pioneers in computer development

7/29/2019 Pioneers in Computer Development

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PIONEERS IN COMPUTER WORLD

09-NTU-1077 09-NTU-1094 09-NTU-1095 09-NTU-1098 Page 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

(CSF-1071)

FINAL DOCUMENTATION

TITLE


SUBMITTED BY

NAEEM AMIN 09-NTU-1077

TALHA SHAUKAT 09-NTU-1094

TALHA SULEMAN 09-NTU-1095

USAID AHMED 09-NTU-1098

SUBMITTED TO

MISS MUBEEN ASLAM

NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY MANAWALA,

FAISALABAD


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ACKNOWLEDEMENT

This documentation would have been incomplete without the help and instuctions

of our worthy teacher. Our friends also encourage us and even provided there help.

Many thanks to them.

I also thanks to my parents who prayer for us and help us in improving our search.

Many thanks to my friends who helps a lot in the completion if this document. I

express my sicere appreciation to my sister.

Naeem Amin 09-NTU-1077

Talha Shaukat 09-NTU-1094

Talha Suleman 09-NTU-1095

Usaid ahmed 09-NTU-1098


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CONTENTS

SERIAL NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. John vincent atanasoff 61.1 Biography 61.2 Education 71.3 History 81.4 Process

1.4.1 Controversy 81.5 Atanasoff berry computer 9

1.5.1 design and construction 9

1.6 Function 11

1.7 Research, career and bussiness 12

1.8 Honours and distinctions 12

2. George boole 14

2.1 Biography 14

2.2 Education and research 15

2.3 Boolean logics 16

2.4 Sets logic vs. boolean logics 17

2.5 Applications 17

2.5.1 Digital electronic circuit design 17

2.5.2 Data base applications 17

2.5.3 Search engine queries 18


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3. Vint cerf 20

3.1 Biography 20

3.2 Education 21

3.3 Career 21

3.4 An interest in networking 23

3.5 A true internet 24

3.5.1 New horizons 24

3.5.2 Intraplanetry internet 25

3.5.3 Vice president and chief internet evangelist google 26

3.6 Honours and distinctions 27

4. Donald khuth 28

4.1 Biography 28

4.2 Education and academic work 29

4.3 Computer progamming as an art 31

4.3.1 The arts of old 31

4.4 Donald knuth and software patents 32

4.5 Knuths humours 32

4.6 Work 34

4.7Awards 35

REFERENCES


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LIST OF FIGURES

SERIAL NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1. JOHN ATANASOFF 62. ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER 93. DRUM OF ABC 114. MONUMENT OF ATANASOFF 135. GEORGE BOOLE 146. HOME OF GEORGE BOOLE 157. BOOLES PLAQUE 188. VINT CERF 209. CERF AT WORK 2110. CERF TAKING MEDAL OF FREDOOM 2311. CERF AND PARVANOV 2412. INTERNET ACROSS THE WORLD 2413. THE IPN 2514. INTERNET DEVICE 2715. DONALD ERVIN KNUTH 2816. KNUTH IN LAB 31


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1.John Vincent Atanasoff

Figure 1 JOHN ATANASOFF

1.1BIOGRAPHY

Born: October 4, 1903 ( Hamilton, New York)

Died: June 15, 1995 (aged 91) (Federick, Maryland

Citizenship: American

Fields: Physics

Known for: Atanasoff-Berry Computer

1.2EDUCATION

Few would deny that the invention of the computer has revolutionized society or that the world

of today would look quite different without computers.In the relatively short span of time thathas elapsed since the world's first electronic digital computer was invented in 1939.

John Atanasoff, the genius who invented the first computer and initiated the computer

revolution, was of Bulgarian ancestry. John Atanasoff was a prominent American inventor who

took pride in his Bulgarian heritage and maintained strong ties to his ancestral home of Bulgaria.

After John's birth, the Atanasoff family moved a number of times as Ivan Atanasoff sought betteremployment in several different electrical engineering positions. They eventually settled in

Brewster, Florida, where John completed grade school. The Atanasoff home in Brewster was the

first house the family had lived in that was equipped with electricity. By age nine, John had

taught himself how to repair faulty electric wiring and light fixtures on their back-porch.

John Atanasoff completed his high school course in two years, with excellence in both science

and mathematics. He had decided to become a theoretical physicist, and with that goal in mind,


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entered the University of Florida in Gainesville in 1921. Because the university curriculum did

not offer degrees in physics, John began his undergraduate studies in the electrical engineering

program. The knowledge of electronics and higher math that John acquired as an electrical

engineering student would later prove fortuitous in helping to transform the theory of the

computer into a working reality.

John Atanasoff graduated from the University of Florida in Gainesville in 1925, with a Bachelor

of Science degree in electrical engineering. He received his Master's degree in mathematics fromthe Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa in 1926 and accepted a position teaching physics and

mathematics at Iowa State College. He was then accepted into the doctoral program at theUniversity of Wisconsin, and received his doctoral degree (Ph. D.) in theoretical physics from

Wisconsin in 1930.

In his doctoral thesis, "The Dielectric Constant of Helium", Atanasoff was required to do many

complicated and time consuming computations. Although he utilized the Monroe mechanical

calculator, one of the best machines of the time, to assist in his tedious computations, theshortcomings of this machine were painfully obvious and motivated him to think about the

possibility of developing a more sophisticated calculating machine.

1.3HISTORY

In the late 1930s, John Atanasoff was still trying to develop ways to facilitate the process of

calculating solutions. In December of 1939, working with his graduate student Clifford Berry,John Atanasoff developed and built the prototype of the first electronic digital computer, which

would be fully completed in 1942.This prototype of the first computer included four significantand entirely novel operating principles in its operation: The binary system, regenerative datastorage, logic circuits as elements of a program, and electronic elements as data carrying media.

