pices north pacific ecosystem status report and world ocean
TRANSCRIPT
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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PICES North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report and World Ocean Assessment ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop
Honolulu, Hawaii 13-16 June 2013
Co-Convenors: Keith Criddle (US), Mitsutaku Makino (Japan), Ian Perry (Can), Thomas Therriault (Can)
Meeting Objectives/Background
The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) is an intergovernmental organization formed to promote increased scientific understanding of the North Pacific Ocean. One mechanism PICES has used to convey information on ecosystem status and trends is the North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report (NPESR). The two previous reports have highlighted climatic, oceanographic, and biological changes. Socioeconomic aspects have been identified as an important gap to be filled in the next iteration. Separately, the United Nations has embarked on a Regular Process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment known as the World Ocean Assessment (WOA). The objectives of the WOA neatly complement the PICES NPESR which currently is in its third cycle. The purpose of this meeting is to assemble information on social and economic – or "human dimension" – indicators for marine ecosystems in the North Pacific. This information will be used in the next iteration of the PICES NPESR and will be beneficial for the first WOA. Participants will contribute to the following workshop objectives:
* Compile and review socioeconomic data for the North Pacific to identify human dimension indicators to be employed in the 3rd NPESR
* Identify data gaps that would limit the application/utility of human dimension indicators
* Identify additional socioeconomic data sources to inform the First WOA
* Engage PICES member countries in the WOA process and strengthen linkages between PICES, other intergovernmental organizations, and the WOA Group of Experts.
Workshop Agenda
The Workshop agenda is provided as Appendix 1 to this report.
Workshop Participants
The participants to this workshop are provided in Appendix 2 to this report.
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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Workshop Presentations
PDF versions of the presentations given at the workshop are available at the PICES Section on Human Dimensions web page (http://www.pices.int/members/sections/S-HD.aspx) in the Products box for 2013.
The background to PICES, to the first two editions of the PICES North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report (see Appendix 3), and to the PICES Section on Human Dimensions were presented by Drs. Tom Therriault, Ian Perry, and Mitsutaku Makino (respectively).
In discussion, it was noted that the first PICES Ecosystem Status Report, published in 2004, had a small section on the “human dimensions”, mostly relating to relatively populations and population growth in nations around the North Pacific. In the second PICES Ecosystem Status Report, there was no mention of the “human dimensions” other than for fishing as a top-down pressure. The issue of the appropriate spatial scale for information on human dimensions in the next update to the status report was discussed, and whether it should be at the ecosystem-region level, comparable to most of the natural science analyses, or whether the human dimensions need to be at a broader regional or even global level. For example, it was suggested that the human dimensions information perhaps should be its own separate chapter rather than integrated as sections in to each of the regional ecosystem-level presentations.
Dr. Alan Simcock presented an overview of the World Ocean Assessment (www.worldoceanassessment.org: see also Appendix 4 to the present report), its origins, current status, and plans for producing its first report (expected in 2014). He presented a possible structure along the lines of human activities, habitats, and ecosystem services.
Human dimensions aspects of the non-provisioning ecosystem services included the: • hydrological cycle, e.g. human impacts of ENSO, etc. • sea/air interactions, such as coal-burning, storms, tsunamis, etc. • primary production and the resilience of the food web • aesthetic, religious, and spiritual ecosystem services The social and economic dimensions of food include:
• dependence on the oceans for food • inter-regional dependencies • contributions of living marine resources to food security • human health and food from the sea (in particular shellfish) • employment in fisheries and aquaculture: numbers, pay, safety • fisheries and social structures • who benefits from which fisheries areas? • international distributions of benefits from fisheries
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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• economic activity dependent on fisheries and aquaculture
Human activities would be considered for their importance for economics and livelihoods and their role as stressors to marine systems. Elements to be considered include:
• nature and magnitude • socio-economic aspects • pathways • major ecosystem impacts • integration of environmental and socio-economic trends • environmental ,economic, and social influences on trends • gaps in capacity building
Fourteen activities have been identified (see the headings in Appendix 5). He also recommended viewing the UK report “Charting Progress 2” as to how they did their economic valuations (http://chartingprogress.defra.gov.uk/)
Dr. Rashid Sumaila then gave a presentation on how the “human dimensions” relevant to marine systems might be defined. He noted the existence of some ‘large-scale’ and global indicators, such as the human development index (http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/) and the social vulnerability index (e.g. see http://www.ihdp.unu.edu/file/get/3596.pdf). He also presented some of the analyses and data sets that he and his team have been developing on a global basis. These data sets include both time series and snapshot views of relevant topics, such as:
• fish catches • fishing effort • ex-vessel fish prices • fishing costs • fisheries subsidies • fisheries jobs • recreational fisheries • added value and multiplier effects
He noted that cultural aspects are important but often difficult to quantify.
Discussion following his presentation noted that, whereas data do exist for the countries around the North Pacific, identifying which data are applicable to the North Pacific Ocean is difficult for nations which border two major oceans, such as Russia, Canada, and the United States. Next steps for the UBC Team are to develop a database of the wholesale sector, exports and imports of fisheries products, and use of the Gini coefficient (e.g. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI) to assess the equity of distribution of fishery products and poverty.
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Country presentations followed, and were used to develop a table of possible indicators for the human dimensions of marine systems (see Table 1). These could form the basis for data collection and analysis towards a human dimensions contribution to the next PICES Ecosystem Status Report.
Discussion following each country presentation included the following observations:
Canada: “Stories”, for example of the remote salmon processing communities along the BC coast during the early 20th Century, could be used to provide more information and understanding of human interactions and their changes with marine systems than will be possible through numbers alone.
China: illustrates a nice analysis demonstrating how aquaculture may be the only way for China to meet is expected future demands for marine protein, and discusses some of the challenges that may occur.
Japan: interesting to observe that, in Japan, aquaculture outputs appear to have been stable over the past several years, which is in marked contrast with other nations around the North Pacific.
Korea: presented the new organisational structure for fisheries and marine affairs. There was some discussion as to the availability of a marine biotoxin monitoring program, e.g. for harmful algal blooms – Korea does have such a program.
Russia: the emerging need for seafood products to have some type of ‘eco-certification’ (e.g. Marine Stewardship Council) was noted as a potential important human market-related driver of changes in the fishing industries in Russia and other PICES nations. This was suggested as another good topic for a narrative in the human dimensions contribution to the next PICES ecosystem report to illustrate the influences of market forces. It could include discussion of the relationships between population increases and increasing wealth leading to changing demands for fish products and the abilities to meet these demands, for example as a driver for aquaculture increases in China. The presentation from Russia also nicely illustrated how fish caught in Russia are increasingly being shipped to adjacent countries (in this case China) for processing. The presentation also noted the increasing competition for the whitefish market between the traditional Pollock and the new tilapia products.
