Pile TypesPile Types2009 PDCA Professor Pile 2009 PDCA Professor Pile

InstituteInstitute

Patrick Hannigan

GRL Engineers, Inc.

COMMON PILE TYPES COMMON PILE TYPES

Timber PrecastConcrete

SteelPipe

SteelH

Composite

Timber Pile OverviewTimber Pile OverviewTYPICAL LENGTHS 15 to 75 ft. Southern Pine

15 to 120 ft Douglas Fir

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ASTM D25AWPA-UC4A, 4B, 4C, 5B and 5C

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.8 to 1.2 ksi (on pile toe area).Driving Stress: 3 x Design Stress.

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 10 to 55 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Difficult to Splice.Vulnerable to Damage at Head and Toe in Hard Driving.Vulnerable to Decay (intermittently submerged) Unless Treated.

ADVANTAGES Comparatively Low Initial Cost.Easy to Handle.Resistant to Decay (permanently submerged).

REMARKS Best Suited for Friction Piles in Granular Soils.

Timber PilesTimber Piles

Timber PilesTimber Piles

Timber Pile - Toe Timber Pile - Toe ProtectionProtection

Timber Pile - BandingTimber Pile - Banding

TYPICAL LENGTHS 15 to 120 feet.

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ASTM A-572, A-588, or A-690 (Fy = 50 ksi)

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.25 to 0.33 Fy (12.5 - 16.5 ksi)Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy (45 ksi)

TYPICAL DESIGNLOADS

45 to 285 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Vulnerable to Corrosion.Not Recommended as Friction Pile in Granular Soils.

ADVANTAGES Available in Various Lengths and Sizes.Easy to Splice.High Capacity.Low Soil Displacements.May Penetrate Larger Obstructions with Driving Shoes.

REMARKS Best Suited for Toe Bearing on Rock.

H-Pile OverviewH-Pile Overview

H-PilesH-Piles

H-Pile - Toe H-Pile - Toe ProtectionProtection

H-Pile - SplicesH-Pile - Splices

Full Penetration Groove Weld H-pile Splicer

H-Pile - SplicesH-Pile - Splices

Open End Pipe Pile Open End Pipe Pile OverviewOverview

TYPICAL LENGTHS 15 to 150 feet or greater.

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ASTM A-252, Grade 2 or 3 (Fy = 35 or 45 ksi) ACI 318 - for concrete (if filled)ASTM A-572 - for core (if used)

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.25 Fy to 0.33 Fy (on steel) + 0.40 f’c (on concrete, if filled)Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy (31.5 to 40.5 ksi)

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 80 to 1500 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Vulnerable to Corrosion.

ADVANTAGES Available in Various Lengths, Diameters & WallThicknesses.Pile Can be Cleaned Out and Driven Deeper.High Capacity.Low Soil Displacements.Easy to Splice.High Bending Resistance on Unsupported Length.

Outside Cutting ShoeOutside Cutting Shoe

Inside Cutting ShoeInside Cutting Shoe

Large Diameter Open Ended Large Diameter Open Ended PipePipe

Spin Fin PileSpin Fin Pile

Closed End Pipe Pile Closed End Pipe Pile OverviewOverview

TYPICAL LENGTHS 15 to 120 feet.

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ASTM A-252, Grade 2 or 3 (Fy = 35 or 45 ksi) ACI 318 - for concrete

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.25 Fy (on steel) + 0.40 f’c (on concrete)Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy (31.5 to 40.5 ksi)

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 40 to 300 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Soil Displacement.

ADVANTAGES Available in Various Lengths, Diameters & WallThicknesses.Easy to Splice.High Capacity Potential.

REMARKS High Bending Resistance Where Unsupported Length isLoaded Laterally.

Typical Pipe Pile Closure Typical Pipe Pile Closure PlatePlate

Flat Closure Plate

Fillet

Weld

Conical Pipe Pile TipConical Pipe Pile Tip

Pipe Pile - SplicingPipe Pile - Splicing

Pipe Pile - SplicingPipe Pile - Splicing

Internal Internal Pipe Pile Pipe Pile InspectioInspectio

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ConcretConcrete e

PlacemePlacementnt

Monotube PilesMonotube PilesTYPICAL LENGTHS 15 to 80 feet .

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ACI 318 - for concreteSAE-1010 - for s tee l

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design St ress: 0 .25 F y (on s teel ) + 0.40 f ’ c (on concrete)Dr iv ing St ress: 0 .90 Fy

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 45 to 200 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Soil D isp lacement.