"After the prototype had started working, we were convinced we could build a computer capable

of calculating whatever we would like to", wrote Atanasoff.

In their history of the ENIAC computer, Alice R. Burks and Arthur W. Burks summarize the

Atanasoff achievement as follows: "He invented a new type of a serial storage module,

applicable to digital electronic computing. He formulated, developed and proved the major

principles involved in electronic circuits for digital computing, principles that included

arithmetical operations, control, transition from one to another number base systems, transfer and

storage of data, and synchronized clocking of the operations. Having applied that data storage

and those principles, he constructed a well-balanced electronic computer with centralized

architecture, including storage, and arithmetically controlled input/output devices. He had

invented the first-ever specialized electronic computer with such a degree of multi-aspect

applicability."


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From 1942 to 1966, Atanasoff\'s scientific research centered on the dynamic principles of naval

ships. During this time, he patented more than 30 devices, including the first mine-sweeping unit

for blowing up hydrodynamic naval mines; instruments for detection and recording of high

amplitude seismic and sonic waves; a unit computing and recording projectile trajectory errors in

artillery shelling; postal sorting systems; automated systems for parcel post handling; quick

search systems for classified information items; and an electronic quartz clock. Simultaneously,

he worked on several developments related to national defense and naval armament systems,

including work on guided missiles.

1.4PROCESS

1.4.1CONTROVERSY

A significant event had occurred in 1941, when Atanasoff received a colleague, John W.

Mauchly, into his home as a guest. Mauchly had expressed great interest in the work Atanasoffwas doing relating to computer technology and had enthusiastically accepted Atanasoff's

invitation. It is important to ask exactly what transpired during this visit between Atanasoff and

Mauchly, since the events that resulted from the time they spent together are now etched in

history. The facts were examined in detail at a judicial hearing 26 years later, when the courts

had to decide whether John W. Mauchly and John P. Eckert had unlawfully made use of

Atanasoff's invention when they developed the ENIAC computer between 1942 and 1946.

Before this time, the ENIAC had been recognized as the first electronic computer, but the facts

of the case would prove otherwise

On October 19, 1973, Judge Earl R. Larson made public his ruling on the ENIAC case.According to the US statutory judicial procedure, Justice Larson issued a court ruling on the

merits of the evidence, a summation, and a court verdict, which resulted in a total of 420 pages

of material. The court verdict said: "With this Verdict the Court has ruled that the Patent of

ENIAC - US Patent, Serial No. 3 120 606, issued to the Illinois Scientific Developments

Incorporated, is hereby declared null and void." Thus, the US Patent of what had been

considered the first digital computer in history was declared null and void.

The Federal Judge ruled that Mauchly derived the basic ideas for an electronic digital computer

from the Atanasoff-Berry computer. He also ruled that John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry were

the first to have constructed an electronic digital computer at the Iowa State College in the yearsbetween 1939 and 1942. In addition, the judge ruled that John Mauchly and John Eckert, who

had for over 25 years been the recipients of recognition and admiration as co-inventors of the

first electronic digital computer, had, in fact, lost all rights to the patent upon which all of the

praise had been based. "Eckert and Mauchly had not invented the first automated electronic

digital computer, but had derived the basic ideas for it by John Atanasoff." (Excerpt of the

Summation of the Court in Minneapolis, 1973).


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ATANASOFF RECOGNIZED AS THE FATHER OF THE COMPUTER!

1.5AtanasoffBerry Computer

1.5.1Design and construction

According to Atanasoff's account, several key principles of the AtanasoffBerry Computer(ABC) were conceived in a sudden insight after a long nighttime drive during the winter of

193738. The ABC innovations included electronic computation, binary arithmetic, parallelprocessing,regenerative capacitor memory, and a separation of memory and computing

functions. The mechanical and logic design was worked out by Dr. Atanasoff over the next year.

A grant application to build a proof of conceptprototype was submitted in March, 1939 to

the Agronomydepartment which was also interested in speeding up computation for economic

and research analysis. $5,000 of further funding to complete the machine came from the

nonprofit Research Corporation ofNew York City.

Figure 2 ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER

The ABC was built by Dr. Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry in the basement of the

physics building at Iowa State College during 193942. The initial funds were released inSeptember, and the 11-tube prototype was first demonstrated in October, 1939. A December

demonstration prompted a grant for construction of the full-scale machine. The ABC was built

and tested over the next two years. It was described in a January 15, 1941 notice in the Des

Moines Register. The system weighed more than seven hundred pounds (320 kg).and was

800 square feet (74 m2) in all. It contained approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) of wire, 280 dual-

triode vacuum tubes, 31 thyratrons, and was about the size of a desk.

It was not a Turing complete computer, which distinguishes it from more general machines, like

contemporary Konrad Zuse's Z3 (1941), or later machines like the 1946 ENIAC, 1949 EDVAC,

the University of Manchesterdesigns, orAlan Turing's post-War designs at NPL and elsewhere.

Nor did it implement the stored program architecture that made practical fully general-purpose,

reprogrammable computers.
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The machine was, however, the first to implement three critical ideas that are still part of every

modern computer:

1. Using binary digits to represent all numbers and data2.

Performing all calculations using electronics rather than wheels, ratchets, or mechanicalswitches

3. Organizing a system in which computation and memory are separated.In addition, the system pioneered the use ofregenerative capacitor memory, as in the DRAM still

widely used today.

The memory of the AtanasoffBerry Computer was a pair of drums, each containing1600 capacitors that rotated on a common shaft once per second. The capacitors on each drum

were organized into 32 "bands" of 50 (30 active bands and 2 spares in case a capacitor failed),

giving the machine a speed of 30 additions/subtractions per second. Data was represented as 50-bit binary fixed point numbers. The electronics of the memory and arithmetic units could store

and operate on 60 such numbers at a time (3000 bits).

The ACpower line frequency of 60 Hz was the primary clock rate for the lowest level

operations.