United States: several web links to relevant data sources were presented, some of which provide data at the national level and others which provide data at state and local levels. The U.S. is also conducting detailed community-level analyses of the importance of fishing including analyses of social vulnerability and production of resilience indices, in particular to climate change. To date these have been completed for communities along the Atlantic coast. In discussion it was noted that individual States also collect relevant information within State waters (12 n mi) and have data on population censuses and demographics. Ron Felthoven noted that he had a manuscript which included information on recreational and ‘subsistence’ fishing.
An additional presentation was provided from China on mapping and evaluation of coastal and marine ecosystem services which lists 14 components separated into the four primary services (provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting), for which 8 were able to have economic values calculated.
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Identifying potential human dimensions-related indicators for the marine systems of the North Pacific
Using these national presentations as a starting point, a table (Table 1) was constructed of the potential HD indicators that were presented and whether they might be available in all PICES member nations.
The following points and action items were noted:
Action re baseline data (Lead S-HD co-chairs, Ian Perry, Rashid Sumaila): discussions should be conducted over this summer with Dr. Sumaila and his team at the University of British Columbia as to which data sets he has that may be accessed to provide a foundation for comparisons of human dimensions indicators presented in Table 1. The value of this is that all his data are presented all in common formats. A disadvantage that would need to be explored is that the data are at the national level (a problem for a Pacific Ocean focus for Canada, Russia, and the U.S.). These UBC data could be cross-validated with data from each PICES country to help improve the UBC data sets.
Action re how to report effort data: PICES Section on Human Dimension members are requested to report to the co-chairs over the summer about how their effort data are reported, to try to develop a common effort index.
There was discussion of how to assess the ‘price of fish to consumers’, with the suggestion to consider using the fish parts of the Consumer Price Index in each country as a ‘standard’ measure.
There was considerable discussion of Imports and Exports, and how to assess these for the Pacific Ocean. It was recommended that imports and exports be presented from official statistics at the national level, but to consider within each country which species may be of high importance to the Pacific Ocean and communities along the Pacific coasts, that might be used as cast studies to provide detail beyond the national statistics.
It was also recommended to include data which are not strictly time series, for example studies that might be done occasionally, or for cultural aspects, perhaps in narratives which provide context but not necessarily in time series.
Discussion of PICES contributions to the World Ocean Assessment
The Table of Contents for the draft World Ocean Assessment was discussed, and potential contributions or data sources from the North Pacific and PICES member nations were identified: see Appendix 5.
Action re PICES contributions to future ocean assessments (Lead, Tom Therriault): It was noted that the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development would be reviewing the oceans in 2014 (science issues) and 2015 (policy issues), and that this might be an excellent opportunity for PICES to prepare a submission or to provide information.
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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Next Steps
Next steps were identified as:
1. Explore the posting of pdf versions of the presentations to a PICES web site (Lead,Tom Therriault);
2. A PICES Press article will be written resulting from this meeting, for publication in the July 2013 issue (Lead, Keith Criddle). This article can be found at: http://www.pices.int/publications/pices_press/volume21/v22-n2/pp_12-13_Honolulu-Wsh.pdf.
3. The latest version of the Table of potential indicators will be circulated to participants (lead: Keith Criddle; DONE and included here as Table 1)
4. Members of PICES’ Section on Human Dimensions are to work to populate this table with data for their nation over the summer, for presentation and discussion at the October meeting of the Section. A date of 31 July was suggested as when to have first efforts to populate this table available for sharing
5. The FUTURE Open Science meeting in April 2014 was recommended as a date for when to have the core elements of the human dimensions chapter/information available for presentation and discussion.
Any other contributions not available at the workshop are to be circulated to participants in the month of July.
The meeting adjourned on Saturday 16 June at 1500.
Tabl
e 1.
Pro
pose
d lis
t of H
uman
Dim
ensio
n in
dica
tors
that
em
erge
d fr
om th
e w
orks
hop.
“Ti
er”:
1=
‘cor
e’ fo
r all
natio
ns; 3
=if a
vaila
ble.
Var
iab
leC
anad
aC
hin
aJa
pan
Ko
rea
Ru
ssia
US
AS
yno
pti
cti
erN
ote
sLand
ings
and
catc
h (a
moun
t): in
side/o
utsi
de E
EZ
; se
aw
eeds,
fis
h, s
hellf
ish
and
oth
er
inve
rtebra
tes
XX
XX
Xx
X1
Land
ings
and
catc
h (v
alu
e):
insi
de/o
utsi
de E
EZ
; se
aw
eeds,
fis
h, s
hellf
ish
and
oth
er
inve
rtebra
tes
XX
XX
Xx
1
Marin
e a
qua
cultu
re p
roduc
tion
(valu
e a
nd a
moun
t): se
aw
eeds,
fis
h, s
hellf
ish
and
oth
er
inve
rtebra
tes
xx
xx
xx
1
Exv
ess
el p
rice
Xx
X2
can
be d
eriv
ed f
rom
land
ings
valu
e a
nd a
moun
tS
port
fis
hing
(nu
mber
of
ang
lers
, est
imate
d tota
l catc
h)x
X3
may
be a
vaila
ble
fro
m R
ash
id
Oth
er
non-
com
merc
ial f
ishi
ng (
num
ber
of
fishe
rs, est
imate
d tota
l catc
h)x
3
Fis
hing
cost
s (a
moun
t or
perc
ent
age o
f re
venu
es)
X3
may
be a
vaila
ble
fro
m R
ash
id
Fis
hing
sub
sidie
s (a
moun
t)X
3m
ay
be a
vaila
ble
fro
m R
ash
id
IUU
fis
hing
(am
oun
t)X
x1
Fis
hing
vess
els
(nu
mbers
) by
gear
type, si
ze a
nd tonn
age
xX
XX
x1
Fis
hing
vess
el p
ow
er
(HP
) by
gear
type, si
ze a
nd tonn
age
?X
XX
Xx
1
Fis
hing
com
pani
es
(num
ber)
3m
easu
re o
f in
dus
tria
l conc
ent
ratio
nF
ishi
ng e
ffort
(by
gear
type)
x?
??
