pime 2004 / barcelona, feb. 10, 2004nuclear energy division 1 pime 2004 plenary session february 10,...
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PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 1
PIME 2004
plenary sessionFebruary 10, 2004 – Barcelona
Preparing the future : New challenges for nuclear energy systems
Patrice BERNARDHead of the Nuclear Development and Innovation Division
French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) [email protected]
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 2
World projected energy demand
Source : IIASA/WEC study, « Global Energy Perspectives » , 1998
Gtoe/yearA : High growth (Income, energy, technology)
B : Modest growth
C : Ecologically driven growth
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 3
Towards a revival of nuclear ?
USA : “The NEPD Group recommends that the President support the expansion of nuclear energy in the United States as a major component of our national energy policy.” Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, May 2001
Europe « … the need to keep nuclear power at the heart of Europe’s energy mix » European Parliament resolution, Novembre 2001
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 4
The Evolution of Nuclear Power
Generation I
Generation II
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090
Generation III
First First ReactorsReactors
UNGG
CHOOZ
Current Current ReactorsReactors
REP 900
REP 1300
N4 EPR
Advanced Advanced ReactorsReactors
Future Future SystemsSystems
Generation IV
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 5
USA + 1500 Power Plants
by 2020 including nuclear (> 50 GWe)
FINLAND 5th reactor
Source : TotalFinaElf0%
20%
40%
60%
1900 1950 2000 2050
Coal R en
Oil
Gas
HydroNuclear
KOREAnuclear capacity increase + 9 Gwe
by ~ 2015
INDIA nuclear capacity
increase from 2.5 to 20 GWe by 2020
JAPAN nuclear capacity
increase + 21 Gwe by 2012
CHINA nuclear capacity
increase > 30 Gweby 2020
BRAZIL Nuclear Program
Revival
USA + 1500 Power Plants
by 2020 including nuclear (> 50 GWe)
FINLAND 5th reactor
Source : TotalFinaElf0%
20%
40%
60%
1900 1950 2000 20500%
20%
40%
60%
1900 1950 2000 2050
Coal R en
Oil
Gas
HydroNuclear
KOREAnuclear capacity increase + 9 Gwe
by ~ 2015
INDIA nuclear capacity
increase from 2.5 to 20 GWe by 2020
JAPAN nuclear capacity
increase + 21 Gwe by 2012
CHINA nuclear capacity
increase > 30 Gweby 2020
BRAZIL Nuclear Program
Revival
Significant prospects for nuclear energy in the world
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 6
Gen III : a mature technology for near term development
Generation III reactors identified as
‘Near Term Deployment’ by the Generation IV Forum
Advanced Pressurized Water Reactors
AP 600, AP 1000, APR1400, APWR+, EPR
Advanced Boiling Water Reactors
ABWR II, ESBWR, HC-BWR, SWR-1000
Advanced Heavy Water Reactors
ACR-700 (Advanced CANDU Reactor 700)
Small and middle range power integrated Reactors
CAREM, IMR, IRIS, SMART
High Temperature, Gas Cooled, Modular Reactors
GT-MHR, PBMR
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 7
Gen III / EPR : significant improvements in safety,
Le projet EPRLe projet EPR
Core meltspreading area
Double-wall containmentwith ventilation and filtration system
Containmentheat removalsystem
Four-trainredundancyfor main safeguardsystems
Inner refueling
water storage tank
EPR
… but also in economics, waste reduction and U preservation
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 8
• Concepts with breakthroughsConcepts with breakthroughsMinimization of wastes
Preservation of resources
Non Proliferation
Systems expected to reach technical maSystems expected to reach technical maturity by 2030turity by 2030
Assets for new marketsAssets for new markets - hydrogen production
- direct use of heat- sea water desalination
An internaAn internatitionally shared R&Donally shared R&D
New requirements for sustainable nuclear energyNew requirements for sustainable nuclear energy
Génération IV
International Forum
Members
Génération IV
International Forum
Members
U.S.A.U.S.A.
ArgentinaArgentina
BrazilBrazil
CanadaCanadaFranceFrance
JapanJapan
South AfricaSouth Africa
UnitedUnitedKingdomKingdom
South KoreaSouth Korea
SwitzerlSwitzerlandand
GEN IV : towards sustainable nuclear energy
• GradualGradual improvements in : improvements in : Competitiveness
Safety and reliability
E.U.E.U.
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 9
Very High Temperature Reactor
6 Innovative concepts with technological breakthroughs
Sodium Fast reactor
Closed Fuel Cycle
Once Through
Supercritical Water Reactor
Once/Closed
Molten Salt Reactor
Closed Fuel Cycle
Closed Fuel Cycle
Lead Fast Reactor
Gas Fast Reactor
Closed Fuel Cycle
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 10
Gen IV Systems : an integrated cycle with full actinide recycling
• A drastic minimization of ultimate wastes : - very small volumes, - hundreds of years compared to hundreds of thousands
• A optimal use of energetic materials : thousands of years duration
Unat
Actinides
Spentfuel
Ultimate wastes
FP
GEN IV FR
Treatment and
Re-fabrication
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 11
FPMA + FP
Spent fuel(Pu + MA + FP)
Natural uranium ore
Time (years)
Rel
ativ
e ra
dio
toxi
city
FPMA + FP
Spent fuel(Pu + MA + FP)
Natural uranium ore
Time (years)
Rel
ativ
e ra
dio
toxi
city
Evolution of the radiotoxicity
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 12
GEN IV : Gas Cooled Reactors
VHTR
GFR
HTR
Fast neutrons Full Actinide recycling
Hydrogen production
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 13
Nuclear energy will be essential for :• Electrical power generation
… but also for new markets :• Hydrogen production• Direct use of Heat• Sea water desalination
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO2+H2O+
O221
H2SO4
SO2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2
+ 2HI
H2SO4
SO2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1 O22121
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO2+H2O+
O221
H2SO4
SO2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2
+ 2HI
H2SO4
SO2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
Very High Temperature ReactorVery High Temperature Reactor
Hydrogen : a new energy vector
Fuel Cell Prototypevehicle
(hydrogen)
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 14
kWth
1000
100
10
1
1000
100
10
MWth
réacteur
Puissance
10 100 1000 10000
durée d'impulsion (s)
JET
ITER
Réacteur
Tore Supra
Fusion : a necessary demonstration step
Power
Reactor
Pulse length
REACTOR
Dec. 2003 : 6 min.
16 MW
~ 2035 : scientific feasibility.
~ 2070 ? Demonstration
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 15
Calendar for the ITER Project
1990 2005 2015 2035
Engineering Construction Operation
PIME 2004 / Barcelona, Feb. 10, 2004Nuclear Energy Division 16
Conclusion
Increasing needs for the next 50 years and beyond ; nuclear energy should play a key role
Demonstrated performances of current GEN II reactors : safe and competitive.
An expected gradual implementation of GEN III reactors between 2000 and 2030 with new improvements
Next step in Fission : Gen IV systems should reach technical maturity by 2030, allowing for a sustainable energy for thousands of years
Prospect for the long term, Fusion : • a necessary demonstration feasibility with ITER• a possible complementary path for long term energy
supply