The arithmetic logic functions were fully electronic, implemented with vacuum tubes. The

family oflogic gates ranged from inverters to two and three input gates. The input and output

levels and operating voltages were compatible between the different gates. Each gate consisted

of one inverting vacuum tube amplifier, preceded by a resistor divider input network that definedthe logical function. The control logic functions, which only needed to operate once per drum

rotation and therefore did not require electronic speed, were electromechanical, implemented

with relays.

Although the AtanasoffBerry Computer was an important step up from earlier calculatingmachines, it was not able to run entirely automatically through an entire problem. An operator

was needed to operate the control switches to set up its functions, much like the electro-

mechanical calculators and unit record equipment of the time. Selection of the operation to be

performed, reading, writing, converting to or from binary to decimal, or reducing a set of

equations was made by front panel switches and in some cases jumpers.

There were two forms of input and output: primary user input and output and an intermediate

results output and input. The intermediate results storage allowed operation on problems too

large to be handled entirely within the electronic memory. (The largest problem that could be

solved without the use of the intermediate output and input was two simultaneous equations, a

trivial problem.)
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Intermediate results were binary, written onto paper sheets by electrostatically modifying the

resistance at 1500 locations to represent 30 of the 50 bit numbers (one equation). Each sheet

could be written or read in one second. The reliability of the system was limited to about 1 error

in 100,000 calculations by these units, primarily attributed to lack of control of the sheets'

material characteristics. In retrospect a solution could have been to add a parity bit to each

number as written. This problem was not solved by the time Atanasoff left the university for

war-related work.

Primary user input was decimal, via standard IBM 80 column punched cards and output was

decimal, via a front panel display.

Figure 3 DRUM OF ABC COMPUTER

1.6Function

The ABC was designed for a specific purpose, the solution of systems of simultaneous linear

equations. It could handle systems with up to twenty-nine equations, a difficult problem for thetime. Problems of this scale were becoming common in physics, the department in which John

Atanasoff worked. The machine could be fed two linear equations with up to twenty-nine

variables and a constant term and eliminate one of the variables. This process would be repeated

manually for each of the equations, which would result in a system of equations with one fewer

variable. Then the whole process would be repeated to eliminate another variable.
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1.7Research,Career and BusinessDr. Atanasoff became director of the underwater acoustics program at the Naval OrdnanceLaboratory at White Oak, now the Naval Surface Weapons Center, where he worked extensively

with mines, mine countermeasures and depth charges.

He participated in the atomic weapons tests at Bikini Atoll after World War II and became chiefscientist for the Army FieldForces, at Fort Monroe, Va., in 1949. He returned to the laboratory as director of the Navy Fuzeprograms then in 1952 he began his own company, Ordnance Engineering Corp. OEC wasbought by Aerojet Engineering Corp. in 1956, and Dr. Atanasoff was named a vice presidentuntil his retirement in 1961. After retirement Atanasoff worked in the area of computer educationfor young people and developed a phonetic alphabet for use with computers.

1.8Honors and distinctions

Monument to John Atanasoff in Sofia, in his ancestral Bulgaria

Atanasoff's first national award for scientific achievements was the Order of Saints Cyril and

Methodius, First Class, Bulgaria's highest scientific honor bestowed to him in 1970, before the

1973 court ruling.

In 1990, President George H. W. Bush awarded Atanasoff the United States National Medal of

Technology, the highest U.S. honor conferred for achievements related to technological progress.

Other distinctions awarded to Atanasoff include:

U.S. Navy Distinguished Service Award (1945) Citation, Seismological Society of America (1947) Citation, Admiral, Bureau of Ordnance (1947) Cosmos Club membership (1947)

Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) University of Florida (1974)

Honorary membership, Society for Computer Medicine (1974) Iowa Inventors Hall of Fame (1978) Computer Pioneer Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE) (1981)
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Iowa Governor's Science Medal (1985) Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, First Class (1985) Computing Appreciation Award, EDUCOM (1985) Foreign Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1985) Holley Medal, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1985) Honorary citizen of the city ofYambol, Bulgaria (1985; Atanasoffs father was born in

Yambol region)

Coors American Ingenuity Award (1986) Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) University of WisconsinMadison (1987)

Figure 4 MONUMENT OF ATANASOFF
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2.George Boole

Figure 5 GEORGE BOOLE

2.1BIOGRAPHY

Born: 2 November 1815 ( Lincoln Lincolnshire, England)

Died: 8 December 1864 (aged 94)

School: Mathematical foundations of computer science

Main intrests: mathematics, logic, philosophy of mathematics

Notable ideas: Boolean algebra

George Boole (the Father of Symbolic Logic) was probably the most illustrious academic who

ever worked at University College, Cork (then Queen's College, Cork). He was not only a

mathematical genius but also a fine humanitarian. A strong minded individual, he was prepared

to engage in protracted and bitter arguments with academic colleagues. His revolutionary

advances in mathematics are today fundamental aspects of computer science and electronics and

his Boolean Algebra is used to design and operate computers and other electronic devices. The

definitive biography of Boole is 'George Boole: His Life and Work', by Desmond MacHale,

(Boole Press, 1985).

As the inventor ofBoolean logicthe basis of modern digital computerlogicBoole isregarded in hindsight as a founder of the field ofcomputer science. Boole said,
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... no general method for the solution of questions in the theory of probabilities can be

established which does not explicitly recognise ... those universal laws of thought which are the

basis of all reasoning ...

2.2EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

Figure 6 HOME OF GEORGE BOOLE

The original Working Class Boy Made Good, Boole was born in the wrong time, in the wrong

place, and definitely in the wrong class - he didn't have a hope of growing up to be a

mathematical genius, but he did it anyway.

Born in the English industrial town of Lincoln, Boole was lucky enough to have a father who

passed along his own love of math. Young George took to learning like a politician to a pay rise

and, by the age of eight, had outgrown his father's self-taught limits.