?X
3m
ay
be a
vaila
ble
fro
m R
ash
idC
PU
E (
by
gear
type)
Xx
2C
om
merc
ial f
ishe
rs (
num
bers
)X
xx
Xx
?/x
X1
may
be a
vaila
ble
fro
m R
ash
idC
om
merc
ial f
ishe
rs (
chara
cteris
tics)
, e.g
., a
vera
ge a
ge, perc
ent
age f
ull t
ime v
s. p
art
tim
e)
?3
Mort
alit
y/in
jury
rate
s (
abso
lute
and
rela
tive to n
atio
nal a
vera
ges)
?x
xx
?x
1
Inco
me o
f fis
herm
en
(abso
lute
and
rela
tive to m
edia
n re
gio
nal i
ncom
e)
Xx
xX
xx
1
net re
venu
es
from
fis
hing
X?
?X
x3
Fis
h pro
cess
ing p
lant
s (n
umber
by
scale
and
sco
pe)
xX
xx
xx
1
Em
plo
yment
in f
ish
pro
cess
ing (
num
bers
; fu
ll tim
e a
nd p
art
tim
e)
xX
??
3
Pro
cess
ed f
ish
pro
duc
ts (
am
oun
ts b
y m
ajo
r ca
tegory
, e.g
., f
illet, r
oe, su
rimi,
min
ce,
fishm
eal)
?X
XX
Xx
3
Firs
t w
hole
sale
valu
e (
valu
e o
f pro
cess
ed p
roduc
ts s
old
)?
x?
x3
Who
lesa
le m
ark
ets
(nu
mber)
?x
Xx
3no
t lik
ely
to c
hang
e q
uick
lyV
alu
e a
dded
3diff
ere
nce b
etw
een
exv
ess
el a
nd w
hole
sale
valu
e
Valu
e a
dded m
ultip
lier
X1
may
be a
vaila
ble
fro
m R
ash
id
Fis
hing
hous
eho
lds
(num
ber)
?x
xx
?1
not lik
ely
to c
hang
e q
uick
lyF
ishi
ng v
illages/
com
mun
ities
(num
ber)
?X
xx
xx
1no
t lik
ely
to c
hang
e q
uick
lyF
ishi
ng p
ort
s (n
umber)
xX
XX
xx
1no
t lik
ely
to c
hang
e q
uick
lyG
ini c
oeff
icie
nt--
egalit
y?x
?3
measu
re o
f in
com
e d
istr
ibut
ion
Health
/cont
am
inatio
n m
oni
torin
g (
freque
ncy
of
inci
dent
s re
lativ
e to tota
l pro
duc
tion)
??
??
?T
his
may
be c
ove
red b
y H
AB
work
ing g
roup
per
capita
cons
umptio
nX
XX
xX
x1
Seafo
od p
rice to c
ons
umers
(in
dex
rela
tive to f
ood e
xpend
iture
s)x
3
Seafo
od e
xport
s (n
atio
nal,
footn
ote
s fo
r sp
eci
fics)
(am
oun
t and
valu
e)
xX
Xx
Xx
1
Seafo
od im
port
s (
natio
nal,
footn
ote
s fo
r sp
eci
fics)
(am
oun
t and
valu
e)
xX
Xx
Xx
1
Seafo
od in
vent
orie
s (
am
oun
t and
valu
e)
x?
may
be p
roprie
tary
com
merc
ial i
nform
atio
n
Law
s and
Regul
ato
ry s
truc
ture
?X
XX
x3
Inte
rnatio
nal a
gre
em
ent
s?
X?
Xx
3V
alu
e o
f eco
syst
em
serv
ices
3env
ironm
ent
al a
cct/na
tura
l capita
l3
valu
atio
n of
non-
mark
ete
d g
oods/
serv
ices
3re
pla
cem
ent
cost
of
eco
syst
em
serv
ices
X3
Eco
cert
ifica
tion/
mkt
acc
ess
3in
clud
es
clim
ate
induc
ed c
hang
es
in s
erv
ices
3
No
tes:
We w
ill p
robably
want
to in
clud
e a
narr
ativ
e to s
et out
cont
ext
for
unders
rtand
ing v
alu
es
report
ed in
the
se c
ate
gorie
sW
e m
ay
want
to o
rgani
ze a
port
ion
of
a s
ess
ion
at th
e F
UT
UR
E O
SM
to id
ent
ify d
rivers
of
chang
e in
soci
al e
colo
gic
al s
yste
ms.
X =
data
pre
sent
ed in
slid
es
at m
tg; ? =
data
like
ly a
vaila
ble
but
not at m
tg; x
= d
ata
sour
ces
made a
vaila
ble
but
not pre
sent
ed a
t m
tg
We w
ill r
evi
sit th
is s
ect
ion
follo
win
g the
2013 P
ICE
S
meetin
g.
We a
gre
ed to p
rovi
de thi
s in
form
atio
n as
an
initi
al
pro
duc
t of
S-H
D
7
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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Appendix 1: Agenda
Day 1 (13 June)
Welcome and Introductions (Co-Chairs)
Adoption of the Agenda
Introduction to the Meeting (Co-Chairs)
Meeting Objectives: Fulfilling Two Goals (Therriault)
An Introduction to the Next PICES North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report (NPESR) and the Need for Human Dimension Indicators (Perry)
An Introduction to the First World Ocean Assessment (WOA) plus outcomes from previous WOA data compilation workshops (Alan Simcock)
What Do We Mean by Human Dimension Indicators? (Rashid Sumaila)
Lunch break
What Data/Information are available for Human Dimension indicators: A Review of Member Country Data for the North Pacific (please see Appendix 1 below)
Canada China Japan Russian Federation South Korea United States Other?
End of Day 1
Day 2 (14 June)
Recap of Day 1 (Co-Chairs)
Discussion on what Human Dimension indicators should/could be developed in support of the next NPESR?
