Pilot Scale 3-D Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix Study to Enhance Recycled Water Groundwater Recharge

ANDY CAMPBELL, PG, CHG – IEUA JULIA REGNERY, PhD – CSM JÖRG DREWES, PhD – TUM

TECHNICAL CONFERENCE FEBRUARY 23, 2017

IEUA - WMWD

2

SAN DIGEO COUNTY WATER AUTHORITY

IEUA Historical GWR Operations

3

FY16/17 Through

December

TOC Influence on Recycled Water Contribution

4

• Recycled Water Contribution (RWC) is a permit limit for percent recycled water GWR

• RWC is Water Quality Limited • RWC = 0.5 mg/L ÷ TOC Average

• 1.0 mg/L TOC allows 50% RWC • 2.0 mg/L TOC allows 25% RWC

• IEUA Permit Limits • 2005, initial limit of 20% • 2007, limit 0.5/TOC avg, max 50%

A graphical representation of excitation wavelengths and the intensities of emitted wavelengths from a water sample excited by fluorescent light.

The 3D-FEEM methodology can differentiate trace dissolved organic material in water source waters by providing unique patterns on the FEEM diagrams.

3-Dimensional Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix (3D-FEEM)

SWP Water from CB-18 5

Purpose

1. Evaluate 3D-Flourescence Excitation-Emission Matrix (3D-FEEM) method for identifying recycled water in groundwater.

2. Evaluate multiple sample locations and sources to characterize trace organics and their reduction with recharge

3. Compared test results of three sources to understand a source water’s fate compared to recycled water recharge

4. Develop an alternative monitoring method to allow additional recycled water recharge by increasing permitted RWC

5. Open dialog with Division of Drinking Water on the project and how RWC regulations relate to trace organics removal

6

Tasks and Deliverables

Tasks • Task 1: Developing and Conducting

the Sampling Protocols

• Task 2: Reporting of Project Testing Methods, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

• Task 3: Discussing & Interacting with California Division of Drinking Water

• Task 4: Progress, Final, and Long-Term Reporting to Metropolitan

Deliverables

• Tech Memo 1: Sampling Plan and Protocols

• Tech Memo 2: Project Testing Methods, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

• Tech Memo 3: Summary of Discussions & Interaction with CDPH

7

Task 1: Sampling Task

Source Waters • Imported Water (SWP) • Storm Water • Recycled Water

• RP1-RP4 (Blend) • WRCRWA West Riverside

Laboratory Analyses • TOC, EC • 3D Fluorescence EMM • Wastewater Indicators

Sampling Methods • Source water • Surface water • Lysimeters • Mound Well

Recharge Locations

• RP3 Basin • Declez Basin • Turner Basin • Hickory Basin

8

1,7-Dimethylxanthine Chlorotoluron Iohexal Propylparaben2,4-D Cimetidine Iopromide Quinoline4-nonylphenol - semi quantitative Clofibric Acid Isobutylparaben Simazine4-tert-Octylphenol Cotinine Isoproturon SucraloseAcesulfame-K Cyanazine Ketoprofen SulfachloropyridazineAcetaminophen DACT Ketorolac SulfadiazineAlbuterol DEA Lidocaine SulfadimethoxineAmoxicillin (semi-quantitative) DEET Lincomycin SulfamerazineAndorostenedione Dehydronifedipine Linuron SulfamethazineAtenolol DIA Lopressor SulfamethizoleAtrazine Diazepam Meclofenamic Acid SulfamethoxazoleAzithromycin Diclofenac Meprobamate SulfathiazoleBendroflumethiazide Dilantin Metazachlor TCEPBezafibrate Diltiazem Methylparaben TCPPBPA Diuron Metolachlor TDCPPBromacil Erythromycin Naproxen TestosteroneButalbital Estradiol Nifedipine TheobromineButylparaben Estrone Norethisterone TheophyllineCaffeine Ethinyl Estradiol - 17 alpha Oxolinic acid TriclocarbanCarbadox Ethylparaben Pentoxifylline TriclosanCarbamazepine Flumeqine Phenazone TrimethoprimCarisoprodol Fluoxetine Primidone WarfarinChloramphenicol Gemfibrozil ProgesteroneChloridazon Ibuprofen Propazine

Wastewater Indicators

9

Task 3: Meetings with the State Division of Drinking Water

• Meeting 1: Present the project plan and receive input on the development of the Task 1 sampling and plan.

• Meeting 2: Present Tech Memo 2

• Meeting 3: Review Tech Memo 2 findings, recommendations, and their impact on IEUA’s permitting of recharge using recycled water.

10

Study Recharge Sites

RP4

RP1

11

Types of Recharge Basins

12

Transfer Basins w/ Pump Station

Jurupa Basin

Flow-Through Declez Basin

Off Channel Turner Basins

Off Channel/ Receiving RP3 Basins

RP3 Basin Sampling Locations Mound

Monitoring Well Lysimeter

Cluster

13

• IMPORTED WATER • Feb. 2014 to Apr. 2014 • RP-3 and Declez, only

• RECYCLED WATER • Feb. 2014 to Dec. 2014 • Turner 1, Turner 4, RP3, and Hickory

• STORM WATER • Mar. 2014 to Feb. 2015 • Turner 1, Turner 4, RP3, Declez, and Hickory Basins

Source Water Sampling Window

14

15

Environmental Interference

16

1 3 2 4 6

5

1 3 2 4 6

5

1 3 2 4 6

5

16

Six Components Identified by PARAFAC Modeling Compared To Previously Identified Sources

17

• Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is a three-way statistical method to decompose fluorescence EEMs into their underlying spectra

• PARAFAC allows semi-quantitative assessment of individual components

PARAFAC Analysis

18

Attenuation of Fmax – imported water

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Fmax

[R.U

.]

Component 6Component 5Component 4Component 3Component 2Component 1

19

Attenuation of Fmax – recycled water

0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.00

Fmax

[R.U

.] Component 6Component 5Component 4Component 3Component 2Component 1

20

Attenuation of Fmax - stormwater

0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.00

Fmax

[R.U

.] Component 6Component 5Component 4Component 3Component 2Component 1

21

Physical constraints of basin operational added complexity and interference to the sensitive 3DFEEM method

3DFEEM signatures of sources water were masked by blending and trace chemical interference

PARAFAC (parallel factor) analysis was useful to generate quantitative changes in the organic matter

PARAFAC showed source water DOC differences, but more representative sampling is needed to see significant differences

DOC is reduced with depth regardless of the source and despite anthropogenic trace organics from maintenance

Findings

22

1. Source blending occurs during recharge and SAT continues into the groundwater mound

2. Independent of the source water, SAT was robust in attenuating DOM and DOC was consistent at the mound

3. A 3DFEEM approach can be useful as a monitoring tool for long-term SAT performance despite encountered issues

4. Findings support IEUA’s recent request to maximize the blend ratio to 50% RWC for the Chino Basin recharge sites

5. SAT remains effective and has through the nearly 12-year history of the IEUA recharge program

Conclusions

23

Further studies of source waters should be limited to fewer basins having better source water control

Mixing of source waters should be avoided and longer periods of basin draining or drying out should occur between source waters

Maintenance chemical applications should also be minimized or avoided.

Recommendations

“I love the desert” “I love the Chino Basin”

24