A family friend stepped in to teach the boy basic Latin, and was exhausted within a few years.

Boole was translating Latin poetry by the age of twelve. By the time he hit puberty, the

adolescent George was fluent in German, Italian and French. At 16 he became an assistant

teacher, at 20 he opened his own school.

At the age of 24, George Boole published his first paper ('Researches on the Theory ofAnalytical Transformations') in the Cambridge Mathematical Journal. Over the next ten

years, his star rose as a steady stream of original articles began to push the limits of

mathematics.

By 1844 he was concentrating on the uses of combined algebra and calculus to processinfinitely small and large figures, and, in that same year, received a Royal Society medal

for his contributions to analysis.

Boole soon began to see the possibilities for applying his algebra to the solution oflogical problems. Boole's 1847 work, 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic', not only

expanded on Gottfried Leibniz' earlier speculations on the correlation between logic and
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math, but argued that logic was principally a discipline of mathematics, rather than

philosophy.

It was this paper that won him, not only the admiration of the distinguished logicianAugustus de Morgan (a mentor ofAda Byron's), but a place on the faculty of Ireland's

Queen's College.

He came up with a type of linguistic algebra, the three most basic operations of whichwere (and still are) AND, OR and NOT. It was these three functions that formed the basis

of his premise, and were the only operations necessary to perform comparisons or basic

mathematical functions.

Boole's system (detailed in his 'An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which AreFounded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities', 1854) was based on

a binary approach,processing only two objects - the yes-no, true-false, on-off, zero-one

approach.

Twelve years after Boole's 'Investigation' was published, Pierce gave a brief speechdescribing Boole's idea to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences - and then spentmore than 20 years modifying and expanding it, realising the potential for use in

electronic circuitry and eventually designing a fundamental electrical logic circuit.

Pierce never actually built his theoretical logic circuit, being himself more of a logicianthan an electrician, but he did introduce boolean algebra into his university logic

philosophy courses.

Eventually, one bright student - Claude Shannon - picked up the idea and ran with it.

Boole published a number of papers following his 'Investigation', the two most influentialprobably being a 'Treatise on Differential Equations' (1859) and 'Treatise on the Calculus

of Finite Differences' (1860).

Unfortunately, Boole's life was cut short when he died of a 'feverish cold' at the age of49, after walking 2 miles through the rain to get to class and then lecturing in wet clothes

(proving, once again, that genius and common sense sometimes have a less than nodding

acquaintance).

With George Boole's 'Mathematical Analysis' and 'Investigation', boolean algebra,

sometimes known as boolean logic, came into being.

His two value system, separating arguments into different classes which can then be processed

according to the presence or absence of a certain property, enabled any proposition - regardlessof the number of individual items - to draw logical conclusions.

2.3Boolean logic

It is a complete system forlogical operations, used in many systems. It was named afterGeorge

Boole, who first defined analgebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century. Boolean logic has
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many applications in electronics, computer hardware and software, and is the basis of all

modern digital electronics. In 1938, Claude Shannon showed how electric circuits with relays

were a model for Boolean logic. This fact soon proved enormously consequential with the

emergence of the electronic computer.

Using the algebra of sets, this article contains a basic introduction to sets, Booleanoperations, Venn diagrams, truth tables, and Boolean applications. The Boolean algebra article

discusses a type of algebraic structure that satisfies the axioms of Boolean logic. The binary

arithmetic article discusses the use ofbinary numbers in computer systems.

2.4Set logic vs. Boolean logic

Sets can contain any elements. We will first start out by discussing general set logic, then restrict

ourselves to Boolean logic, where elements (or "bits") each contain only two possible values,

called various names, such as "true" and "false", "yes" and "no", "on" and "off", or "1" and "0".

2.5Applications

2.5.1Digital electronic circuit design

Boolean logic is also used for circuit design in electrical engineering; here 0 and 1 may represent

the two different states of one bit in a digital circuit, typically high and low voltage. Circuits are

described by expressions containing variables, and two such expressions are equal for all values

of the variables if, and only if, the corresponding circuits have the same input-output behavior.

Furthermore, every possible input-output behavior can be modeled by a suitable Boolean

expression.

Basic logic gates such as AND, OR, and NOT gates may be used alone, or in conjunction with

NAND, NOR, and XOR gates, to control digital electronics and circuitry. Whether these gates

are wired in series or parallel controls the precedence of the operations.

2.5.2Database applications

Relational databases use SQL, or other database-specific languages, to perform queries, which

may contain Boolean logic. For this application, each record in a table may be considered to be

an "element" of a "set". For example, in SQL, these SELECT statements are used to retrieve data

from tables in the database:

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Dean' AND first_name = 'James' ;

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Dean' OR first_name = 'James' ;

SELECT * FROM employees WHERENOT last_name = 'Dean' ;
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Parentheses may be used to explicitly specify the order in which Boolean operations occur, when

multiple operations are present:

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE (NOT last_name = 'Smith') AND (first_name = 'John'

ORfirst_name = 'Mary') ;

Multiple sets of nested parentheses may also be used, where needed.

Any Boolean operation (or operations) which combines two (or more) tables together is referred

to as ajoin, in relational database terminology.

In the field ofElectronic Medical Records, some software applications use Boolean logic to

query their patient databases, in what has been named Concept Processing technology.

2.5.3Search engine queries

Figure 7 BOOLE'S PLAQUE

Search engine queries also employ Boolean logic. For this application, each web page on the

Internet may be considered to be an "element" of a "set". The following examples use a syntax

supported by Google.

Doublequotes are used to combine whitespace-separated words into a single search term. Whitespace is used to specify logical AND, as it is the default operator for joining search

terms:

"Search term 1" "Search term 2"

The OR keyword is used for logical OR:"Search term 1" OR "Search term 2"

The minus sign is used for logical NOT (AND NOT):
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"Search term 1" -"Search term 2"

The part of the system that treats categorical propositions, and the positions which, under this

limitation, are the following:

(1) That the business of Logic is with the relations of classes, and with the modes in which the

mind contemplates those relations.