ADVANTAGES Can Be Inspected Af ter Dr iv ing.Tapered Sect ions Provide High Resis tance in GranularSoils .

REMARKS Best Sui ted for Fr ic t ion P i le in Granular Soi ls .

Monotube PilesMonotube Piles

Cut V Notches at 90˚

Grind V NotchesFillet Weld

Monotube Monotube SplicingSplicing

Tapertube PilesTapertube PilesTYPICAL LENGTHS 15 to 80 feet .

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ACI 318 - for concreteASTM A-252 for s tee l

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design St ress: 0 .25 F y (on s teel ) + 0.40 f ’ c (on concrete)Dr iv ing St ress: 0 .90 Fy

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 45 to 200 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Soil D isp lacement.

ADVANTAGES Can Be Inspected Af ter Dr iv ing.Tapered Sect ions Provide High Resis tance in GranularSoils .

REMARKS Best Sui ted for Fr ic t ion P i le in Granular Soi ls .

Tapertube PilesTapertube Piles

Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Driven)Driven)

TYPICAL LENGTHS 50 to 80 feet (Shorter & Longer Lengths Possible.)

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ACI 318 - for concrete

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.33 f’c (0.40 f’c may be allowed)Driving Stress: Function of Mandrel & Shell

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 45 to 150 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Thin Shell Vulnerable to Damage or Collapse.Redriving Not Recommended.May Be Difficult to Splice.Soil Displacement.

ADVANTAGES Initial Economy.Can Be Inspected After Driving.Tapered Sections Provide High Resistance in GranularSoils.

REMARKS Best Suited for Friction Pile in Granular Soils.

Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Driven)Driven)

Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Driven)Driven)

Prestressed Concrete Prestressed Concrete OverviewOverview

TYPICAL LENGTHS 30 to 130 feet.

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ACI 318 - for concrete. ASTM A-82, A-615, A-722 & A-884 - for reinforcing steel.ASTM A-416, A-421, A-882 - for prestress.

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.33 f’c - 0.27 fpe (on gross concrete area)Driving Stress: 0.85 f’c - fpe (in compression) 3 f’c + fpe (in tension)

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 45 to 500 tons.

DISADVANTAGES Relatively High Breakage Rate.Soil Displacement.Can be Difficult to Splice.

ADVANTAGES High Load Capacity.Corrosion Resistance Obtainable.Hard Driving Possible.Cylinder Piles Well Suited for Bending Resistance.

3 f’c + fpe (in tension)

Prestressed ConcretePrestressed Concrete

Prestressed ConcretePrestressed Concrete

Prestressed Concrete Prestressed Concrete DetailsDetails

Typical Sizes

10 – 20 inch

20 – 36 inch

11 – 18 inch void

10 – 24 inch

11 – 15 inch void

ConcretConcrete Pile e Pile

SplicesSplices

MechanicMechanical Spliceal Splice

Welded Welded SpliceSplice

EpoxyEpoxy--

DowelDowelSpliceSplice

Prestressed Concrete - Prestressed Concrete - CutoffCutoff

Cylinder PilesCylinder Piles

Cylinder Pile DetailsCylinder Pile Details

Typical Sizes

36, 42, 48, 54, & 66 inch O.D.

5 & 6 inch wall

Composite PilesComposite PilesTYPICAL LENGTHS 50 to 200 feet.

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

ASTM A-572 for H-section. ASTM A-252 for pipe sections.ASTM D-25 for timber sections.ACI 318 for concrete sections.

MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: Dependent upon Pile Materials Used.Driving Stress: Dependent upon Pile Materials Used.

TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS 30 to 200 tons.

DISADVANTAGES May be Difficult to Attain Good Joint Between Materials.

ADVANTAGES May Solve Unusual Design or Installation Problems.High Capacity May be Possible Depending on Materials. May Reduce Foundation Cost.

REMARKS Weakest Material Governs Allowable Stresses and Capacity.

