pia 2574 african development seminar. ornamentalism prelude: the installation of the kabaka of...
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PIA 2574 African Development Seminar
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OrnamentalismOrnamentalism
Prelude:
The Installation of the Kabaka of Buganda
David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (London: Oxford University Press, 2001).
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I. Deficiencies in the Institutional I. Deficiencies in the Institutional StateState
Civil Society
Institutionalized Norms
Stable Government Structures
Decentralized Governance
Economic Rules of the Game
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The Institutional StateThe Institutional State
Stable and Merit Based Permanent Government: The Administrative Apparatus
Muted Cultural Differences
Electoral and Judicial “Rules”
Addressing the Problem of Organizational Bourgeoisie
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South African Public Service on StrikeSouth African Public Service on Strike
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The Civic Culture TheoryThe Civic Culture Theory
Parochial Political Culture
Subject Political Culture
Participatory- citizen based
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Civic Culture?Civic Culture?
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II. Definitions of Democracy II. Definitions of Democracy
Issue: Opposition vs. Consensus:
Presidential Systems- Separation of Powers
Parliamentary systems- Representation and Fusion
Direct vs. Representative
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Egypt Today and YesterdayEgypt Today and Yesterday
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Traditional DemocracyTraditional Democracy
“A Chief is a Chief by the People”
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Traditional DemocracyTraditional Democracy
Traditional Africa- Consensus and hierarchy
Village democracy and talking things out
Ubuntu, Ujamaa and Humanism
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Arusha Declaration Monument and Arusha Declaration Monument and Julius NyerereJulius Nyerere
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Differing Forms of DemocracyDiffering Forms of Democracy
Traditional Communitarianism
Search for Consensus not Competition
The Kgotla, the Stool and the Baraza
Julius Nyerere- Village Democracy and Talking Things Out: ONE PARTY DEMOCRACY
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Village Meetings Southern Village Meetings Southern BotswanaBotswana
Kgotla
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III. The Problem of Crises: ReduxIII. The Problem of Crises: Redux
Identity
Legitimacy
Participation
Distribution
Penetration
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Tunisia January, 2011Tunisia January, 2011
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Build Up of DemandsBuild Up of Demands
Relative Deprivation
Underdevelopment
Elitist Political Systems
Promises Not Kept
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Does this lead to war?Does this lead to war?
Underdevelopment?
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IV. Why Inherited Governments IV. Why Inherited Governments DisappearedDisappeared
Failure to Deal with Traditional Political Elites
The Imposition of Political Structures
Loss of Legitimacy- Patronage and Clientelism
Ethnicity- Opposition labeled ethnic
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10,000 Killed in 1980s10,000 Killed in 1980s
Korean Trained Fifth Brigade in Western Zimbabwe
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Why Inherited Government Why Inherited Government Disappeared- More Reasons?Disappeared- More Reasons?
Military InterventionsCorruptionSelf-Serving Bureaucratic ElitesViolence, Interstate Conflict and
African UnderdevelopmentAbsence of Rules of the GameIllusions of UnityZero Sum Game
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Why Inherited Government Why Inherited Government Disappeared? The Crux of the Disappeared? The Crux of the matter.matter.
“Loyalty, Disloyalty and the Nationalist Movement”
Issue: Why One Party State had to be de jure
Question: How Democratic?
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One Party StatesOne Party States
The Single Purpose Argument
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Why Inherited Governments Why Inherited Governments DisappearedDisappeared
External Intrusions
The Cold War as Proxy War U.S. vs. Russia Cuba and the African proxies
Examples: Congo Angola, Namibia and Southern Africa Ethiopia and Somalia
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The Cold War
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The Disappearing OppositionThe Disappearing Opposition
Movement Gains Power of the State and the Mantle of Independence
No Spoils Available
Opposition in Frustration Crosses the Floor to Join Government Party
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Democratic Alliance South AfricaDemocratic Alliance South Africa
Helen Zille, Leader
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V. African Governance PatternsV. African Governance Patterns
Review of Regime Types
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V. Patterns of GovernmentV. Patterns of Government
Traditional Remnants
Ethiopia- 1960s
Swaziland
Somalia
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Neo-TraditionalNeo-Traditional
Botswana
Senegal
Buganda
Kwa-Zulu
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One Party StatesOne Party States
Quote: “One Zambia, One Nation, One Party”
Radio Zambia, 1975
Quote: “One Man, One Vote, One Time”
Rhodesian White Tobacco Farmer, 1980
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““One Party” One Party Rule One Party” One Party Rule and the Administrative State and the Administrative State (Machel, Nyerere, Kaunda, c. (Machel, Nyerere, Kaunda, c. 1980)1980)
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Tobacco Farming in Central Tobacco Farming in Central AfricaAfrica
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Attempts at Intra-Party Attempts at Intra-Party DemocracyDemocracy
Ghana, 1960s, Tanzania and Zambia, 1970s
◦Grass Roots Participation and Mobilization
◦Elections (primary) within the Party
◦Goal: Contained Political Systems
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Louis A. Picard, “Socialism and the Field Administrator: Louis A. Picard, “Socialism and the Field Administrator: Decentralization in Tanzania,” Decentralization in Tanzania,” Comparative PoliticsComparative Politics, , July, 1980, Louis A. Picard, pp. 439-457 July, 1980, Louis A. Picard, pp. 439-457
The Guy Standing thought Tanzania socialism was great!