(2) That antecedently to our recognition of the existence of propositions, there are laws to which

the conception of a class is subject, - laws which are dependent upon the constitution of the

intellect, and which determine the character and form of the reasoning process.

(3) That those laws are capable of mathematical expression, and that they thus constitute thebasis of an interpretable calculus.

(4) That those laws are, furthermore, such, that all equations which are formed in subjection to

them, even though expressed under functional signs, admit of perfect solution, so that every

problem in logic can be solved by reference to a general theorem.

(5) That the forms under which propositions are actually exhibited, in accordance with the

principles of this calculus, are analogous with those of a philosophical language.

(6) That although the symbols of the calculus do not depend for their interpretation upon the idea

of quantity, they nevertheless, in their particular application to syllogism, conduct us to thequantitative conditions of inference.

It is specially of the two last of these positions that I here desire to offer illustration, they having

been but partially exemplified in the work referred to. Other points will, however, be made the

subjects of incidental discussion...

Boole wrote his most famous work 'An Investigation of The Laws of Thought' in Cork. Apart

from his famous work on mathematical logic and probability, he also made notable contribution

to the development of calculus. He was awarded many honourary degrees and awards. In 1857

he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London.

Boole died prematurely in 1864 from pneumonia developed as a result of a wetting. He is buried

in the churchyard of St. Michael's Church of Ireland, Blackrock, Cork.

A window, The Boole Window, was installed by public subscription in the Aula Maxima at

UCC. Recently the new Boole Library and Boole Lecture Theatre complex at UCC were named

in his honour. However, his most enduring legacy will be that whenever the subjects of


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Mathematics, Electronics, Logic, Information Theory, Cybernetics and Computer Science are

taught, his name will be remembered for his beautiful, simple and universally useful theories.

3.Vint cerf

3.1BIOGRAPHY

Born: June 23, 1943 (aged 67)

Residence: USA

Citizenship: United States of America

Fields: Computer science

Institutions:IBM,UCLA,Stanford University,DARPA,MCI, CNRI, Google

Known for: TCP/IP Internet society

Notable awards: National Medal Award, President Medal Award

Turning Award

Figure 8 VINT CERF
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As a graduate student at UCLA, Vint Cerf was involved in the early design of the ARPANET.

He was present when the first IMP was delivered to UCLA. He is called the "father of the

Internet." He earned this nickname as one of the co-authors of TCP/IP-the protocol that allowed

ARPA to connect various independent networks together to form one large network of networks-

the Internet.

3.2Education

Cerf holds a bachelor of science degree in Mathematics from Stanford University and master of

science and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from UCLA. He also holds honorary doctorate

degrees from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich; Lulea University of

Technology, Sweden; University of the Balearic Islands, Palma; Capitol College, Maryland;

Gettysburg College, Pennsylvania; George Mason University, Virginia; Rovira i Virgili

University, Tarragona, Spain; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; the University

of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Brooklyn Polytechnic; and the Beijing University of

Posts and Telecommunications.

3.3Career

Figure 9 CERF AT WORK

Cerf's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in Mathematics from Stanford University wasat IBM, where he worked for less than two years as a systems

engineersupportingQUIKTRAN. He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he

earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his Ph.D. degree in 1972. During his graduate student years,

he studied under ProfessorGerald Estrin, worked in ProfessorLeonard Kleinrock's data

packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet, the predecessorto

theInternet, and "contributed to a host-to-host protocol" for the ARPANet. While at UCLA, he
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also met Robert E. Kahn, who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture. After

receiving his doctorate, Cerf became an assistant professorat Stanford University from 19721976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed

the DoD TCP/IPprotocol suite with Kahn.

Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976, where he stayed until 1982.

As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 19821986, Cerf led the engineeringofMCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet. Cerf rejoined

MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy. In this role, he

helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective. Previously, he

served as MCI's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology, leading a team of

architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks, including Internet-based

solutions for delivering a combination of data, information, voice and video services for business

and consumer use.

During 1997, Cerf joined the Board of Trustees ofGallaudet University, a university for the

education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Cerf is hard of hearing.

Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in

1999, and served until the end of 2007.

Cerf is a member of the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov's IT Advisory Council, a group

created by Presidential Decree on March 8, 2002. He is also a member of the Advisory Board

ofEurasia Group, the political risk consultancy.

Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet, together with NASA's Jet PropulsionLaboratory. It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet, using radio/laser

communications that are tolerant of signal degradation.

During February 2006, Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science,

and Transportation's Hearing on Network Neutrality. Speaking as Google's Chief InternetEvangelist, Cerf blamed the anticompetitive intentions and practices of

telecommunicationsconglomerates like Comcast and Verizon for the fact that nearly half of all

consumers lack meaningful choice in broadband providers. Google made a bid in 2006 to offer

free wireless broadband access throughout the city ofSan Francisco in conjunction with Internet

service providerEarthlink, Inc. Vertically-integrated telecommunications incumbentslike Comcast and Verizon opposed such efforts on the part of Silicon Valley firms like Google

and Intel (which promotes the WiMax standard) as undermining their revenue in a form of

"unfair competition" whereby cities would violate their commitments to offer local monopolies

to telecommunications conglomerates. Google currently offers free wi-fi access in its hometown

ofMountain View, California.
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Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors ofScientists and Engineers for America, an

organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.

Cerf is on the board of directors ofStopBadware, a non-profit anti-malware organization that

Google has supported since its inception as a project at Harvard University's Berkman Center for

Internet & Society.

Cerf is on the board of advisors of The Hyperwords Company Ltd of the UK, which works to

make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the free Firefox Add-On called

'Hyperwords'.