Concrete – H-pile

Pipe – H-pile

Composite PilesComposite Piles

Pipe - Concrete

Corrugated Shell - Timber

Composite PilesComposite Piles

Steel Sheet PilingSteel Sheet Piling• Manufacturing - hot rolled

• Typical lengths: 15-70 feet

• Material specifications: ASTM A572, ASTM A690

• Maximum stresses– Design bending stress: 0.65 Fy – Design axial stress: analyze combined stresses– Design driving stress (impact hammer): 0.90 Fy

• Disadvantages: driving through boulders or other obstructions

• Advantages:– Minimal excavation requirements– Reduces space requirements for construction work– Manufactured with 100 percent scrap metal– Forms continuous walls for use in cofferdams, bulkheads, flood

protection walls, and others applications

Sheet Pile TypesSheet Pile Types

U pile wallZ pile wall

Combination wall

Wall TypesWall Types

DolphinDolphin(steel sheet piles)(steel sheet piles)

PILE SELECTIONPILE SELECTION

• Practice of having a standard or Practice of having a standard or favorite pile type is favorite pile type is NOTNOT recommendedrecommended

• Each type has advantages & Each type has advantages & disadvantagesdisadvantages

• Several pile types or sections may Several pile types or sections may meet the project design requirementsmeet the project design requirements

PILE SELECTIONPILE SELECTION

Therefore, all candidate pile types Therefore, all candidate pile types should be carried forward in the should be carried forward in the design processdesign process

Final pile selection should be based Final pile selection should be based on most economical section meeting on most economical section meeting the design requirementsthe design requirements

Site Considerations on Pile Site Considerations on Pile SelectionSelection

Remote areas may restrict equipment size.Remote areas may restrict equipment size.

Local availability of pile materials and capabilities of local Local availability of pile materials and capabilities of local contractors.contractors.

Waterborne operations may dictate use of shorter pile Waterborne operations may dictate use of shorter pile sections.sections.

Steep terrain may make use of certain pile equipment Steep terrain may make use of certain pile equipment costly or impossible.costly or impossible.

Noise restrictions, vibration levels, or other environmental Noise restrictions, vibration levels, or other environmental considerations may influence equipment selection and/or considerations may influence equipment selection and/or installation techniques. installation techniques.

Subsurface Effects on Pile Subsurface Effects on Pile SelectionSelection

Typical Problem Recommendation

Boulders over Bearing Stratum

Loose Cohesionless Soil

Use Heavy Low Displacement Pile With Shoe. Include Contingent Predrilling Item in Contract.

Use Tapered Pile to Develop Maximum Shaft Resistance.

Negative Shaft Resistance Avoid Batter Piles. Use Smooth Steel Pile to Minimize Drag Load or Use Bitumen Coating or Plastic Wrap. Could Also Use Higher Design Stress.

Deep Soft Clay Use Rough Concrete Piles to Increase Adhesion and Rate of Pore Water Dissipation.

Typical Problem Recommendation

Artesian Pressure

Scour

Hydrostatic Pressure May Cause Collapse of Mandrel Driven Shell Piles and Thin Wall Pipe. Pile Heave Common on Closed End Pipe.

Adequate Pile Capacity Should be Developed Below Scour Depth (Design Load x SF). Tapered Pile Should Be Avoided Unless Taper Extends Below Scour Depth.

Coarse Gravel Deposits Use Prestressed Concrete Piles Where Hard Driving is Expected.

Subsurface Effects on Pile Subsurface Effects on Pile SelectionSelection

Pile Shape Effects on Pile Pile Shape Effects on Pile SelectionSelection

Shape Characteristic Pile Types Placement Effects

Displacement Closed End Steel Pipe

Prestressed Concrete

Increase Lateral Ground Stress.

Densify Cohesionless Soils.

Temporarily Remolds and Weakens Cohesive Soils.

Setup Time for Large Pile Groups in Sensitive Clays May Be Up To Six Months.

Shape Characteristic Pile Types Placement Effects

Low Displacement Steel H-pile

Open End Steel Pipe

Minimal Disturbance to Soil.

Not Recommended for Friction Piles in Coarse Granular Soils. Piles Often Have Low Driving Resistances in These Deposits Making Field Capacity Verification Difficult Resulting in Excessive Pile Lengths Installed.

Pile Shape Effects on Pile Pile Shape Effects on Pile SelectionSelection

Shape Characteristic Pile Types Placement Effects

Tapered Timber

Monotube

Tapertube

Thin Wall Shells

Increased Densification of Soil.

High Capacity for Short Penetration Depth in Granular Soils.

Pile Shape Effects on Pile Pile Shape Effects on Pile SelectionSelection

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Additional Information at www.piledrivers.org

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