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Vanguard and Leninist PartiesVanguard and Leninist Parties
Angola and Mozambique 1980s (Revolution)
Ethiopia- 1980 (Leninist State under the Dergue)
Congo Brazzaville and Benin- Marxism and Croissants
Guinea Conakry (Syndicalism)Zimbabwe- (Rhetoric)
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Revolutionary Square, AddisRevolutionary Square, Addis
The DergeEthiopia,1964-1991
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Lenin in EthiopiaLenin in Ethiopia
After it was taken down in 1991 the Lenin Statue could be found in the Addis Ababa Municipality Garbage Truck Storage lot on Maskal Flower Road in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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““No Party” Administrative StatesNo Party” Administrative States
One Party States where the Party is a Shell (Afro-Capitalist)
◦Kenya, Ivory Coast, 1970s
◦Uganda in the 1990s
◦Eritrea, Rwanda, Ethiopia Now
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African CronyismAfrican Cronyism
Corruption
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Ten Minute BreakTen Minute Break
Satire in Kenya
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VI. The Nature of the VI. The Nature of the Bureaucratic StateBureaucratic State
KEY:
The Bureaucracy evolves over time but political institutions tacked on a few years after independence
Beyond Elections: The Need to develop political institutions
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The Nature of the Bureaucratic The Nature of the Bureaucratic StateState
Causes of Institutional Weakness
Too Strong a Bureaucracy weakens Institutions and causes decline of political parties
◦ NOTE: Institutional Analysis studies how institutions—i.e., structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of two or more individuals—behave and function according to both empirical rules (informal rules-in-use and norms) and also theoretical rules (formal rules and law
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Lining up for the state bureaucracyLining up for the state bureaucracy
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Bureaucratic DominanceBureaucratic Dominance
No Private Sector, Few Private Interest Groups
Public Sector Dominates Economy
Bureaucratic Interests dominated by an “organizational Bourgeoisie”
Absence of Civil Society
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African Transitional Justice Research African Transitional Justice Research Network (ATJRN) Workship 2010Network (ATJRN) Workship 2010
Civil Society?
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VII. Patriarchy and Power and VII. Patriarchy and Power and African GovernanceAfrican Governance
From One Party Rule to the Military Regime
Patronage and Clientelism
Patrimonial Leadership and the Presidential Model
Reference: Jackson and Rosberg, Personal Rule in Black Africa
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Military Government in Africa
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Direct Military Direct Military RuleRule
Direct Rule: Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana examples (1970s)
Francophone states prone to military government in the 1980s (Togo, Guinea Conakry)
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Military Coup in Guinea ConakryMilitary Coup in Guinea Conakry
The Coup and the Massacre
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Sanitized Military: “Soldiers in Mufti”Sanitized Military: “Soldiers in Mufti”
Ghana under Rawlings
Egypt- for the moment
Nigeria Now
Uganda since 1987
Soldiers form a political movement not a Political Party
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Military “Ornamentalism”Military “Ornamentalism”
President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and Sir Evelyn Baring, Colonial Governor of Kenya
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Why the Military Intervenes?Why the Military Intervenes?
Political vacuum theory- military modern
Military as Interest group- Corporatist
Military as "puritanizing" politics- target corruption- anti-corruption as interest group politics
Coups as result of "fragmented" or disreputable politics
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Military Coup LeadersMilitary Coup Leaders
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Why the Military IntervenesWhy the Military Intervenes
Heavy handed civilian repressionDecline of legitimacy of civilian
movements
Schism of Military leaders ◦Generals◦Colonels◦ lieutenants◦Sergeants
Left wing military- coups and class conflict
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Why the Military IntervenesWhy the Military Intervenes
Ethnic coups
Economic malaise and collapsed states
Laurent Nkunda,“Ethnic Tutsi”in DRC
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Military RegimesMilitary Regimes
Two Roman Concepts
◦Praetorianism
◦Praetorian Guard
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VIII. Debates About Multi-Party VIII. Debates About Multi-Party GovernanceGovernance
How to Get the Military back into the Barracks
How to Get Back to Civilian Government
“Cincinatus in Africa”
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Return to Multiparty GovernmentReturn to Multiparty Government
Forums (1990s)
Human Rights Movements
Movements Towards Democracy
Religious Nationalism- Algeria and Islamic regimes
Civil Society Movements
Reforming Elites?
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Uganda Martyrs and LRAUganda Martyrs and LRA
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Return to Multi-Party Return to Multi-Party GovernmentGovernment
Multi-Party Challenges
Structural Adjustment Pressures
Collapse of Military Regimes
What is the Future of Politics in Africa?
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Lingering Multiparty Regimes- Are Lingering Multiparty Regimes- Are They Models?They Models?
Botswana- “African Success?”
Senegal- Islam and Civic Culture
South Africa- From Caste Democracy to non-racialism
Mali- How institutionalized before the coup?
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GhanaGhana
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Multiparty RegimesMultiparty Regimes
Benin
Zambia
Kenya
Zimbabwe (still)
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Collapsed States (To be Collapsed States (To be Continued)Continued)
Economics, Politics, regional wars and “Executive Outcomes”
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Collapsed StatesCollapsed States
SomaliaRwandaCongo
◦(Zaire)LiberiaAngolaSierra Leone
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Collapsed StatesCollapsed States
Who’s next (the case of Northern Ghana?)
Who’s next (the future of Zimbabwe)
Whither Liberia
Questions and Discussion