Synthesis of what we have Identification of what we need Recommendations for moving forward
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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Lunch break
Review of Chapter Outlines for WOA
Discussion of Synergies with the First WOA
Compilation of “Human Dimension” data/information in support of WOA Tables will be developed
End of Day 2
Day 3 (15 June)
Recap of Day 2 (Co-Chairs)
Development of PICES report(s) plus report for World Ocean Assessment
Next Steps Close of meeting
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Appendix 2: Workshop Participants
Family name Given name Country Email address Therriault Thomas Canada [email protected]
Perry Ian Canada [email protected]
Sumaila Rashid Canada [email protected]
Makino Mitsutaku Japan [email protected]
Hirota Masahito Japan [email protected]
Hori Juri Japan [email protected]
Chen Shang China [email protected]
Yang Ningsheng China [email protected]
Li Yingren China [email protected]
Yang Wenbo China [email protected]
Kim Suam Korea [email protected]
Nam Jungho (Jay) Korea [email protected]
Cho Kyong Ju Korea [email protected]
Kim Kyungjin Korea [email protected]
Cho Jung Hee Korea [email protected]
Anferova Elena Russia [email protected]
Criddle Keith USA [email protected]
Pan Minling USA [email protected]
Pooley Sam USA [email protected]
Felthoven Ron USA [email protected]
Brinson Ayeisha USA [email protected]
Zhong Xiaodong NOWPAP [email protected]
Simcock Alan UK [email protected]
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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Figure 1. Participants at the PICES North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report and World Ocean Assessment workshop, Honolulu, 13-15 June 2013. Left to right: Shang Chen, Ian Perry, Jung-Hee Cho, Ron Felthoven, Minling Pan, Sam Pooley, Rashid Sumaila, Ayeisha Brinson, Alan Simcock, Ningsheng Yang, Elena Anferova, Wenbo Yang, Yingren Li, Kyungjin Kim, Keith Criddle, Kyong Ju Cho, Xiaodong Zhong, Masahito Hirota, Juri Hori, Suam Kim, Ton Therriault, Mitsutaku Makino, Jay Nam.
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Appendix 3: PICES North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report
See the web site for this item at http://www.pices.int/projects/npesr/default.aspx The PICES report on marine ecosystems is intended to periodically review and summarize the status and trends of the marine ecosystems in the North Pacific, and to consider the factors that are causing or are expected to cause change in the near future. The first report, begun in mid-2002 and completed about 18 months later, can be found at http://www.pices.int/publications/special_publications/NPESR/2004/npesr_2004.aspx It served as a pilot project to explore for what might be possible. This report was based largely on geographic locations and subjects for which time series data or information are readily available. The report also identified locations and subjects where data were collected but were then are not available. The second report, available at http://www.pices.int/publications/special_publications/NPESR/2010/NPESR_2010.aspx was published in 2010 and built upon the first status report representing a more detailed and in-depth analysis. Neither of these report included the human use and dimensions of marine ecosystems in any integrated or consolidated way. Formation of the PICES Section on the Human Dimensions of Marine Systems in 2011 provides the opportunity to, among other goals, contribute more information and synthesis to the PICES status report process than was possible previously. The objective of this new PICES Section is to better understand and communicate the societal implications of the conditions and future trends of North Pacific marine ecosystems (FUTURE vision), to provide a forum for the integration of FUTURE-related studies using social science approaches and tools, and to facilitate the close discussions and communications among researchers from both the natural and social sciences. Term of Reference #3 for this Section is to contribute a Human Dimension Chapter to the next North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report. This present workshop provides an opportunity to get started with this goal. The range of topics that could be explored as contributions to the PICES status report is large – for example, see the chapter headings for the first World Ocean Assessment (see Appendix 4, below, and http://www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/Outline_of_the_First_Global_Integrated_Marine_Assessment.pdf). To focus this information, this Workshop considered mostly the topics under Chapter 15 “Social and economic aspects of fisheries and sea-based food” in the World Ocean Assessment draft chapter outline (see above web link). The topics in this chapter include:
15A. Relationship with human health: health benefits and problems from sea-based food, including the potential to supplement protein-poor diets – chemical, toxic and bacterial contamination.
15B. Scale and significance of employment in fisheries and aquaculture: numbers employed – relationship of earnings to local median earnings – scale of injuries to fishers compared to other industries.
15C. Role of fisheries in social structure: role of fishers in local societies – extent to which fishing is the sole source of livelihood – extent to which local societies are dependent on fisheries and aquaculture.
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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15D. Relationship between catch areas, ownership and operation of fishing vessels, landing ports and consumption distribution: the benefits which States (and economic operators based in them) obtain from fisheries and aquaculture.
15E. Implementation of international fisheries agreements. 15F. Effects of changes in markets: growth of long-distance transport of landed fish and shellfish. 15G. Links to other industries: scale of economic activity dependent on fisheries and aquaculture,
both in providing equipment (especially ships) and in processing output in value chains. 15H. Identify gaps in capacity to engage in fisheries and to assess the environmental, social and
economic aspects of fisheries. This Workshop started by assembling basic information on human social and economic ‘use’ of fisheries and sea-based foods, that could lead towards a synthesis among PICES nations around the North Pacific. Participants were requested to bring data, data summaries, or as much information as possible relating to the following topics (if data are not available that is also important information, as are contacts for people who could provide this information): 1. Basic information on the fisheries sector;
• Number and size of fishing vessels • Catch information (volume and value) by species and by gear types (comparison of diversity in
catch composition and gear types) • Resource status summary (if any) • Number of employment in fish processing/distributing sector, • Value added by fish processing/distributing sector • Number of fishing ports, fish markets • Number of fishing communities, its demographic information
2. Consumption aspects
• Types of usage, (raw, frozen, processed, fish meal, oil, etc.) • Rates of per capita consumption (and perhaps how they are changing plus forward projections)
3. Governance information
• Main legal structures (laws relating to fisheries or resource management), including international conventions
• Governmental and non-governmental organizations relating to fisheries 4. Cultural aspects
• Any specific national culture (arts, festivals, education, etc.) which closely relate to fisheries, and are worth highlighting in World Ocean Assessment.
If data and/or summaries of this information are not available, participants were asked to identify who in their nation would be the appropriate contact.
Data gaps were also identified.
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
14
Appendix 4: World Ocean Assessment See the web site at www.worldocean.assessment.org Mandate: The Regular Process was established by the United Nations General Assembly through a series of resolutions. The full texts can be found at: http://www.un.org/depts/los The objective for the Regular Process is articulated in UNGA Resolution 57/141, (2005) “to improve understanding of the oceans and to develop a global mechanism for delivering science-based information to decision makers and public”. The overall objective, endorsed by the UN General Assembly in UNGA Resolution 64/71 (2009), paragraph 177, is that: • “The regular process under the United Nations would be recognized as the global mechanism for
reviewing the state of the marine environment, including socioeconomic aspects, on a continual and systematic basis by providing regular assessments at the global and supraregional levels and an integrated view of environmental, economic and social aspects.
• Such assessments would support informed decision-making and thus contribute to managing in a sustainable manner human activities that affect the oceans and seas, in accordance with international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other applicable international instruments and initiatives.
• The regular process would facilitate the identification of trends and enable appropriate responses by States and competent regional and international organizations.
• The regular process would promote and facilitate the full participation of developing countries in all of its activities. Ecosystem approaches would be recognized as a useful framework for conducting fully integrated assessments.”