During 2008 Cerf chaired the IDNAbis working group of the IETF.

Cerf was a major contender to be designated the nation's first Chief Technology Officerby

President Barack Obama.

3.4An Interest in Networking

Figure 10 CERF TAKING MEDAL OF FREEDOM

The Snuper Computer project got Cerf interested in the field of computer networking. In the fall

of 1968, ARPA set up another program at UCLA in anticipation of building the ARPANET. It

was called the Network Measurement Center. It was responsible for performance testing and

analysis, a sort of testing ground. A man named Len Kleinrock managed about forty students

who ran the center. Cerf was one of the senior members of the team.

By the end of 1968, a small group of graduate students from the four schools that were slated to

be the first four nodes on the ARPANET (UCLA, Stanford, the University of Utah, and UC

Santa Barbara) began meeting regularly to discuss the new network and problems related to its

development. They called themselves the Network Working Group (NWG). The NWG proved to

be instrumental in solving many of the problems that would arrive during the design and

implementation of the ARPANET, but they did not realize their importance at the time. Cerf
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recalls, "We were just rank amateurs, and we were expecting that some authority would finally

come along and say, 'Here's how we are going to do it.' And nobody ever came along."

Figure 11 CERF AND PARVANOV

3.5A True Internet

Figure 12 INTERNET ACROSS WORLD

In August 1969, BBN delivered the first IMP to UCLA. A month later The second was delivered

to SRI. The ARPANET continued to grow quickly from that point. Cerf was present when the

first IMP was delivered to UCLA. He was involved with the IMP immediately performing

various tests on the new hardware. It was during this testing that he met Bob Kahn. They enjoyed

a good working relationship.
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3.5.1New Horizons

Today Cerf is thechief Internet strategist for MCI WorldCom. His latest pet project is called

the Interplanetary Network (IPN). This project, part of NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab, willbasically extend the Internet into outer space. It's fitting that the "father of the Internet" on Earth

should be involved in launching it to new worlds.

Figure 13 IPN

3.5.2Interplanetary Internet:InterPlaNet (IPN)

Planetary internets

Interplanetary Gateways
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Interplanetary Long-Haul Architecture (RFC 4838)

Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP)

Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050)

Delayed Binding of Identifiers

Email-like behavior

TDRSS and NASA in-space routing

Delay and Disruption Tolerant Protocols

Tactical Mobile applications (DARPA)

Civilian Mobile applications (SameNet!)

Deep Impact Testing October 2008

Space Station Testing July 2009

EPOXI Testing October 2009

3.5.3Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist Google

Vinton G. Cerf is vice president and chief Internet evangelist for Google. In this role, he is

responsible for identifying new enabling technologies to support the development of advanced

Internet-based products and services from Google. He is also an active public face for Google in

the Internet world.

Cerf is the former senior vice president of Technology Strategy for MCI. In this role, he helped

to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective. Previously, he served as

MCI's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology, leading a team of architects and

engineers to design advanced networking frameworks, including Internet-based solutions for

delivering a combination of data, information, voice and video services for business and

consumer use.

Widely known as one of the "Fathers of the Internet," Cerf is the co-designer of the TCP/IP

protocols and the architecture of the Internet. In December 1997, President Clinton presented the

U.S. National Medal of Technology to Cerf and his colleague, Robert E. Kahn, for founding and

developing the Internet. Kahn and Cerf were named the recipients of the ACM Alan M. Turing

award, sometimes called the "Nobel Prize of Computer Science," in 2004 for their work on the

Internet protocols. In November 2005, President George Bush awarded Cerf and Kahn the


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Presidential Medal of Freedom for their work. The medal is the highest civilian award given by

the United States to its citizens.

3.6Honours and distinctions

Cerf is a recipient of numerous awards and commendations in connection with his work on theInternet. These include the Marconi Fellowship, Charles Stark Draper award of the National

Academy of Engineering, the Prince of Asturias award for science and technology, the National

Medal of Science from Tunisia, the Alexander Graham Bell Award presented by the Alexander

Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, the NEC Computer and Communications Prize, the Silver

Medal of the International Telecommunications Union, the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal,

the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Award, the ACM Software and Systems Award, the ACM SIGCOMM

Award, the Computer and Communications Industries Association Industry Legend Award,

installation in the Inventors Hall of Fame, the Yuri Rubinsky Web Award, the Kilby Award , the

Yankee Group/Interop/Network World Lifetime Achievement Award, the George R. Stibitz

Award, the Werner Wolter Award, the Andrew Saks Engineering Award, the IEEE Third

Millennium Medal, the Computerworld/Smithsonian Leadership Award, the J.D. Edwards

Leadership Award for Collaboration, World Institute on Disability Annual award and the Library

of Congress Bicentennial Living Legend medal.

In December 1994, People magazine identified Cerf as one of that year's "25 Most Intriguing

People."

Figure 14 INTERNET DEVICE


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4.Donald Ervin Knuth

Figure 15 DONALD ERVIN KNUTH

4.1Biography

Born: January 10, 1938 (aged 72 )

Residence: U.S.

Nationality: American

Fields: Computer Science

Institutions: Stanford University

Alma meter: Case Institute Of Technology, California Institute of Technology

Known for: The Art of Computer Programing, TEX,METAFONT,Knuth-Bendix-completion

algorithm, Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm

Notable awards: Turing Award (1974), Jhon von Neumann Medal (1995), Hervey Prize (1995)
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Author of the seminal multi-volume workThe Art of Computer

Programming("TAOCP"), Knuth has been called the "father" of theanalysis of algorithms,

contributing to the development of, and systematizing formal mathematical techniques for, the

rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms, and in the process

popularizing asymptotic notation.

In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches oftheoretical computer science,

Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font

definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces.

