Pick a product and brainstorm the similarities among all of these products

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PLANT UNITS

ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS

Photosynthesis: a life-sustaining process

Produce glucose energy source for plants and consumers

Plants: the base of the food chain in many ecosystem

Responsible for atmospheric oxygen

The Biosphere Depends on Plants

Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration and explain why photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complimentary processes?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + EnergyComplimentary processes because the products of

cellular respiration are the reactants of PS and vice versa.

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellulose: a large and complex carbohydrate

We cannot digest it but can use it in different ways

Examples: grass for cattle, Cottons, fabrics, paper, cardboard

The Biosphere Depends on Plants

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Plants as a Food Source-important crops: sugar cane, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans and barley1 in 7 jobs in Canada is in agriculture10% of Canada’s GDP

Plants as a Source of Biochemicals

25% of prescription medicines contain plant extracts

Rosy periwinkle - childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s. Survival rates have gone from 20% to 90%

Ginseng – immune system functionPlants as Biofuels

Coals –decomposed plants buried deep underground

Biofuels: fuels that are produced from renewable biological sources

Most biofuels come from corn (ethanol).

1 L of fossil fuel to produce 1.25L of corn ethanol

Plants help control erosion

The paradox of farming: farmers need good soil to farm, yet farming destroys good soil.

Soil erosion can be reduced by covering the area with plants

One type of plant is grown in place of the natural ecosystem

Monoculture

Pros of this approach Cons of this approach

• increase crop yield• ease of caring

• nutrient depletion in soil• vulnerable to pests• require synthetic fertilizers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiYDG11zIUs

Sustainable Agriculture

An approach that integrates economics, the environment and society in meeting the nutritional needs of the world

Crop rotations, natural predators, laborers vs. machines

Food Security

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Plants evolved about 500 million years ago from simple green algae that lived in the ocean.

All plants are autotrophic and some, like the Venus fly-trap, can also be heterotrophic.

All plants are eukaryotic and multicellular.

Kingdom Plantae

What adaptations do these plants have for life on land?

What adaptations do these plants have for life on land? Vascular tissue to transport fluids against gravity

Roots to gain access to water

Light weight pollen and seeds for dispersal by wind, water, pollinators

Flowers to attract pollinators

Protective coating to resist desiccation

Fruits to protect seeds from dryness and disperse them to the right locations for germination

Waxy cuticle and stomata in leaves to minimize water loss and maximize CO2 intake

Contain a nucleus and organelles, and 2 special features:

Cell wall (made of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, provides rigid structural support; difficult to digest)

Chloroplast (organelle that conducts photosynthesis)

Plant Cells

Fungi: more related to plants or animals? WHY (evidence)?

More related to AnimalsEvidence:•Similar protein sequences (molecular evidence)•Chitin in cell wall•Heterotrophs/saprobes•Store sugars as glycogen

• How can plants stand up straight without a skeleton? 14

We have seen this hierarchy in animals…it also exists in plants

Basic tissues types in Vascular plants

Tissue types Examples Major function

1. Meristematic

tissue

- Producing new cells

-undifferentiated embryonic plant tissue from which all other plant tissues develop

2. Dermal tissue

Guard cells: surround stoma (plural: stomata)-stomata are openings in leaves where gas exchange takes placeRoot hairs: increase surface area available for absorption of water and nutrients

Protective outer covering of the plant

3. Ground tissue

Form most of the plant’s internal and external materialContains parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells, storage and support

In stems: provide strength & supportIn leaves: where PS occursContains -parenchyma, -collenchyma and-sclerenchyma cells

4. Vascular tissue

transports water, minerals, nutrients and provide support

Recall: Vascular bundles = xylem + phloem

Xylem cells: - dead cells, stacked end-to-end-transport water & mineralsfrom roots to other parts of plant

Stem cross section

Phloem cells:- living cells; smaller diameter than xylem.

- Transport sugars from leaves to other parts

Classifying Plants

Shoot system (above ground): Stems: provide structural support and transport materialsLeaves: photosynthesis

Root system (underground): anchors the plant by penetrating the soilabsorbs water and nutrients

Vascular Plant Organ Systems

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1. Main photosynthetic organ

2. Broad, flat surface increases surface area for light absorption

3. Have systems to prevent water loss• Stomata open in day but close at

night or when hot to conserve water

4. System of gas exchange

• Allow CO2 in and O2 out of leafElephant Ear Plant

Leaves & its structure

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Upper leaf Function1. Cuticle prevent water from evaporate

2. Epidermis tissue protect leaf; do not perform photosynthesis

Middle leaf Function

1. Mesophyll tissueconsists of palisade tissue cells and spongy

parenchyma cells

1a. Palisade tissue cells

perform photosynthesis, have lots of chloroplasts inside. Lots of mitochondria as well for cellular respiration

1b. Spongy parenchyma

below palisade tissue. Contain loosely packed cells. This creates spaces like a sponge to store water vapour, O2, CO2 for photosynthesis

4. Vascular bundlesmade up of xylem and phloem; form veins that acts like

water and nutrient pipes that deliver to all cells in leaf

Lower leaf Function

1. Epidermis also the layer that protects leaves. Contain guard cells

2. Guard cells

Every 2 guard cells creates an opening called stomata which allow CO2 to enter leaves and O2 and water vapour to exit the leaves. Many guard cells across leaf's lower surface

Functions

1.Absorb H2O &

minerals

2.Anchor the plant in soil

3.Store carbohydrates, water and nutrients

Root Types of roots

1 -Taproot:- Can reach far underground for water- Anchor plant firmly in the ground- Plants with this type of root are harder to pull outE.g. dandelion root

2. Fibrous root:- Near soil surface- Cover large surface area to look for water right under soil surface-helps prevent soil erosion and landslides.

Monocots and Dicots MonocotNon-woody plants

DicotWoody plants

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One

cotyledon

cotyledon

Two

Plants though immobile can defend themselves

Watch for your interest:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs