music piracy is currently a spotlight issue in the

United States, and is often the main form of piracy we think of. Mitch Bainwol, Chairman of the

Recording Industry of America (RIAA), delivered a testimony before the Senate Committee on

Governmental Affairs in 2003 in which he attributes the drop in music revenue to the astronomical rise

of piracy. At any given moment, well over five million users are online offering well over 1 billion

files for copying through various peer-to peer networks... A song can be copied and distributed in this

manner an unlimited number of times, without any degradation in sound quality... piracy through

networks is viral: unless the user takes affirmative steps to prevent it, the user automatically and

immediately begins offering the files that the user copied to millions of other users.(Mitch

Bainwol, ?). Music piracy is a nationwide problem with $12.5 billion dollars lost in total economic

output, according to the Institute for Policy Innovation's 2007 report (Business Action to Stop


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Counterfeiting...).

Proponents of music piracy and file sharing often overlook another form of copyright

infringement that can be even more deadly: software piracy. The fact that software developers who

spend months on coding can be ripped off of their profit from anonymous internet users in developing

countries is a serious violation of their rights. The 2007 Fifth Annual Study by the Business Software

Alliance attributes a rise in software piracy to an increased amount of internet users. Because the

worldwide PC market grew much faster in higher-piracy countries and regions, the worldwide PC

software piracy rate increased three percentage points to 38% from 2006 to 2007... losses from piracy

rose by $8 billion to nearly $48 billion worldwide. In fact, real losses did not grow as fast as

the overall PC software market. (Fifth Annual BSA...). Developing countries pose a threat to

American software; China, Russia, and India had piracy rates of 82, 73, and 63 respectively as of 2007.

All these figure above the worldwide weighted average piracy rate of 38% (Fifth Annual BSA...).

The economic impacts are felt worldwide; In 2007, for every two dollars spent on legitimate software

purchases, one dollars worth of software was obtained illegally (Fifth Annual BSA...). In their later

2010 Piracy Impact Study, the BSA made a case for combating software piracy. However, the impact

of software piracy goes beyond revenues lost to the software industry, starving local software

distributors and service providers of spending that creates jobs and generates much-needed tax

revenues for governments around the world... Reducing the piracy rate for PC software by 10

percentage points 2.5 points per year for four years would create $142 billion in new economic

activity while adding nearly 500,000 new high-tech jobs and generating roughly $32 billion in new tax

revenues by 2013.(Eighth Annual BSA...). Clearly, software piracy is a worldwide threat; $8 billion

is lost nationwide.

Another large form of piracy is the copyright infringement of videos, more specifically films.

Jack Valenti, president of the MPAA, delivered a testimony to the Senate Committee on Commerce,

Science, and Transportation in 2003 where he mentions that At this moment, the movie industry is


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suffering from a loss of some $3.5 billion annually from hard-goods piracyDVD, VCD, videotape,

and We do know from outside estimates that some 400,000 to 600,000 films are being stolen every

day, and it is getting progressively worse.(Valenti, Online Filesharing...). These figures, however, only

account for physical piracy not internet piracy. The MPAA, in its 2005 report The Cost of Movie

Piracy, estimates a $2.3 billion national loss in 2005. Like software, most of the movie piracy threat is

coming form overseas, at around 80% or $1.85 billion (MPAA). Nationwide, movie piracy costs

around $2.3 billion, comparatively less than software at $8 billion or music at $12.5 billion.

In conclusion we have reached several important points. The first is that digital piracy, or the

copying of creative or patented intellectual content through the internet while infringing copyright law,

is a large problem. Economically, it hurts artists by stealing their potential profit, and through the loss

of jobs in the entertainment and software sectors. Aside from monetary reasons, it is a violation of an

artist or patentor's right to distribute his intellectual work at his disclosure. The second point is that

piracy is a crime that is misconstrued as acceptable for a variety of reasons; The owner does not lose

the original content, the industry does not support the artists enough, etcetera. The final point is that

anti-piracy has had a troublesome history, as past attempts were lacking and/or unpopular. Many people

consider shutting down an illegal file-sharing website as an invasion of freedom of speech. Future

attempts will have to be comprehensive yet at the same time not invasive.