A writer and scholar,Knuth created the WEB/CWEB computer programming systems designed

to encourage and facilitate literate programming, and designed the MMIX instruction set

architecture.

4.2Education and academic work

Knuth was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where his father owned a small printing business and

taught bookkeeping at Milwaukee Lutheran High School, which he attended. He was an

excellent student, earning achievement awards. He applied his intelligence in unconventional

ways, winning a contest when he was in eighth grade by finding over 4,500 words that could be

formed from the letters in "Ziegler's Giant Bar." The judges had only about 2,500 words on their

master list. This won him a television set for his school and a candy bar for everyone in his class.

Knuth had a difficult time choosing physics over music as his major at Case Institute of

Technology (now part of Case Western Reserve University). He also joined Theta Chi Fraternity.

He then switched from physics to mathematics, and in 1960 he received his bachelor of science

degree, simultaneously receiving his master of science degree by a special award of the faculty

who considered his work outstanding. At Case, he managed the basketball team and applied his

talents by constructing a formula for the value of each player. This novel approach was covered

by Newsweek and by Walter Cronkite on the CBS television network. As an undergraduate at

Case, Knuth was hired to write compilers for different computers.

In 1963, he earned a Ph.D. in mathematics (advisor: Marshall Hall) from the California Institute

of Technology, where he became a professor and began work on The Art of Computer

Programming, originally planned to be a single book, and then planned as a six, and then seven-

volume series. In 1968, he published the first volume. That same year, he joined the faculty of

Stanford University, having turned down a job offer from the National Security Agency (NSA).

In 1971, Knuth was the recipient of the first ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award. He has

received various other awards including theTuring Award, the National Medal of Science, the

John von Neumann Medal, and the Kyoto Prize. After producing the third volume of his series in

1976, he expressed such frustration with the nascent state of the then newly developed electronic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAFONThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWEBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWEBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAFONThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming


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publishing tools (especially those that provided input to phototypesetters) that he took time out to

work on typesetting and created the TeX and METAFONT tools.

In recognition of Knuth's contributions to the field of computer science, in 1990 he was awarded

the one-of-a-kind academic title of Professor of The Art of Computer Programming, which has

since been revised to Professor Emeritus of The Art of Computer Programming.

In 1992 he became an associate of the French Academy of Sciences. Also that year, he retired

from regular research and teaching at Stanford University in order to finish The Art of Computer

Programming. In 2003 he was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society. As of 2004, the

first three volumes of his series have been re-issued, and Knuth is currently working on volume

four, excerpts of which are released periodically on his website. Meanwhile, Knuth gives

informal lectures a few times a year at Stanford University, which he calls Computer Musings.

He is also a visiting professor at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory in the United

Kingdom.

In addition to his writings on computer science, Knuth, a devout Lutheran, is also the author of

3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated (1991), ISBN 0-89579-252-4, in which he attempts to examine the

Bible by a process of systematic sampling, namely an analysis of chapter 3, verse 16 of each

book. Each verse is accompanied by a rendering in calligraphic art, contributed by a group of

calligraphers under the leadership of Hermann Zapf.

He is also the author of Surreal Numbers (1974) ISBN 0-201-03812-9, a mathematical novelette

on John Conway's set theory construction of an alternate system of numbers. Instead of simply

explaining the subject, the book seeks to show the development of the mathematics. Knuth

wanted the book to prepare students for doing original, creative research.

On January 1, 1990, Knuth announced to his colleagues that he would no longer have an e-mail

address, so that he might concentrate on his work.

In 2006, Knuth was diagnosed with prostate cancer. He underwent surgery in December that year

and started "a little bit of radiation therapy [...] as a precaution but the prognosis looks pretty

good," as he reported in his video autobiography.

Knuth was elected as a Fellow (first class of Fellows) of the Society for

Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2009 for his outstanding contributions

to mathematics.


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4.3Computer Programming as an Art

When Communications of the ACM began publi- cation in 1959, the members of ACM'S

Editorial Board made the following remark as they described the purposes of ACM'S

periodicals. "If computer programming is to become an important part of computer

research and development, a transition of programming from an art to a disciplined science

must be effected." Such a goal has been a continually recurring theme during the ensuing

years; for example, we read in 1970 of the "first steps toward transforming the art of

programming into a science" . Meanwhile we have actually succeeded in making our

discipline a science, and in a remarkably simple way: merely by deciding to call it

"computer science." Implicit in these remarks is the notion that there is something

undesirable about an area of human activity

Figure 16 KNUTH IN LAB

4.3.1The Arts of Old

If we go back to Latin roots, we find ars, artis meaning "skill." It is perhaps significant

that the corresponding Greek word was "c~xvn, the root of both "technology" and

"technique." Nowadays when someone speaks of "art" you probably think first of "finearts" such as painting and sculpture, but before the twentieth century the word was

generally used in quite a different sense. Since this older meaning of "art" still survives

in many idioms, especially when we are contrasting art with science, I would like to

spend the next few minutes talking about art in its classical sense. In medieval times, the

first universities were established to teach the seven so-called "liberal arts," namely

grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. Note that this is


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quite different from the curriculum of today's liberal arts colleges, and that at least three

of the original seven liberal arts are important components of computer science. At that

time, an "art" meant something devised by man's intellect, as opposed to activities

derived from nature or instinct; "liberal" arts were liberated or free, in contrast to manual

arts such as plowing. During the middle ages the word "art" by itself usually meant logic

which usually meant the study of syllogisms.

4.4Donald Knuth and Software Patents

http://swpat.ffii.org/players/knuth/index.en.html

Workgroup\\[email protected]

2003-12-15

Donald Knuth, pioneer and cult figure of informatics (computer science),

author of some definitive monumental classics such as The Art of Program -

ming, finds that software patents arebuilt on some basic misunderstandings,

similar to the misunderstandings of certain provincial american legislators in

the 19th century or the medieval catholic church. Computer programs are

as abstract as any algorithm can be, Knuth says.