Assessment process: The task of the first cycle of the Regular Process (2010 to 2014) will be to produce the World Ocean Assessment. To this end, the General Assembly has created an Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, to oversee and guide the Regular Process, and a Group of Experts to carry out the assessments within the framework of the Regular Process. In addition, a much larger pool of experts has been created to assist the Group of Experts in conducting the assessments and to provide effective peer-review to ensure the high quality of the outputs. Since the Working Group meets once a year, a Bureau consisting of fifteen Member States, representing the regional groups of the United Nations, was established for the intersessional periods. The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations, has been designated by the General Assembly to act as the secretariat of the Regular Process and it maintains a separate website for the Regular Process, including an archive of relevant documents.
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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Draft Structure for the assessment: The UN General Assembly has approved the Outline for World Ocean Assessment I based on the following broad structure: I. Summary II. The context of the assessment III. Assessment of major ecosystem services from the marine environment (other than provisioning
services) IV. Assessment of the cross-cutting issues: food security and food safety V. Assessment of other human activities and the marine environment VI. Assessment of marine biological diversity and habitats VII. Overall assessment The comprehensive outline (see http://www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/Outline_of_the_First_Global_Integrated_Marine_Assessment.pdf) has nearly 50 topics grouped within four main themes: biophysical aspects of the marine environment; food security and safety; human activities that influence the ocean; and, marine biological diversity and habitats. The first World Ocean Assessment will include a technical summary showing interdisciplinary linkages between human impacts, ecosystem services, species and habitats. The process of developing this structure started from the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Response (DPSIR) framework (Fig. 1). This framework was recommended by the Assessment of Assessments (the start-up phase of the Regular Process). The DPSIR represents a systems-analysis view – the driving forces of social and economic development exert pressures on the environment. As a consequence, the state of the environment changes. This leads to impacts on, for example, human well-being and ecosystem health that can lead to a response in social controls on human activity. This in turn feeds back onto either the driving forces, the pressures, the state of the environment or the impacts directly, through adaptation or through curative action. The DPSIR approach offers at least three possible approaches for structuring the Assessment: (a) Pressures; (b) Habitats; and (c) Ecosystem Services. Using pressures as the basis of the structure of the World Ocean Assessment I has the advantage that the human activities creating the pressures are commonly linked with data collection and regulation. For instance, permits that are issued for offshore oil and gas development require specific monitoring and reporting obligations be met by operators. It would not, however, give an integrated view of the combined effects of the impacts of different pressures. Using marine habitats as the basis for the structure has the advantage that “habitat” is the property that inherently integrates many ecosystem features, including higher and lower trophic level species, water quality, oceanographic conditions and many types of anthropogenic pressures (1). The cumulative aspect of multiple pressures affecting the same habitat, that is often lost in sector-based environmental reporting (2), would be captured by using Habitats as assessment units. It would not, however, give a coherent view of the economic and social aspects of the various human activities.
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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Using ecosystem services as the basis for the structure would follow the approach of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (3). This has the advantage of broad acceptance in environmental reporting (3). It includes provisioning services (food, construction materials, renewable energy, coastal protection) while highlighting regulating services and quality-of-life services that are not captured using a pressures or habitats approach to structuring the Assessment. However, it would not give a focused view of the situation of specific species and habitats of high importance. The UN General Assembly highlighted (4) the cross-cutting issues of food safety and food, where the most significant ecosystem provisioning services come together with the social and economic issues of the highest importance. Given that all three approaches have their own particular advantages and disadvantages and the importance of reflecting the cross-cutting issues, the Group of Experts proposed a combination of all three approaches.
Fig. 1. Diagram of World Ocean Assessment Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Response (DPSIR) framework. Regional workshops The purpose of the regional workshops is to identify regional experts who might participate in the production of the first global ocean assessment while simultaneously making an inventory of existing assessments and useful data sets and identifying regional capacity building needs for the conduct of state of marine environment reporting. Regional workshops have been carried out (as of February 2013) in:
PICES NPESR and WOA ‘Human Dimensions’ Workshop Report 2013 July 17
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1) Santiago, Chile to cover the eastern Pacific Ocean; 2) Sanya City, China to cover the East Asian Seas, including the Indonesian archipelago. 3) Brussels, Belgium to cover the North Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the
Black Sea. 4) Miami, Florida, USA to cover the wider Caribbean. 5) Maputo, Mozambique to cover the Western Indian Ocean Region.
PICE
S NP
ESR
and
WO
A ‘H
uman
Dim
ensio
ns’ W
orks
hop
Repo
rt
2013
July
17
Ap
pend
ix 5
: W
orld
Oce
an A
sses
smen
t
Wor
ld O
cean
Ass
essm
ent q
uest
ions
pos
ed b
y Dr
. Ala
n Si
mco
ck, w
ith re
spon
ses f
rom
the
wor
ksho
p fo
r the
Nor
th P
acifi
c.
Title
Que
stio
nsTh
e oc
eans
’ rol
e in
the
hydr
olog
ical
cyc
leW
hat a
re p
opul
atio
ns a
nd a
reas
in e
ach
Stat
e th
reat
ened
by
sea-
leve
l ris
e?NO
AA c
limat
e se
rvic
e
Wha
t esti
mat
es h
ave
been
mad
e of
the
econ
omic
and
soci
al e
ffect
s of E
l Niñ
o an
d si
mila
r rec
urre
nt e
vent
s?
Sea/
air i
nter
actio
nW
hat a
re th
e cu
rren
t esti
mat
es o
f hea
vy m
etal
s bei
ng re
leas
ed fr
om c
oal-b
urni
ng p
ower
stat
ions
?W
hat e
stim
ates
hav
e be
en m
ade
of th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd so
cial
effe
cts o
f oce
an st
orm
s and
tsun
amis
?Pr
imar
y pr
oduc
tion,
cyc
ling
of n
utrie
nts,
surfa
ce la
yer a
nd p
lank
ton
Wha
t esti
mat
es h
ave
been
mad
e of
the
inhe
rent
var
iabi
lity
and
resi
lienc
e of
the
base
of t
he fo
od w
eb?
Oce
an-s
ourc
ed c
arbo
nate
pro
duct
ion
Hav
e an
y es
timat
es b
een
mad
e of
pos
sibl
e ec
onom
ic a
nd so
cial
effe
cts o
f cha
nges
in o
cean
-sou
rced
car
bona
te
prod
uctio
n in
the
form
atio
n of
ato
lls a
nd b
each
es?