To answer the question, intellectual piracy is a problem in many ways that has a detrimental

effect on American society. Piracy in the form of P2P file-sharing originally began with Napster's

music piracy in 1999, and continued to grow and expand in various other forms, such as software, film,

and patent. In fact, forms of piracy that are not music are not as widely recognized. These file-sharing

entities are difficult to combat due to their decentralized nature- they can appear in any part of the

world in any form faster than the slow gears of the legal system can take them down. As computers

become more powerful and internet access becomes more widespread, the figures of piracy will grow.

Some services have succeeded in offering an alternative to piracy, one which benefits the owners.


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These services include Spotify, iTunes, and Hulu.

Perhaps the ultimate question that arises is this: What can be done to stop, hinder, or lessen the

effects of online piracy? From this report, it is possible to conclude four ways of combating piracy. The

first is education, instilling in future generations that piracy is not accepted, such the RIAA and

MPAA's publicity campaigns and commercials. The second is pushing for an anti-piracy bill, such as

SOPA, which revealed that any comprehensive legislature will face resistance. The third is

enforcement, like the lawsuits from the RIAA against file-sharing organizations. Such litigation is

challenging due to the decentralized nature of piracy and its tendency to reappear in a different form or

place, as did Kazaa and eDonkey. The RIAA announced in 2008 that they would end their lawsuits (?).

The final way to curb piracy is to offer an alternative: Spotify offers a large selection of music at a

profit to artists, and Hulu legally streams current television shows for free. According to the blog

Torrentfreak, A Swedish study has revealed that Spotify has lowered the number of music pirates by 25

% in Sweden (Ernesto, TorrentFreak). All four ways are unique and have their own advantages and

disadvantages.

The issue at hand is important because intellectual property, being America's largest trade

export, is responsible for over five percent of the GDP (?). It is important because it is current; At this

very moment Congress is plotting new ways to stop the file-sharing machine. Never before in history

has our government tried to extend its control over a realm as expansive and lawless as the internet; it

represents a new challenge as we advance further into the digital age.


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Works Cited

Motion Picture Association of America.MPAA STATEMENT ON STRONG SHOWING OFSUPPORT FOR STOP ONLINE PIRACY ACT. Motion Picture Association of America, 16 Dec. 2011.Web. 2 May 2012. .

-The Motion Picture Association of America makes most commercial films produced and distributed in the US, so they are akey shareholder in the piracy debate. They make case for the Stop Online Piracy Act in their press release MPAA STATEMENT ON

STRONG SHOWING OF SUPPORT FOR STOP ONLINE PIRACY ACT, citing the Institute for Policy Innovation Study that blamespiracy for a $58 billion loss.

You Wouldn't Steal a Car. Commericial.youtube.com 12 May 2012.

-This commercial, attached to DVDs and spread virally online, started a panic over the unjust portrayal of piracy. The clipcompares people who download illegally to car thieves and other burglars. The tagline was You wouldn't steal a car, as it showed

people stealing the items mentioned.

"Piracy Impact Study." The Economic Benefits of Reducing Software Piracy. Business Software
http://www.mpaa.org/resources/5a0a212e-c86b-4e9a-abf1-2734a15862cd.pdf?&lang=en_us&output=jsonhttp://www.mpaa.org/resources/5a0a212e-c86b-4e9a-abf1-2734a15862cd.pdf?&lang=en_us&output=jsonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJuw8EA0cYQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.mpaa.org/resources/5a0a212e-c86b-4e9a-abf1-2734a15862cd.pdf?&lang=en_us&output=jsonhttp://www.mpaa.org/resources/5a0a212e-c86b-4e9a-abf1-2734a15862cd.pdf?&lang=en_us&output=jsonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJuw8EA0cYQ&feature=related


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Alliance, 2010. Web. 14 May 2012. .-This annual study by the Business Security Alliance was very useful in providing basic piracy statistics, such as worldwide

losses from software piracy increased 20%, or more than $8 billion from 2006 to 2007. The BSA is a credible

Katz, Eddan. "Stopping the ACTA Juggernaut | Electronic FrontierFoundation." Stopping the ACTA Juggernaut | Electronic Frontier Foundation.Electronic Frontier Foundation, 19 Nov. 2009. Web. 14 May 2012.

.-This is a fiercely one-sided article against the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement proposed by many

governments of the world to combat counterfeiting and copyright infringement. The publisher is theElectronic Frontiers Foundation, dedicated to protecting the internet from limitations and governmentinvolvement.

Brussels and Wellington. "Joint Statement on Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement (ACTA)." EUROPA. Communication Department of the EuropeanCommission, 16 Apr. 2010. Web. 14 May 2012..