4.5Knuths humor

Knuth is known for his "professional humor".

He used to pay a finders fee of $2.56 for any typographical errors or mistakes discoveredin his books, because "256 pennies is onehexadecimal dollar", and $0.32 for "valuable

suggestions". (His bounty for errata in 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated, is, however, $3.16).

According to an article in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Technology

Review, these Knuth reward checks are "among computerdom's most prized trophies".

Knuth had to stop sending real checks in 2008 due to bank fraud, and instead now gives

each error finder a "certificate of deposit" from a publicly listed balance in his fictitious

"Bank of San Serriffe". Version numbers of his TeX software approach the number , in that versions increment

in the style 3, 3.1, 3.14. 3.141, and so on. Similarly, version numbers of Metafont

approach the base of the natural logarithm, e.

He once warned a correspondent, "Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only provedit correct, not tried it."


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All appendices in the Computers and Typesetting series have titles that begin with theletter identifying the appendix.

TAOCP volume 3 (First Edition) has the index entry "Royalties, use of, 405". Page 405has no explicit mention of royalties, but however does contain a diagram of an "organ-

pipe arrangement" in Figure 2. Apparently the purchase of the pipe organ in his home

was financed by royalties from TAOCP.(In the second edition of the work, the relevant

page is 407.)

The preface of Concrete Mathematics includes the following anecdote: "When Knuthtaught Concrete Mathematics at Stanford for the first time, he explained the somewhat

strange title by saying that it was his attempt to teach a math course that was hard instead

of soft. He announced that, contrary to the expectations of some of his colleagues, he was

not going to teach the Theory of Aggregates [Aggregate functions or Aggregate

(composite), not Stone's Embedding Theorem, nor even the Stoneech compactificationtheorem. (Several students from the civil engineering department got up and quietly left

the room.)" (Concrete and aggregates are important topics in civil engineering.)

Knuth's "Potrzebie System of Weights and Measures" Knuth published his first "scientific" article in a school magazine in 1957 under the title

"Potrzebie System of Weights and Measures." In it, he defined the fundamental unit of

length as the thickness of MAD magazine #26, and named the fundamental unit of force

"whatmeworry." MADmagazine bought the article and published it in the #33, June 1957

issue. Knuth's first "mathematical" article was a short paper submitted to a "science talent

search" contest for high-school seniors in 1955, and published in 1960, in which he

discussed number systems where the radix was negative. He further generalized this to

number systems where the radix was a complex number. In particular, he defined the

quater-imaginary base system, which uses the imaginary number 2i as the base, having

the unusual feature that every complex number can be represented with the digits 0, 1, 2,

and 3, without a sign.

Knuth's article about the computational complexity of songs, "The Complexity of Songs",was reprinted twice in computer science journals.

To demonstrate the concept, Knuth intentionally referred "Circular definition" and"Definition, circular" to each other in the index of The Art of Computer Programming

Vol. 1.

At the TUG 2010 Conference, Knuth announced an XML-based successor to TeX, titled"iTeX" (pronounced [itks], with a cow bell ringing), which would support features such

as arbitrarily scaled irrational units, 3D printing, animation, and stereographic sound.


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4.6Works

A short list of his works:

Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Volumes 14, Addison-WesleyProfessional

Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms (3rd edition), 1997. Addison-WesleyProfessional,

Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (3rd Edition), 1997. Addison-Wesley Professional

Volume 3: Sorting and Searching (2nd Edition), 1998. Addison-WesleyProfessional,

Volume 4: Combinatorial Algorithms, in preparation Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, fascicles:

Volume 1, Fascicle 1: MMIXA RISC Computer for the NewMillennium, 2005.

Volume 4, Fascicle 0: Introduction to Combinatorial Algorithms andBoolean Functions. 2008.

Volume 4, Fascicle 1: Bitwise Tricks & Techniques; Binary DecisionDiagrams. 2009.

Volume 4, Fascicle 2: Generating All Tuples and Permutations, 2005. Volume 4, Fascicle 3: Generating All Combinations and Partitions, 2005. Volume 4, Fascicle 4: Generating All TreesHistory of Combinatorial

Generation, 2006.

Donald E. Knuth, Computers & Typesetting : Volume A, The TeXbook (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley,

1984),

Volume B, TeX: The Program (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley,1986),

Volume C, The METAFONTbook (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1986)

Volume D, METAFONT: The Program (Reading, Massachusetts:Addison-Wesley, 1986

Volume E, Computer Modern Typefaces (Reading, Massachusetts:Addison-Wesley, 1986)

4.7Awards


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First ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award, 1971 Turing Award, 1974 National Medal of Science, 1979 The Franklin Medal, 1988 John von Neumann Medal, 1995 Harvey Prize from the Technion, 1995 Kyoto Prize, 1996 Katayanagi Prize, 2010


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REFERENCES

www.wikipedia.comwww.atanasooff.comwww.Books.google.com http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/boole.htm http://zeteticgleanings.com/boole.html Roger Parsons' article on Boole THE GREATNESS OF GEORGE BOOLE By William Reville, University

College, Cork.

Knuth, Donald E. Minimizing drum latency time. J. ACM 8 (Apr. 1961)
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.atanasooff.com/http://www.atanasooff.com/http://www.books.google.com/http://www.books.google.com/http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/boole.htmhttp://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/boole.htmhttp://zeteticgleanings.com/boole.htmlhttp://zeteticgleanings.com/boole.htmlhttp://homepages.enterprise.net/rogerp/george/boole.htmlhttp://homepages.enterprise.net/rogerp/george/boole.htmlhttp://homepages.enterprise.net/rogerp/george/boole.htmlhttp://zeteticgleanings.com/boole.htmlhttp://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/boole.htmhttp://www.books.google.com/http://www.atanasooff.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/

pioneers in computer development

Documents