Aes
thet
ic, c
ultu
ral,
relig
ious
, spi
ritua
l ec
osys
tem
serv
ices
W
hat s
urve
ys a
re th
ere
of h
uman
inte
ract
ions
with
the
ocea
ns a
nd se
as o
n th
e ae
sthet
ic, c
ultu
ral,
relig
ious
and
sp
iritu
al le
vels
?A
re th
ere
any
data
on
buria
ls a
t sea
?O
cean
s and
seas
as s
ourc
es o
f foo
dSc
ale
of h
uman
dep
ende
nce
on th
e oc
eans
and
seas
for f
ood,
and
var
iatio
ns b
etw
een
diffe
rent
par
ts of
the
wor
ld.
How
far d
o di
ffere
nt p
arts
of th
e w
orld
dep
end
on o
ther
par
ts of
the
wor
ld fo
r fis
h an
d se
afoo
d?Es
timat
es o
f the
pot
entia
l con
tribu
tion
of li
ving
mar
ine
reso
urce
s to
food
secu
rity.
Soci
al a
nd e
cono
mic
asp
ects
of fi
sher
ies a
nd
sea-
base
d fo
odIn
form
atio
n on
the
rela
tions
hip
with
hum
an h
ealth
: hea
lth b
enef
its a
nd p
robl
ems f
rom
sea-
base
d fo
od, i
nclu
ding
the
pote
ntia
l to
supp
lem
ent p
rote
in-p
oor d
iets
— c
hem
ical
, tox
ic a
nd b
acte
rial c
onta
min
atio
n.Sc
ale
and
sign
ifica
nce
of e
mpl
oym
ent i
n fis
herie
s and
aqu
acul
ture
: How
man
y ar
e em
ploy
ed?
Wha
t is k
now
n ab
out
the
rela
tions
hip
of th
eir e
arni
ngs t
o lo
cal a
vera
ge e
arni
ngs?
How
doe
s the
leve
l of d
eath
and
inju
ries t
o fis
hers
co
mpa
re to
oth
er in
dustr
ies?
Info
rmat
ion
on th
e ro
le o
f fis
herie
s in
soci
al st
ruct
ure,
the
role
of f
ishe
rs in
loca
l soc
ietie
s, th
e ex
tent
to w
hich
fis
hing
is th
e so
le so
urce
of l
ivel
ihoo
d, a
nd th
e ex
tent
to w
hich
loca
l soc
ietie
s are
dep
ende
nt o
n fis
herie
s and
aq
uacu
lture
.In
form
atio
n on
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
distr
ibut
ion
of c
atch
are
as, o
wne
rshi
p an
d op
erat
ion
of fi
shin
g ve
ssel
s, la
ndin
g po
rts a
nd c
onsu
mpt
ion.
In
form
atio
n on
the
econ
omic
ben
efits
whi
ch S
tate
s (an
d ec
onom
ic o
pera
tors
bas
ed in
them
) obt
ain
from
fish
erie
s an
d aq
uacu
lture
in th
e w
ater
s und
er th
eir o
wn
juris
dict
ion,
und
er a
gree
men
ts w
ith o
ther
Sta
tes f
or fi
shin
g in
thei
r w
ater
s and
from
inte
rnat
iona
l wat
ers.
Info
rmat
ion
on th
e ef
fect
s of c
hang
es in
mar
kets
and
the
grow
th o
f lon
g-di
stanc
e tra
nspo
rt of
land
ed fi
sh a
nd
shel
lfish
.Sc
ale
of e
cono
mic
act
ivity
dep
ende
nt o
n fis
herie
s and
aqu
acul
ture
, bot
h in
pro
vidi
ng e
quip
men
t (es
peci
ally
ship
s)
and
in p
roce
ssin
g ou
tput
in v
alue
cha
ins.
Ship
ping
Prop
ortio
n of
wor
ld tr
ade
carr
ied
by se
a (s
ome
UNCT
AD
stat
istic
s ava
ilabl
e)ca
rgo
Maj
or in
ter-
regi
onal
ship
ping
mov
emen
ts (o
il, o
ther
bul
k, c
onta
iner
) (hi
storic
and
fore
casts
) (so
me
histo
ric
UNCT
AD
stat
istic
s ava
ilabl
e)Sh
ippi
ng m
ovem
ents
at p
inch
-poi
nts (
Dov
er S
traits
, Bab
-el-M
ande
b, S
trait
of H
orm
uz, M
alac
ca S
trait,
Pan
ama
Cana
l, Su
ez C
anal
, Gib
ralta
r Stra
it, C
ape
Hor
n –
wha
t oth
ers?
)Un
imak
Pas
s, A
K, (A
leut
ian
Isl)
Size
of f
leet
s reg
iste
red
in d
iffer
ent c
ount
ries.
Pro
porti
on o
f diff
eren
t tra
des c
arrie
d by
diff
eren
t fle
ets.
Whi
ch
Stat
es re
ceiv
e th
e ec
onom
ic b
enef
its fr
om th
e di
ffere
nt sh
ippi
ng tr
ades
?Ko
rea
(Cho
to lo
ok),
Japa
n (M
akin
o to
look
),
ferr
ies
Scal
e of
pas
seng
er a
nd v
ehic
le m
ovem
ents
on in
tern
atio
nal f
errie
s.Ko
rea
to J
apan
, Rus
sia
to J
apan
and
Kor
ea,
Chi
na to
Kor
ea a
nd J
apan
, Can
to U
S,
Scal
e of
pas
seng
er a
nd v
ehic
le m
ovem
ents
on in
tern
al fe
rrie
s in
Stat
es w
ith a
rchi
pela
gos
Japa
n, P
hillip
ines
, Ind
ones
ia, K
orea
, Can
(BC
Fe
rrie
s), U
S (A
K M
arin
e Hi
ghw
ay)
crui
sing
Scal
e of
pas
seng
er c
ruis
ing
in d
iffer
ent a
reas
(Car
ibbe
an, w
este
rn N
orth
Am
eric
a, M
edite
rran
ean,
Bal
tic a
nd N
orth
Se
a, E
aste
rn A
sian
Sea
s)
Haw
aii
18
PICE
S NP
ESR
and
WO
A ‘H
uman
Dim
ensio
ns’ W
orks
hop
Repo
rt
2013
July
17
Gen
eral
Soc
ial
How
man
y se
afar
ers a
re th
ere
from
the
diffe
rent
Sta
tes?
Wha
t is k
now
n ab
out i
ncom
es o
f sea
-fare
rs fr
om d
iffer
ent
coun
tries
? W
hat i
s kno
wn
abou
t wor
k-re
late
d de
ath
and
inju
ries t
o se
a-fa
rers
?