-Joint Statement on Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) was a press release on the effects

of an international treaty to curb copyright infringement by the European Union press. It was useful as itprovided the implications and enactments of the treaty in plain english without having interpret the meaty billitself.

Gaudiosi, John. "Obama Says So Long SOPA, Killing Controversial InternetPiracy Legislation." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 16 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012..

-A column on the popular business magazine website Forbes.com, Obama Says So Long SOPA,Killing Controversial Internet Piracy Legislation provides the specifics on how exactly the Stop Online PiracyAct failed, such as when the President announced that he would not sign the bill if it passed.

Steele, Patrick. "Voices of Opposition Against CISPA | Electronic FrontierFoundation." Voices of Opposition Against CISPA | Electronic Frontier Foundation.Electronic Frontier Foundation, 19 Apr. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012..

- Voices against CISPA is a fiercely one-sided article by the Electronic Frontiers Foundation againstone of the latest efforts to combat intellectual piracy, the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act. I used the websitefor general details about CISPA, as well as the reasons why it is facing resistance.

Weisman, Jonathan. "Antipiracy Bills Delayed After an Online Firestorm." TheNew York Times. The New York Times, 21 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012..

-The strongly-written New York Times online article Antipiracy Bills Delayed After an Online Firestormprovided information on the internet backlash against the proposed Stop Online Piracy bill. Websites such asWikipedia held blackouts, denying users their content, as well as banners and links to petitions. It was indeedan online movement.

Thomas, Sean, and Matt Trezza. "Bill Killed: SOPA Death Celebrated asCongress Recalls Anti-piracy Acts RT." Bill Killed: SOPA Death Celebrated asCongress Recalls Anti-piracy Acts RT . TV-Novosti, 21 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 May2012. .

-This article, appearing on a Russian-American tech website, provided details on the failure of the StopOnline Piracy Act (SOPA), which were useful for background and context, although the article was somewhatcelebratory of SOPA's death.
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/11/stopping-acta-juggernauthttp://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/437http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/2012/01/16/obama-says-so-long-sopa-killing-controversial-internet-piracy-legislation/http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/2012/01/16/obama-says-so-long-sopa-killing-controversial-internet-piracy-legislation/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/04/Voices-Against-CISPAhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/21/technology/senate-postpones-piracy-vote.html?_r=1http://rt.com/news/sopa-postponed-anonymous-piracy-337/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/11/stopping-acta-juggernauthttp://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/437http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/2012/01/16/obama-says-so-long-sopa-killing-controversial-internet-piracy-legislation/http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/2012/01/16/obama-says-so-long-sopa-killing-controversial-internet-piracy-legislation/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/04/Voices-Against-CISPAhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/21/technology/senate-postpones-piracy-vote.html?_r=1http://rt.com/news/sopa-postponed-anonymous-piracy-337/


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Lasar, Matthew. "ArsTechnica." Sailors Beware: P2P Piracy Will Sink Your Jobs by 2015.Conde Nast, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012.

- This polemical article appeared on the tech news website Ars Technica. It dissects International Chamber of Commerce'sBusiness Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy group's study claiming that piracy will cost the European Union $324.6 billion and 1.5

million jobs by 2015. It was useful in making a case on the shared content.

Sanchez, Julian. "ArsTechnica." SOPA, Internet Regulation, and the Economics of Piracy.Conde Nast, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012. .

- This article on the tech/news website Ars Technica actually defends piracy somewhat, admitting thatit is a problem but realistically analyzing the uncertainty of its impact on industries. The analysis in the articlewas useful in how I would approach the topic in my paper, and what topics I should cover.

S., Ernesto. "Music Piracy Continues to Decline Thanks to Spotify." MusicPiracy Continues to Decline Thanks to Spotify. TorrentFreak, 28 Sept. 2011. Web.15 May 2012. .-This tech blog highlights a case of a successful alternative to piracy. With Spotify, a legal online music

service, the music piracy rate has dropped 25 percent. This gives a strong case to the method of combatingpiracy by creating a legal, profitable alternative.

The Government Must Combat Online Piracy(2001) (testimony of Bonnie J.K. Richardson). Print.

-In The Government Must Combat Online Piracy, Bonnie Richardson speaks for the MPAA and makesthe point that the government must step in to provide a comprehensive anti-piracy bill. Her speech isorganized into five sections: credentials, revenue, internet piracy, questions of jurisdiction, and finallygovernment intervention. She compares digital exports to crown jewels, and believes that internet piracy isthe single biggest impediment to digital trade.

