pia 3090 comparative public management and policy: the bureaucracy, reform and development
TRANSCRIPT
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PIA 3090
COMPARATIVE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND POLICY:
The Bureaucracy, Reform and Development
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Core Presentations
1. Golden Oldies
2. Literary Map
3. Grand Synthesis
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Overview: Stages in the Developmental State
1. Faith in the State
2. Basic Human Needs
3. New International Economic Order
4. Structural Adjustment
5. Governance and Capacity Building
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The Developmental Challenge
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Faith in the State- 1950s
Industrialization Stages of economic growth Modernization
From John Maynard Keynes to Walt Rostow
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“Faith in the State”
John Maynard Keynes and his wife Lydia Lopokova
Walt Rostow
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Basic Human Needs- 1965-1975
Basic Human Needs- growth With Equity
Robert McNamara and the World Bank
Integrated Rural Development
Internal Distribution
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Robert McNamara and the World Bank
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New International Economic Order Mid 1970s- 1983
1. Redistribution at the Local Level
2. Empowerment of south
3. Equity
4. Basic Human Needs vs. New International Economic Order (NIEO) part of the North-South dialogue
5. Brandt Commission
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NIEO- Late 1970s
Jimmy Carter Willy Brandt
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Structural Adjustment and neo-orthodoxy: The Dividing Line:
1983-1989 a. "We are the World" leads to Donor
Fatigue
b. Illness and then death of Brezhnev in Soviet Union
c. Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher at the height of their power
d. Public Sector Reform
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“We Are the World”
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Governance and Capacity Building- 1989-2006
End of the Cold War
Failure of Structural Adjustment
September 11
Governance and Decentralization
New Public Management: Reinventing Government
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Reinventing Government
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PIA 3090
TEN MINUTE BREAK
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Public Sector Reform:
The Debates
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Focus on Public Sector Reform: The changes
Cambodia, Nicaragua, Angola, Mozambique were transitional conflicts in 1990
New "Transitional States"- CIS and Eastern Europe (later Bosnia, Kosovo)
End of History and Beginning of History
State Deconstruction
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The End of History (or the end of the End) Declared: 7th - 9th October, 2005
Nottingham, UK
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Public Sector Reform-2
Prologue- End of assumption- Progress is inevitable 1. Robert McNamara resigns from the World
Bank, 19812. International institutions abandon basic needs
approach3. International conflict shifts from East-West
Rivalry and cold war to ethnic, regional and internal conflicts
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Critics View of Structural Adjustment
One Size Fits All
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Public Sector Reform- 3
Structural Adjustment with a Human Face
A Role for NGOs International donors as managers
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The Issues
1. The state as national planner 2. How large a state: When is the state sector too big? 3. Issue of state ownership, and unfair competition
(international trade) 4. Vagueness of boundaries between government and
society:
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The Time for Civil Society
Civil?
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The Issues in Developed States
5. Hidden government: subsidies and entitlements. French Wine and Wisconsin cheese
6. Limitations of constitutions and public sectors- Decline in faith in government institutions in the 20th century
7. failure of legislative, executive structures. Loss of
control
8. Anti-bureaucracy- the myth of the neutral bureaucrat
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The Issue: French Wine or Wisconsin Cheese
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Overall: Reform Meant Attack on Hierarchy
I. Attacks on the European Mandarins- European elitist systems of administration
=Permanent Secretary
=Director General
=State Secretary
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Reforms
II. Privatization of the bureaucracy
a. Savas- The key to efficient and effective goods and services
b. Critique: Nelson: impact of international organizations on NGOs- Distortion? c. Turner and Hulme- Are NGOs and Private sector better than Public Enterprises?
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Reforms- 2
III: Deregulation-
a. Deregulation- negative
b. Competition- positive (monopolies vs. utilities)
c. Regulations and Corruption: Klitgaard: Dealing with corruption and culture?
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Reforms-3
IV: Civil Service Reform: Picard Case Studies- South Africa,
Botswana, Ghana, Guinea-Conakry, Eritrea andEthiopia:
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Civil Service Reforms
V. Distinction- Public Sector Reform vs. Administrative reform
Purists go for PSR rather than CSR- latter not legitimate-
oxymoron
Problem-"Bureaucrat bashing"
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VI. Public Sector Reform
i. Public Enterprises vs. ii. Civil Services
iii. Vs. Public Services
iv. Vs. Local Government
v. Broad issue of Human Resource Development
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Techniques: Public Sector Reform
i. Budgetary and Fiscal Reforms Budgets as plans- Schroeder in Baker (tax vs. spending)
ii. Personnel Reform- records base, motivation,
promotion, review, retrenchment, etc. Problem: Collapsed states have no carrots
iii. Structural Reforms- Excessive centralization,
militarization and politicization
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Centralized Authoritarian Government
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VIII. Structural Reforms
1. Center-reorganizations- move or abolish 2. Decentralization- Botswana example- Transfer
to local authorities or public corporations a. devolution b. deconcentration c. delegation d. privatization- what does it mean? Sell, Liquidate,
commercialize, partnership or contract out
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Reforms:Cutback Management- smaller, or more
efficient, more effective
Cut back: percentage of civil service- Cutback the civil service.
Myth of Size- eg. Bureaucracy in Africa small
Turner and Holm: Bureaucracy and Development
Is Downsizing- "right sizing"
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Downsizing or Rightsizing
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Reforms
1. Redefinition- "Reinventing Government" (Osborne and Gabler)- steering rather than rowing
2. Strengthen systems of accountability: Barzelay and customer approach
3. Simplification and deregulation -Technical: Management Information
Systems-Operational Strategy: Policy Success:
4. Frame Plans, projects and programs (Morgan in Baker)
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Key: Human Resource Development
Training, recruitment, rewards and punishment (qualifications and salaries)
Personnel flexibility and pay for performance
Reform position classification (rank vs. position) Return to meritocracy
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The Flip Chart Syndrom
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Afterward- World Bank Mission (2006)
GOVERNANCE IN GUINEA-CONAKRY
A Small Diversion- Local Governance and Civil Society in Guinea Conakry
Creation of a Poverty Alleviation Fund- includes Micro-Credit
Design Capacity for Service Delivery
Role For Civil Society
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Guinea-Conakry
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HRD Dilemma
Guinea- Councillors, Illiterate, work in indigenous language, Self Interested Bureaucracy:
Defined by Law and French
The Dilemma of Merit: (Picard and Garrity)- Command and Control
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The Dilemma
Political-civil service reforms- relational, responsiveness of bureaucrats to politicians and Politicians to Bureaucrats
Common interests: privileges in organization
Rise of NGOs and multilateral: can you avoid the politicians?
Miewald: Politics- the critical factor?