Gen
eral
Eco
nom
icW
hat a
re n
umbe
rs a
nd si
zes o
f ves
sels
bei
ng b
uilt,
and
whe
re is
the
ship
-bui
ldin
g be
ing
carr
ied
out?
Wha
t are
the
num
bers
and
size
s of t
he v
esse
ls b
eing
bro
ken
up, a
nd w
here
is th
e sh
ip-b
reak
ing
bein
g ca
rrie
d ou
t?
To w
hat e
xten
t are
ves
sels
bei
ng lo
st at
sea
durin
g la
st vo
yage
s to
ship
-bre
akin
g ya
rds?
Chi
na?
(Min
of E
nviro
nmen
t)
Whe
re a
re th
e m
ajor
sour
ces o
f shi
ps’ b
unke
rs?
Wha
t is k
now
n ab
out t
he q
ualit
y of
the
hydr
ocar
bons
bei
ng
prov
ided
as s
hips
’ bun
kers
?W
here
are
the
maj
or so
urce
s of i
nsur
ance
, cha
rterin
g an
d na
viga
tion
serv
ices
for s
hipp
ing?
Wha
t lev
els o
f tur
nove
r ar
e oc
curr
ing
in th
ese
field
s?
Ports
Thro
ughp
ut o
f maj
or p
orts,
bot
h bu
lk a
nd c
onta
iner
(IA
PH st
atis
tics a
vaila
ble)
in re
latio
n to
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de.
Plan
ned
maj
or p
ort d
evel
opm
ents.
Kitim
at, B
C (E
nbrid
ge N
orth
ern
Gat
eway
), R
ussi
a: S
akha
lin, P
osie
t, C
hina
: che
ck M
in o
f Tr
ansp
ort
Car
goD
elay
s and
con
gesti
on in
por
ts (In
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
for I
ndia
) and
eco
nom
ic im
pact
on
Stat
es se
rved
.Pa
ssen
ger
Thro
ughp
ut o
f mai
n pa
ssen
ger p
orts
in re
latio
n to
ferr
ies a
nd c
ruis
ing
Gen
eral
Exte
nt to
whi
ch w
aste
and
sew
age
rece
ptio
n fa
cilit
ies a
re c
harg
ed se
para
tely
from
por
t due
s.Po
rt of
Sea
ttle
(mov
ed to
incl
usive
fee
stru
ctur
e), N
RC
Mar
ine
Deb
ris S
tudy
Subm
arin
e ca
bles
and
pip
elin
es
Exte
nt to
whi
ch in
tern
et a
nd te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns d
epen
d on
subm
arin
e ca
bles
(as o
ppos
ed to
sate
llite
s).
Cab
les
Exte
nt o
f sub
mar
ine
elec
tric
inte
rcon
nect
ors b
etw
een
and
with
in S
tate
s.W
hich
flee
ts ar
e ca
rryi
ng o
ut th
e la
ying
and
mai
nten
ance
of s
ubm
arin
e ca
bles
?
Pipe
lines
Exte
nt o
f int
erna
tiona
l and
nat
iona
l sub
mar
ine
pipe
lines
for o
il an
d ga
s tra
nspo
rt (a
s opp
osed
to p
ipel
ines
co
nnec
ted
to o
ffsho
re h
ydro
carb
on p
rodu
ctio
n fa
cilit
ies)
. W
hich
flee
ts ar
e ca
rryi
ng o
ut th
e la
ying
and
mai
nten
ance
of s
ubm
arin
e pi
pelin
es fo
r tra
nspo
rt?Co
asta
l, riv
erin
e an
d at
mos
pher
ic in
puts
Prop
ortio
n of
coa
stal p
opul
atio
n se
rved
by
sew
age
treat
men
t pla
nts (
prim
ary,
seco
ndar
y an
d te
rtiar
y le
vels
of
treat
men
t) (G
PA re
ports
con
tain
info
rmat
ion)
.Ko
rea
has
info
(82%
cov
erag
e of
coa
stal
), J
Nam
as
cont
act
Mun
icip
al w
aste
wat
erTr
eatm
ent a
rran
gem
ents
for s
ewag
e di
scha
rges
from
ship
s (es
peci
ally
cru
ise
ship
s)Le
vels
of c
onta
min
atio
n of
shel
l-fis
h fro
m se
wag
e.Le
vels
of s
ewag
e-re
late
d di
seas
e.
Land
-bas
ed d
isch
arge
s - p
oint
sou
rces
Loca
tion
and
scal
e of
indu
strie
s tha
t hav
e pr
oduc
ed p
artic
ular
pro
blem
s with
haz
ardo
us su
bsta
nces
: m
inin
g, m
etal
re
finer
ies,
coal
-bur
ning
pow
er p
lant
s, m
ercu
ry-c
ell c
hlor
-alk
ali p
lant
s, ph
osph
ogyp
sum
pro
cess
ing
plan
ts,
poly
viny
l-chl
orid
e pl
ants,
tita
nium
-dio
xide
pla
nts,
othe
r maj
or c
hem
ical
pla
nts.
Loca
tion
and
scal
e of
indu
strie
s tha
t hav
e pr
oduc
ed p
artic
ular
pro
blem
s with
nut
rient
s: b
rew
erie
s, di
stille
ries.
Scal
e of
nuc
lear
pow
er p
rodu
ctio
n.La
nd-b
ased
dis
char
ges
– di
ffuse
so
urce
sSc
ale
of u
se o
f lea
d in
pet
rol.
Sca
le o
f use
of c
adm
ium
in p
lasti
c pr
oduc
tion
Scal
e of
sale
s of a
rtific
ial f
ertil
iser
s.US
Dep
t Agr
icul
ture
, Kor
ea-c
onve
rsio
n of
fa
rmla
nd to
urb
an=l
ess
eutro
phic
, mor
e po
lluta
nts,
Rus
sian
exp
orts
to C
hina
Offs
hore
hyd
roca
rbon
indu
strie
s Sc
ale
of p
rodu
ctio
n of
hyd
roca
rbon
s offs
hore
, in
com
paris
on to
land
-bas
ed p
rodu
ctio
n, b
oth
in te
rms o
f qua
ntity
an
d in
term
s of g
ross
dom
estic
pro
duct
.R
ussi
a, e
sp S
akha
lin, U
SA, A
K (C
huck
i Sea
, N
Slop
e, e
tc)
Whe
re a
re o
ffsho
re in
stalla
tions
bei
ng c
onstr
ucte
d, a
nd o
n w
hat s
cale
?W
hat i
s the
scal
e of
em
ploy
men
t on
offs
hore
insta
llatio
ns, a
nd fr
om w
here
is th
e w
ork-
forc
e dr
awn?
