CREATED BY:CREATED BY:

NOURMA AGUSTINRIRIN KUSUMA NINGSIH

PUJI RAHAYU

PIDGINIZATION HYPOTHESIS

Pidginization HypothesisPidginization Hypothesis

Schumann’s pidginization hypothesis inspired by the branch of sociolinguistics which concerns it with the study of contact languages (pidgins and creoles)

Pidgin languages are contact varieties without native speakers which arise in settings of military labor trade contact, scenery or plantation labor.

PidginizationPidginization“the speech of the SL learner will be restricted to the communication function if the learner is socially and / or psychologically distant from the speakers of the target language” (Schumann. [1976]. Second language acquisition: The pidginization hypothesis. Language Learning, 26, 391-408).

What is Pidgin?What is Pidgin? A language developed by speakers of

distinct languages who come in contact with one another and share no common language.

Venues: trade, plantation Examples: Sabir (Mediterranean); Tok Pisin

(Papua New Guinea); Hawaiian Pidgin English; various Pidgin languages of Pacific Northwest, involving native American language, English / Russian

Pidgins are usually based on a dominant language (English, French, Dutch, Russian), but contain relatively more / less lexical / syntactic items from other languages.

Sebba (1997:69) mentions Sebba (1997:69) mentions the main characteristics the main characteristics

pidgins as follows :pidgins as follows :

• Have no native speakers;• Are the result of contact between two or more

languages;• Are not initially intelligible with their source

language;• Usually draw most of their vocabulary from one

language;• Have grammar which are simplified and reduced

compared with the grammars of their input languages;

• Tend to have simple phonological systems;• Tend to have analytic (isolating) or agglutinating

morphology;• Tend to have semantically transparent

relationship between words and meaning;• have small vocabularies where he words cover a

wide semantic range.

The following features are usual in the grammar of pidgin languages.

(Sebba, 1997; 39).

No definite or indefinite article, No copula to be, No complex sentence, No passive forms, Very few or no inflections for number, case,

tense, etc., and Analytic constructions used to mark

possessive, e.g. x of y rather than y’s x.

Pidginization is the Pidginization is the result of social and result of social and

psychological distancepsychological distanceThere are 2 ways in which the degree of acculturation can lead to pidgin language.

It controls the level of input that the learner receives

It reflects the function which the learner wishes to use the L2.

Schumann (1987:33) and Ellis Schumann (1987:33) and Ellis (2002: 252-253) discuss 3 major (2002: 252-253) discuss 3 major

functions of this language:functions of this language:

The communicative functions, which concerns the transmission of purely referential, denotative information.

The integrative function, which involves the use of language to mark the speaker as a member of particular social-group

The expressive function, which consists of the use of language to display linguistic virtuosity (e.g. in literary uses).

Creoles is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people.

Creoles is spoken as a first language by children of Pidgin speakers.

What is the difference What is the difference between between

Pidgin and Creoles ?Pidgin and Creoles ?

1. 1. Maritime or Nautical Pidgins; communication between sailors and people from other nations on board vessels or in coastal areas. For examples: pidgin used in the Mediterranean area, pidgin of Iceland

2. Interethnic Contact Languages; used in spreading religion, political negotiations and other procedures where people with no common language try to communicate. The Amerindian-lexifier pidgins such as Chinook Jargon of the American Northwest, the Delaware Jargon or the Mobilian Jargon are good examples of this.

There are three types of

pidgin:

3. Work Force Pidgins; There are two different kinds of work force pidgin.

First, pidgin developed with the contact between colonial people & the local workers in their households such as Butler English and Bamboo English in India.

The second type developed in multilingual work forces, for example, the Hawaiian-lexifier and English-lexifier pidgins of Hawaii or the Japanese -Malay pidgins in Australia.

"Why does Miss Willis often laugh? Fraulein used to always cry."

EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF PIDGINPIDGINEarly Hawai'i Pidgin English spoken in Honolulu in the

late 19th century: “What for Miss Willis laugh all time? Before Fraulein cry all time”"Sapos yu kaikai planti pinat, bai yu kamap strong olsem phantom." "Fantom, yu pren tru bilong mi. Inap yu ken helpim mi nau?""Fantom, em i go we?"

Pidgin taken from a famous comic strip in Papua New Guinea'If you eat plenty of

peanuts, you will come up strong like the phantom.''Phantom, you are a true friend of mine. Are you able to help me now?'1Where did he go?'

THANK THANK YOUYOU