Online File Sharing Threatens the Film Industry(2003) (testimony of JackValenti). Print.

-Jack Valenti is the president of the MPAA,The movie industry, a large and important contributor totheAmerican economy, is under attack from online pirates who illegally download thousands of movies everyday. The movie industryis making efforts to educate the public about the harms of movie piracy, but at the same time newtechnologies are making

it increasingly easy for online movie piracy to flourish.

"Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting And Piracy." Business Action to StopCounterfeiting And Piracy. International Chamber of Commerce, 17 Mar. 2010.Web. 15 May 2012. . -This study conducted in 2011 commissioned by the International Chamber of Commerce's Business

Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy Group (BASCAP) concluded that entertainment sectors of the EUstand to lose $324.6 billion in revenue, as well as 1.2 million jobs, by 2015 (assuming that there are nochanges in the way in which we deal with piracy).

Fifth Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study. Rep. Business
http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/03/sailors-beware-p2p-piracy-will-sink-your-jobs-by-2015/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/03/sailors-beware-p2p-piracy-will-sink-your-jobs-by-2015/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/01/internet-regulation-and-the-economics-of-piracy/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/01/internet-regulation-and-the-economics-of-piracy/http://torrentfreak.com/music-piracy-continues-to-decline-thanks-to-spotify-110928/http://torrentfreak.com/music-piracy-continues-to-decline-thanks-to-spotify-110928/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/03/sailors-beware-p2p-piracy-will-sink-your-jobs-by-2015/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/03/sailors-beware-p2p-piracy-will-sink-your-jobs-by-2015/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/01/internet-regulation-and-the-economics-of-piracy/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/01/internet-regulation-and-the-economics-of-piracy/http://torrentfreak.com/music-piracy-continues-to-decline-thanks-to-spotify-110928/http://torrentfreak.com/music-piracy-continues-to-decline-thanks-to-spotify-110928/


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Software Alliance, 30 May 2008. Web. 14 May 2012..

-The Business Security Alliance's 2009 report on Software Piracy focuses losses in the software sector

and security measures. The report emphasizes the threat and how software piracy- far from being an innocent,victimless crime- exposes users to unacceptable levels of risk, including the threat of identity theft orallowing ones computer to become a tool in further criminal activity.

Columbia University. Copyright Infringement and Enforcement in the USA.Issue brief. The American Assembly, Nov. 2011. Web. 14 May 2012..

-The research note Copyright Infringement and Enforcement in the US from Columbia University,attempts to give facts and context of a current issue. In its preliminary conclusions, it says cites that piracy iscommon (46% of adults), large scale piracy is rare (2%), and the majority of people oppose intervention(56%). Various charts and graphs are displayed and explained in detail.

Stop Online Piracy Act, H.R. H.R.3261, 112 Cong. (2011). Print.

- This is the original bill proposed by Representative Lamar S. Smith of Texas that would block access to pirated content throughbusinesses, ads, and search engines. The vagueness of the power granted to corporations against copyright infringement was a fault of thebill. as well as its limitations on freedom of speech. The bill provoked intense backlash and failed.

Golijan, Rosa. "70 Percent Find Piracy Socially Acceptable, Says Poll." 70 PercentFind Piracy Socially Acceptable, Says Poll. MSNBC, 13 Jan. 2011. Web. 15 May2012. .

-In this Danish poll found in msnbc.com, it is learned that seven out of ten Danish find it socially acceptable topirate music. This is an important piece of information, because we learn that in many places people do notfind the crime of piracy morally unethical.

USA.Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. 14 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 May 2012..

-This is the actual text for ACTA, or the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement signed by 30 nations includingthe United States. They agree on some future strategies for enforcing copyright infringement andcounterfeiting from going on between their borders. Not much has been done with it, but it is possible thatfuture negotiations will lead to stricter laws.

-Mitch Bainwol, the chairman and chief executive officer of the RIAA delivered this testimony before

the senate committee on governmental affairs in 2003 in response to retaliation against the RIAA's hundredsof copyright lawsuits. He gives an honest and persuasive justification for the lawsuits, saying that thedecision was taken only after suffering years of mounting harm and trying all other avenues. He believesthat the most balanced strategy is targeting the most serious offenders.
http://www.technolog.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/70-http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-http://www.technolog.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/70-http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-


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