Wha
t is
know
n ab
out i
ncom
es o
f wor
kers
on
offs
hore
insta
llatio
ns?
Wha
t is k
now
n ab
out w
ork-
rela
ted
deat
h an
d in
jurie
s on
offs
hore
insta
llatio
ns?
US B
OEM
for g
ener
al in
fo,
Oth
er m
arin
e-ba
sed
ener
gy in
dustr
ies
Whe
re is
ther
e al
read
y si
gnifi
cant
ene
rgy
prod
uctio
n fro
m w
ave,
win
d, o
cean
ther
mal
diff
eren
ces a
nd ti
de?
How
do
es th
is c
ompa
re w
ith o
ther
ene
rgy
prod
uctio
n?O
R w
ave
syst
em (s
ee B
OEM
), C
an w
ind
farm
of
f HG
, Jap
an, b
oth
botto
m o
f sea
and
flo
atin
g, 1
in c
entra
l Jap
Wha
t are
the
expe
cted
eco
nom
ic p
erfo
rman
ces o
f win
d, w
ave,
oce
an th
erm
al a
nd ti
dal p
ower
gen
erat
ion?
19
PICE
S NP
ESR
and
WO
A ‘H
uman
Dim
ensio
ns’ W
orks
hop
Repo
rt
2013
July
17
Offs
hore
min
ing
indu
strie
sSc
ale
and
sign
ifica
nce
of sa
nd a
nd g
rave
l ext
ract
ion
Kore
a (e
nd u
se c
onfli
ct, i
ssue
per
mit
for
extra
ctio
ns),
Chi
na (l
imite
d lo
cal s
cale
ex
tract
ions
)Sa
nd a
nd g
rave
l Ec
onom
ic v
alue
of m
arin
e sa
nd a
nd g
rave
l ext
ract
ion,
as c
ompa
red
with
land
-bas
ed (i
nclu
ding
rive
r-ba
sed)
sand
an
d gr
avel
ext
ract
ion.
Leve
ls o
f em
ploy
men
t in
sand
and
gra
vel e
xtra
ctio
n.O
ther
sea
bed
min
ing
Whe
re is
ther
e ot
her s
igni
fican
t sea
-bed
min
ing?
Wha
t is k
now
n ab
out t
he e
cono
mic
val
ue o
f suc
h m
inin
g?
Solid
was
te d
ispo
sal
Info
rmat
ion
on th
e re
lativ
e co
sts o
f dum
ping
solid
was
te a
t sea
and
oth
er m
eans
of d
ispo
sal.
Info
rmat
ion
on in
cide
nts i
nvol
ving
exp
losi
ves o
r haz
ardo
us li
quid
s or g
ases
pre
viou
sly
dum
ped
at se
a (fo
r exa
mpl
e,
mun
ition
s bro
ught
up
in fi
shin
g ne
ts). a
t sea
. Ha
wai
i, at
ol le
achi
ng, l
imite
d in
fo
Mar
ine
debr
isIn
form
atio
n on
eco
nom
ic in
cent
ive
sche
mes
to re
duce
or c
aptu
re m
arin
e de
bris
(for
exa
mpl
e, p
ayin
g fis
herm
en to
br
ing
debr
is c
augh
t in
thei
r net
bac
k to
por
t rat
her t
han
dum
p it
in th
e se
a ga
in)
Kore
a ha
s bu
y-ba
ck p
rogr
am, J
apan
Tsu
nam
i M
arin
e D
ebris
(mod
elin
g, p
atte
rns,
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s, re
porti
ng),
NOW
PAP
wor
ksho
p O
ct
2013
, Pac
ific
garb
age
patc
h, D
oD la
ndfil
ls
clos
e to
ero
ding
sho
relin
es in
AK,
La
nd/s
ea p
hysi
cal i
nter
actio
n Ec
onom
ic v
alue
of l
and
recl
aim
ed fr
om th
e se
aJa
pan
(land
recl
aim
ed fo
r por
ts, a
irpor
ts, e
tc),
Kore
a, H
awai
i (W
aiki
ki),
Chi
na (c
oast
al
prov
ince
dev
elop
men
t pla
ns)
Econ
omic
and
soci
al c
osts
of la
nd e
rosi
on.
AK (r
eloc
ate
coas
tal c
omm
uniti
es o
n er
odin
g sa
ndba
rs)
Tour
ism
and
recr
eatio
n Lo
catio
n an
d sc
ale
of c
oasta
l tou
rism
and
recr
eatio
n. T
o w
hat e
xten
t is i
nfor
mat
ion
avai
labl
e on
tour
ism
in th
e im
med
iate
coa
stal z
one
as c
ompa
red
with
tour
ism
els
ewhe
re?
Can
(som
e ba
ckgr
ound
info
from
I Pe
rry)
,
Scal
e of
em
ploy
men
t in
coas
tal t
ouris
m a
nd re
crea
tion.
Wha
t is k
now
n ab
out t
he le
vels
of i
ncom
e of
thos
e w
orki
ng
in to
uris
m in
rela
tion
to a
vera
ge n
atio
nal w
ages
?
W
hat i
s kno
wn
abou
t the
turn
over
of t
he to
uris
m in
dustr
y in
rela
tion
to g
ross
dom
estic
pro
duct
? D
esal
iniz
atio
nSc
ale
of d
esal
iniz
atio
n. W
hat p
ropo
rtion
of d
rinki
ng w
ater
supp
lies d
epen
d on
des
alin
izat
ion?
Wha
t is k
now
n ab
out t
he c
ost o
f wat
er su
pplie
d by
des
alin
izat
ion
as c
ompa
red
with
oth
er fo
rms o
f wat
er su
pply
?
Use
of m
arin
e ge
netic
reso
urce
s W
here
is th
ere
alre
ady
sign
ifica
nt u
se o
f mar
ine
gene
tic re
sour
ces f
or a
ny p
urpo
se?
Wha
t eco
nom
ic v
alue
doe
s any
such
use
hav
e?M
arin
e sc
ient
ific
rese
arch
How
man
y pe
ople
are
cur
rent
ly e
ngag
ed p
rofe
ssio
nally
on
mar
ine
scie
ntifi
c re
sear
ch?
Chi
na (S
OA)
, Kor
ea (R
&D O
ffice
)W
hat i
s kno
wn
abou
t the
exp
endi
ture
by
publ
ic a
utho
ritie
s, by
com
mer
cial
und
erta
king
s and
by
inde
pend
ent n
on-
prof
it in
stitu
tions
on
mar
ine
scie
ntifi
c re
sear
ch?
20